城市绿地土壤碳储量及碳通量研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程的加速，城市用地在迅速扩张的同时也导致了绿地利用方式的改变，这种改变深刻影响了土壤理化性质。国内外对城市土壤的研究早期主要围绕着土壤肥力展开，探讨工业化背景下城市土壤养分及重金属污染状况。伴随着全球气候变化的加剧，城市土壤碳库研究被赋予了新的内涵，即与全球碳循环相联系，受到了广泛关注。当前对城市土壤碳库的研究主要集中在对城市土壤碳含量及其时间变化规律上，而系统的对城市土壤碳库特征及碳通量等方面的研究还不多见。因此，对城市土壤碳储量及影响因素的研究，对全面了解全球变化背景下土壤碳库变化具有积极意义。
本文以合肥不同绿地类型（校园绿地、公园绿地、工厂绿地、道路绿地、居住区、近郊森林公园）、不同植被配置模式（乔草、灌草、乔灌草、草地）、不同功能区（老工业区、商业区、居民服务区等）土壤为研究对象，从城市土壤有机碳含量、土壤C:N比、土壤活性碳氮、土壤呼吸等方面对城市土壤碳库特征进行了系统研究，得到如下结果。
0~(-3)0cm土层，城区各绿地土壤pH (H_2O)均值为8.64，呈强碱性，近郊森林公园pH均值为6.48；城区内各绿地土壤容重、电导率均值分别为1.40g cm~(-3)，154.98μS cm~(-1)显著高于近郊森林公园（1.25g cm~(-3)，8369μS.cm-1）；城区内各绿地土壤NH4+–N、NO_3~-–N、全磷含量分别为9.65mg kg-1、6.89mg kg-1、493.74mg kg~(-1)均高于森林公园土壤对应养分含量（7.48mg kg-1、6.76mg kg-1、242.61mg kg-1）；城区各绿地土壤含水率均值为22.70%，低于森林公园土壤含水率（30.35%）。
绿地类型、土层厚度、植被配置模式均对土壤有机碳含量影响显著（P<0.05），城区绿地土壤有机碳含量垂直变化较复杂，但整体上仍随土层深度的增加而递减。0~(-3)0cm土层，不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量分别为森林公园（17.95g kg-1）>道路绿地（9.91g kg-1）>公园绿地（7.00g kg-1）>校园绿地（6.87g kg-1）>居住区绿地（5.70g kg-1）>工厂绿地（5.01g kg-1）；不同植被配置模式下土壤有机碳含量依次为乔草模式（15.43g kg-1）>灌草模式（7.48g kg-1）>乔灌草模式（7.32g kg-1）>草地（5.91g kg-1）。
土壤有机碳含量在不同功能区中差异显著（P<0.05），呈现明显的环境梯度变化，老工业区、商业区、居民服务区、森林公园含量分别为6.67、8.58、6.31和17.95g kg-1；工业类型对土壤有机碳影响不显著（P>0.05），4种工业类型土壤有机碳含量依次为纺织业（6.47g kg~(-1)）>制造业（5.15g kg~(-1)）>居民服务业（4.27g kg~(-1)）>化工工业（4.01g kg~(-1)）。
近郊森林公园土壤有机碳密度与城区内各绿地差异显著（P<0.05）；城区内道路绿地土壤有机碳密度与其它绿地差异显著（P<0.05）。城区内各绿地土壤有机碳密度变幅为0.20-4.27kg m~(-2)，0~(-1)0cm、10~(-2)0cm、20~(-3)0cm土壤有机碳密度均值分别为1.13、0.93和0.87kg m~(-2)，森林公园土壤有机碳密度变幅为1.07~(-3).40kg m~(-2)，三土层含量分别为2.40、2.33和2.02kg m~(-2)。
不同功能区土壤有机碳密度差异显著（P<0.05），0~(-3)0cm土层，近郊森林公园、老商业区、老工业区、居民服务区土壤有机碳密度分别为2.22、1.14、0.94、0.90kg m~(-2)。相关分析表明，土壤有机碳密度与NO_3~--N、全磷、含水率呈正相关；与pH (H_2O)、容重呈负相关。
土壤C:N比是衡量土壤养分转化、积累以及生产力稳定性的重要指标。0~(-3)0cm土层，城区内C:N比均值为10.6，与全国所有类型0~(-3)0cm土壤C:N比平均水平10.84接近；不同绿地类型土壤C:N比依次为公园（14.36）>校园（10.18）>居住区（9.38）>工厂（9.20）；相关分析表明，土壤C:N比与土壤有机碳、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+N、全磷呈显著正相关。
绿地类型对土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC），微生物量碳（MBC）含量影响显著，城区各绿地土壤DOC，MBC含量低于近郊森林公园，且城区各绿地DOC，MBC含量垂直变化较复杂，但整体上仍随土层的增加而递减。DOC，MBC含量呈现明显的季节变化特征，且受林分影响明显。
不同绿地类型土壤DOC含量依次为：森林公园绿地（44.28mg kg~(-1)）>校园绿地（29.84mg kg~(-1)）>公园绿地（28.39mg kg~(-1)）>居住区绿地（26.82mg kg~(-1)）>道路绿地（26.72mg kg~(-1)）>工厂绿地（22.88mg kg~(-1)）；不同配置模式土壤DOC平均含量依次为：乔草模式（43.13mg kg~(-1)）>灌草模式（28.24mg kg~(-1)）>草地（28.16mg kg~(-1)）>乔灌草模式（26.05mg kg~(-1)）；不同功能区DOC含量依次为森林公园（44.28mg kg~(-1)）>居民服务区（32.96mg kg~(-1)）>老工业区（27.36mg kg~(-1)）>商业区（25.27mg kg~(-1)）；土壤理化性质对DOC含量影响显著，DOC含量与溶解性有机氮（DON）、含水率、NH_4~+N呈显著正相关，与导电率、容重、pH (H_2O)、pH(KCl)、全磷呈显著负相关。
森林公园、公园绿地、道路绿地、校园绿地、居住区绿地、工厂绿地MBC含量依次为489.86、260.51、253.24、233.55、229.90、174.42mg kg~(-1)；乔草模式、灌草模式、乔灌草模式、草地土壤MBC含量依次为440.71、244.72、241.00、180.15mg kg~(-1)；功能区对土壤MBC含量影响显著（P<0.05），森林公园、商业区、居民服务区、老工业区含量依次为489.86、277.66、215.14、197.58mg kg~(-1)。相关分析表明，MBC与MBN、DON、NO_3~--N、全磷、含水率呈显著正相关，与NH_4~+N、导电率、pH (H_2O)、pH (KCl)、容重呈负相关。
DOC/SOC值城区各绿地0~(-1)0cm、10~(-2)0cm、20~(-3)0cm土层均值分别为0.48%、0.59%、0.56%，高于近郊森林公园对应土层（0.30%、0.34%、0.20%）；不同绿地类型DOC/SOC值分别为居住区（0.63%）>校园（0.59%）>公园（0.56%）>工厂（0.53%）>道路（0.42%）>森林公园（0.28%）。MBC/SOC城区内各绿地三土层的均值（3.84%，3.49%，3.28%）均高于森林公园对应土层含量（2.74%，3.11%，2.55%）；不同绿地类型MBC/SOC值分别居住区（4.03%）>公园（3.83%）>工厂（3.66%）>学校（3.36%）>道路（2.98%）>森林公园（2.80%）。
对居住区、公园、工厂、校园绿地土壤呼吸研究表明，月份对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05），土壤呼吸7月开始增长，12月开始降低，最大值出现在2011年6月和8月（雨季）；居住区绿地土壤呼吸范围为0.72-2.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，工厂绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.73-4.10μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，公园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.95-5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，校园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.85-5.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)
0-5cm土壤温度随季节变化明显，未受降水影响时0-5cm土壤温度对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05）；研究范围内，当土壤含水率在18%~(-2)5%时，含水率对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05）。在2011年6月和8月降水旺季对土壤呼吸进行测定，结果表明土壤含水率对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05），但此降水期间土壤温度对土壤呼吸影响不显著（P>0.05）；研究表明土壤呼吸与0~(-1)0cm土壤有机碳、NO_3~--N、全磷以及细跟含量呈正相关（P<0.05），与DOC呈负相关（P<0.05）；与10~(-2)0cm土壤全N，全磷含量呈正相关（P<0.05），与DOC呈负相关；与20~(-3)0cm土层细根含量呈正相关（P<0.05）。
With the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid urban land expansion changed thetypes of green-land at the same time, and these changes make profound impact on soilphysicochemical properties. The early researches focused on soil fertility worldwide,preliminary exploring urban soil nutrient status and heavy metal pollution. Nowadays,with the exacerbating of global climate change, the urban soil carbon pool is given anew connotation, which is associated with global carbon cycling and was widelyconcerned. A great attention has been paid to the carbon content of urban soil and itstemporal variation, with ignoring systematic studies on the characteristics of soil carbonpool and its carbon fluxes. Therefore, comprehensive study on the carbon pool of urbansoil and its influencing factors have a positively meaning for understanding the changeof global carbon pool.
This study conducted in Hefei, the soil carbon pool, soil C:N ratio, soil activeorganic carbon and nitrogen, soil respiration were studied based on the differentgreen-land types (campus green-land, park green-land, factory green-land, roadsidegreen-land, residential green-land and suburb forest park), the different planting mode(shrub-lawn, arbor-lawn, lawn and arbor-shrub-lawn modes), and the differentfunctional area (primary industrial estate, primary shopping center, the science, cultureand education center and suburban forest park). The results are as follows.
In0~(-3)0cm soil, the mean pH (H_2O) of the urban soils was8.64, being stronglyalkaline, while in forest park the mean pH (H_2O) was6.48. The mean soil bulk density,EC, NH4+–N, NO_3~-–N and total P concentrations in urban soils were1.40g cm~(-3),154.98μS cm~(-1),9.65mg kg~(-1),6.89mg kg~(-1)and493.74mg kg~(-1), which were higher than thoseof forest park soils (the corresponding content1.25g cm~(-3),83.69μS cm~(-1),7.48mg kg~(-1),6.76mg kg~(-1)and242.61mg kg~(-1)). The moisture content of the urban soil is22.70%,which is lower than soils in the forest park (30.35%).
Soil depth, greenland types and planting mode have significant influence on soilorganic carbon content (P<0.05). The vertical variation of organic carbon contents inurban soil changed more complex than in forest park soil. Generally, it still decreasedwith increasing soil depth. With regards to0~(-3)0cm soil layer, the average soil organiccarbon concentration in the different green-lands was ranked as forest park (17.95g kg~(-1))> roadside green-land (9.91g kg~(-1))> park green-land (7.00g kg~(-1))> campusgreen-land (6.87g kg~(-1))> residential green-land (5.70g kg~(-1))> factory green-land (5.01 g kg~(-1)). Under the different planting modes, it ranked as arbor-lawn mode (15.43g kg~(-1))> shrub-lawn mode (7.48g kg~(-1))> arbor-shrub-lawn modes (7.32g kg~(-1))>lawn (5.91g kg~(-1)).
Area have significant influence on soil organic carbon content (P<0.05), thecontent of soil organic carbon in primary industrial estate, primary shopping center, thescience, culture and education center and suburban forest park were,respectively,6.67,8.58,6.31and17.95g kg~(-1), with obviously environmental gradient from the east to thewest of the city. Industry type had no significant influence on soil organic carboncontent (P>0.05). The content in the four industry types was followed in the order ofthe textile industry (6.47g kg~(-1))> manufacturing (5.15g kg~(-1))> resident services (4.27g kg~(-1))> chemical industry (4.01g kg~(-1)).
Correlation analysis showed that green-land types had significant influence on soilorganic carbon density (SOCD)(P<0.05), the SOCD in suburban forest park wassignificantly different with these green-lands (P<0.05), and SOCD in the roadsidegreen-land had significant difference with other green-lands (P<0.05). The SOCD inurban soils was ranged from0.20to4.27kg m~(-2), with1.13kg m~(-2)in0~(-1)0cm,0.93kg m~(-2)in10~(-2)0cm and0.87kg m~(-2)in20~(-3)0cm soil. The SOCD in forest park rangedfrom1.07to3.40kg m~(-2), with respective2.40,2.33and2.02kg m~(-2)in the abovementioned three soil layers.
The functional area had significant influence on SOCD (P<0.05). In the0~(-3)0cmsoil, the SOCD in forest park, primary shopping center, primary industrial estate, thescience, culture and education center were2.22,1.14,0.94and0.90kg m~(-2),respectively. Correlation analysis showed that SOCD were significantly and positivelycorrelated with NO_3~-–N, total P, moisture content, and negatively correlated with pH(H_2O) and bulk density.
Soil C:N ratio was recognized as indicators for the conversion and accumulation ofsoil nutrients, and the stability of productivity. In the0~(-3)0cm soil, the C:N ratio inurban soils was10.6, which was close to the national mean C: N ratio (10.84) for alltypes of soil. C: N ratio in the different green-lands was ranked as park green-land(14.36)> campus green-land (10.18)> residential green-land (9.38)> factorygreen-land (9.20). Correlation analysis showed that soil C:N ratio was significantly andpositively correlated with soil organic carbon, NO_3~--N, NH_4~+N, and total P.Green-land types have significant influence on soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC)and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The mean concentrations of DOC and MBC were lower in urban soils than in forest park soils. The vertical variation of DOC andMBC in the urban soils changed more complex, and generally it still decreasing withincreasing soil depth. Soil DOC and MBC concentration showed a significant seasonalvariation and significant impact by stands.
The average concentration of DOC were ranked in the order of suburban forestpark (44.28mg kg~(-1))> campus green-land (29.84)> park green-land (28.39)>residential green-land (26.82)> roadside green-land (26.72)> factory green-land(22.88). Under the different planting mode the DOC concentration ranked as arbor-lawnmode (43.13mg kg~(-1))> shrub-lawn mode (28.24)> lawn (28.16)> arbor-shrub-lawnmodes (26.05). The change of land use resulted in the variation of DOC concentration.In the different functional area, DOC was ranked as suburban forest park (44.28mg kg~(-1))> the science, culture and education center (32.96)> primary industrial estate(27.36)> primary shopping center (25.27). Soil DOC concentration was positivelycorrelated with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), moisture content, NH_4~+N whilenegative correlated with EC, soil bulk density, pH (H_2O), pH (KCl) and total P.
The concentrations of MBC were, respectively,489.86mg kg~(-1)in the forest park,260.51mg kg~(-1)in park green-land,253.24mg kg~(-1)in roadside green-land,233.55mg kg~(-1)in campus green-land,229.90mg kg~(-1)in residential green-land and174.42mg kg~(-1)in factory green-land. The MBC concentration were440.71,244.72,241.00and180.15mg kg~(-1)for arbor-lawn mode, shrub-lawn mode, arbor-shrub-lawn modes andlawn,respectively. Functional area have significant influence on MBC concentration(P<0.05), with489.86mg kg~(-1)in forest park,277.66mg kg~(-1)in primary shoppingcenter,215.14mg kg~(-1)in the science, culture and education center, and197.58mg kg~(-1)in primary industrial estate. The correlation analysis showed that MBC wassignificantly and positively correlated with MBN, DON, NO_3~--N, total P, moisturewhile negatively correlated with NH_4~+N, EC, pH (H_2O), pH (KCl) and bulk density.
The mean values of DOC/SOC in0~(-1)0cm,10~(-2)0cm,20~(-3)0cm soil layer of urbangreen-lands were0.48%、0.59%、0.56%, higher than corresponding layer of suburbanforest park (0.30%、0.34%、0.20%). The value of DOC/SOC in different green-landswere ranked as residential green-land (0.63%)> campus green-land (0.59%)> parkgreen-land (0.56%)> factory green-land (0.53%)> roadside green-land (0.42%)>forest park green-land (0.28%). The value of MBC/SOC in0~(-1)0cm,10~(-2)0cm,20~(-3)0cm soil were3.84%,3.49%,3.28%, which higher than the corresponding soil layers ofthe suburban forest park (2.74%，3.11%，2.55%). In the different green-land type, the value of MBC/SOC ranked as residential green-land (4.03%)> park green-land(3.83%)> factory green-land (3.66%)> campus green-land (3.36%)> roadsidegreen-land (2.98%)> forest park (2.80%).
Months had significant influences on soil respiration (P<0.05). Soil respiration rateincreased toward June, while decreased from December. The largest values of soilrespiration rates were recorded from June to August of2011(wet season). Soilrespiration rates were ranged from0.72to2.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the residential,1.73to4.10μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the factory,1.95to5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the park and1.85to5.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the campus green-lands.
During study period, there was a marked seasonal pattern in temperature at0-5cmsoil depth (P<0.05). When all potentially rain–affected data were excluded, a significantrelationship between soil respiration and0-5cm soil temperature was observed duringstudy period (P<0.05). When soil moisture was between18%and25%, statisticallysignificant relationship was found between soil respiration and moisture (P<0.05). InJune and August2011, soil respiration was significantly and positively correlated withsoil moisture (P<0.01), while not correlated with soil temperature. The results fromcorrelation analysis showed that in0~(-1)0cm soil, soil respiration was significantly andpositively correlated with SOC, NO_3–N, P and fine root density (R<2mm), whilenegatively correlated with DOC. In10~(-2)0cm soil, soil respiration was significantly andpositively correlated with N and P, while negatively correlated with DOC. In20~(-3)0cmsoil, soil respiration was only positively correlated with fine root density.
本文以合肥不同绿地类型（校园绿地、公园绿地、工厂绿地、道路绿地、居住区、近郊森林公园）、不同植被配置模式（乔草、灌草、乔灌草、草地）、不同功能区（老工业区、商业区、居民服务区等）土壤为研究对象，从城市土壤有机碳含量、土壤C:N比、土壤活性碳氮、土壤呼吸等方面对城市土壤碳库特征进行了系统研究，得到如下结果。
0~(-3)0cm土层，城区各绿地土壤pH (H_2O)均值为8.64，呈强碱性，近郊森林公园pH均值为6.48；城区内各绿地土壤容重、电导率均值分别为1.40g cm~(-3)，154.98μS cm~(-1)显著高于近郊森林公园（1.25g cm~(-3)，8369μS.cm-1）；城区内各绿地土壤NH4+–N、NO_3~-–N、全磷含量分别为9.65mg kg-1、6.89mg kg-1、493.74mg kg~(-1)均高于森林公园土壤对应养分含量（7.48mg kg-1、6.76mg kg-1、242.61mg kg-1）；城区各绿地土壤含水率均值为22.70%，低于森林公园土壤含水率（30.35%）。
绿地类型、土层厚度、植被配置模式均对土壤有机碳含量影响显著（P<0.05），城区绿地土壤有机碳含量垂直变化较复杂，但整体上仍随土层深度的增加而递减。0~(-3)0cm土层，不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量分别为森林公园（17.95g kg-1）>道路绿地（9.91g kg-1）>公园绿地（7.00g kg-1）>校园绿地（6.87g kg-1）>居住区绿地（5.70g kg-1）>工厂绿地（5.01g kg-1）；不同植被配置模式下土壤有机碳含量依次为乔草模式（15.43g kg-1）>灌草模式（7.48g kg-1）>乔灌草模式（7.32g kg-1）>草地（5.91g kg-1）。
土壤有机碳含量在不同功能区中差异显著（P<0.05），呈现明显的环境梯度变化，老工业区、商业区、居民服务区、森林公园含量分别为6.67、8.58、6.31和17.95g kg-1；工业类型对土壤有机碳影响不显著（P>0.05），4种工业类型土壤有机碳含量依次为纺织业（6.47g kg~(-1)）>制造业（5.15g kg~(-1)）>居民服务业（4.27g kg~(-1)）>化工工业（4.01g kg~(-1)）。
近郊森林公园土壤有机碳密度与城区内各绿地差异显著（P<0.05）；城区内道路绿地土壤有机碳密度与其它绿地差异显著（P<0.05）。城区内各绿地土壤有机碳密度变幅为0.20-4.27kg m~(-2)，0~(-1)0cm、10~(-2)0cm、20~(-3)0cm土壤有机碳密度均值分别为1.13、0.93和0.87kg m~(-2)，森林公园土壤有机碳密度变幅为1.07~(-3).40kg m~(-2)，三土层含量分别为2.40、2.33和2.02kg m~(-2)。
不同功能区土壤有机碳密度差异显著（P<0.05），0~(-3)0cm土层，近郊森林公园、老商业区、老工业区、居民服务区土壤有机碳密度分别为2.22、1.14、0.94、0.90kg m~(-2)。相关分析表明，土壤有机碳密度与NO_3~--N、全磷、含水率呈正相关；与pH (H_2O)、容重呈负相关。
土壤C:N比是衡量土壤养分转化、积累以及生产力稳定性的重要指标。0~(-3)0cm土层，城区内C:N比均值为10.6，与全国所有类型0~(-3)0cm土壤C:N比平均水平10.84接近；不同绿地类型土壤C:N比依次为公园（14.36）>校园（10.18）>居住区（9.38）>工厂（9.20）；相关分析表明，土壤C:N比与土壤有机碳、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+N、全磷呈显著正相关。
绿地类型对土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC），微生物量碳（MBC）含量影响显著，城区各绿地土壤DOC，MBC含量低于近郊森林公园，且城区各绿地DOC，MBC含量垂直变化较复杂，但整体上仍随土层的增加而递减。DOC，MBC含量呈现明显的季节变化特征，且受林分影响明显。
不同绿地类型土壤DOC含量依次为：森林公园绿地（44.28mg kg~(-1)）>校园绿地（29.84mg kg~(-1)）>公园绿地（28.39mg kg~(-1)）>居住区绿地（26.82mg kg~(-1)）>道路绿地（26.72mg kg~(-1)）>工厂绿地（22.88mg kg~(-1)）；不同配置模式土壤DOC平均含量依次为：乔草模式（43.13mg kg~(-1)）>灌草模式（28.24mg kg~(-1)）>草地（28.16mg kg~(-1)）>乔灌草模式（26.05mg kg~(-1)）；不同功能区DOC含量依次为森林公园（44.28mg kg~(-1)）>居民服务区（32.96mg kg~(-1)）>老工业区（27.36mg kg~(-1)）>商业区（25.27mg kg~(-1)）；土壤理化性质对DOC含量影响显著，DOC含量与溶解性有机氮（DON）、含水率、NH_4~+N呈显著正相关，与导电率、容重、pH (H_2O)、pH(KCl)、全磷呈显著负相关。
森林公园、公园绿地、道路绿地、校园绿地、居住区绿地、工厂绿地MBC含量依次为489.86、260.51、253.24、233.55、229.90、174.42mg kg~(-1)；乔草模式、灌草模式、乔灌草模式、草地土壤MBC含量依次为440.71、244.72、241.00、180.15mg kg~(-1)；功能区对土壤MBC含量影响显著（P<0.05），森林公园、商业区、居民服务区、老工业区含量依次为489.86、277.66、215.14、197.58mg kg~(-1)。相关分析表明，MBC与MBN、DON、NO_3~--N、全磷、含水率呈显著正相关，与NH_4~+N、导电率、pH (H_2O)、pH (KCl)、容重呈负相关。
DOC/SOC值城区各绿地0~(-1)0cm、10~(-2)0cm、20~(-3)0cm土层均值分别为0.48%、0.59%、0.56%，高于近郊森林公园对应土层（0.30%、0.34%、0.20%）；不同绿地类型DOC/SOC值分别为居住区（0.63%）>校园（0.59%）>公园（0.56%）>工厂（0.53%）>道路（0.42%）>森林公园（0.28%）。MBC/SOC城区内各绿地三土层的均值（3.84%，3.49%，3.28%）均高于森林公园对应土层含量（2.74%，3.11%，2.55%）；不同绿地类型MBC/SOC值分别居住区（4.03%）>公园（3.83%）>工厂（3.66%）>学校（3.36%）>道路（2.98%）>森林公园（2.80%）。
对居住区、公园、工厂、校园绿地土壤呼吸研究表明，月份对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05），土壤呼吸7月开始增长，12月开始降低，最大值出现在2011年6月和8月（雨季）；居住区绿地土壤呼吸范围为0.72-2.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，工厂绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.73-4.10μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，公园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.95-5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)，校园绿地土壤呼吸范围为1.85-5.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)
0-5cm土壤温度随季节变化明显，未受降水影响时0-5cm土壤温度对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05）；研究范围内，当土壤含水率在18%~(-2)5%时，含水率对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05）。在2011年6月和8月降水旺季对土壤呼吸进行测定，结果表明土壤含水率对土壤呼吸影响显著（P<0.05），但此降水期间土壤温度对土壤呼吸影响不显著（P>0.05）；研究表明土壤呼吸与0~(-1)0cm土壤有机碳、NO_3~--N、全磷以及细跟含量呈正相关（P<0.05），与DOC呈负相关（P<0.05）；与10~(-2)0cm土壤全N，全磷含量呈正相关（P<0.05），与DOC呈负相关；与20~(-3)0cm土层细根含量呈正相关（P<0.05）。
With the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid urban land expansion changed thetypes of green-land at the same time, and these changes make profound impact on soilphysicochemical properties. The early researches focused on soil fertility worldwide,preliminary exploring urban soil nutrient status and heavy metal pollution. Nowadays,with the exacerbating of global climate change, the urban soil carbon pool is given anew connotation, which is associated with global carbon cycling and was widelyconcerned. A great attention has been paid to the carbon content of urban soil and itstemporal variation, with ignoring systematic studies on the characteristics of soil carbonpool and its carbon fluxes. Therefore, comprehensive study on the carbon pool of urbansoil and its influencing factors have a positively meaning for understanding the changeof global carbon pool.
This study conducted in Hefei, the soil carbon pool, soil C:N ratio, soil activeorganic carbon and nitrogen, soil respiration were studied based on the differentgreen-land types (campus green-land, park green-land, factory green-land, roadsidegreen-land, residential green-land and suburb forest park), the different planting mode(shrub-lawn, arbor-lawn, lawn and arbor-shrub-lawn modes), and the differentfunctional area (primary industrial estate, primary shopping center, the science, cultureand education center and suburban forest park). The results are as follows.
In0~(-3)0cm soil, the mean pH (H_2O) of the urban soils was8.64, being stronglyalkaline, while in forest park the mean pH (H_2O) was6.48. The mean soil bulk density,EC, NH4+–N, NO_3~-–N and total P concentrations in urban soils were1.40g cm~(-3),154.98μS cm~(-1),9.65mg kg~(-1),6.89mg kg~(-1)and493.74mg kg~(-1), which were higher than thoseof forest park soils (the corresponding content1.25g cm~(-3),83.69μS cm~(-1),7.48mg kg~(-1),6.76mg kg~(-1)and242.61mg kg~(-1)). The moisture content of the urban soil is22.70%,which is lower than soils in the forest park (30.35%).
Soil depth, greenland types and planting mode have significant influence on soilorganic carbon content (P<0.05). The vertical variation of organic carbon contents inurban soil changed more complex than in forest park soil. Generally, it still decreasedwith increasing soil depth. With regards to0~(-3)0cm soil layer, the average soil organiccarbon concentration in the different green-lands was ranked as forest park (17.95g kg~(-1))> roadside green-land (9.91g kg~(-1))> park green-land (7.00g kg~(-1))> campusgreen-land (6.87g kg~(-1))> residential green-land (5.70g kg~(-1))> factory green-land (5.01 g kg~(-1)). Under the different planting modes, it ranked as arbor-lawn mode (15.43g kg~(-1))> shrub-lawn mode (7.48g kg~(-1))> arbor-shrub-lawn modes (7.32g kg~(-1))>lawn (5.91g kg~(-1)).
Area have significant influence on soil organic carbon content (P<0.05), thecontent of soil organic carbon in primary industrial estate, primary shopping center, thescience, culture and education center and suburban forest park were,respectively,6.67,8.58,6.31and17.95g kg~(-1), with obviously environmental gradient from the east to thewest of the city. Industry type had no significant influence on soil organic carboncontent (P>0.05). The content in the four industry types was followed in the order ofthe textile industry (6.47g kg~(-1))> manufacturing (5.15g kg~(-1))> resident services (4.27g kg~(-1))> chemical industry (4.01g kg~(-1)).
Correlation analysis showed that green-land types had significant influence on soilorganic carbon density (SOCD)(P<0.05), the SOCD in suburban forest park wassignificantly different with these green-lands (P<0.05), and SOCD in the roadsidegreen-land had significant difference with other green-lands (P<0.05). The SOCD inurban soils was ranged from0.20to4.27kg m~(-2), with1.13kg m~(-2)in0~(-1)0cm,0.93kg m~(-2)in10~(-2)0cm and0.87kg m~(-2)in20~(-3)0cm soil. The SOCD in forest park rangedfrom1.07to3.40kg m~(-2), with respective2.40,2.33and2.02kg m~(-2)in the abovementioned three soil layers.
The functional area had significant influence on SOCD (P<0.05). In the0~(-3)0cmsoil, the SOCD in forest park, primary shopping center, primary industrial estate, thescience, culture and education center were2.22,1.14,0.94and0.90kg m~(-2),respectively. Correlation analysis showed that SOCD were significantly and positivelycorrelated with NO_3~-–N, total P, moisture content, and negatively correlated with pH(H_2O) and bulk density.
Soil C:N ratio was recognized as indicators for the conversion and accumulation ofsoil nutrients, and the stability of productivity. In the0~(-3)0cm soil, the C:N ratio inurban soils was10.6, which was close to the national mean C: N ratio (10.84) for alltypes of soil. C: N ratio in the different green-lands was ranked as park green-land(14.36)> campus green-land (10.18)> residential green-land (9.38)> factorygreen-land (9.20). Correlation analysis showed that soil C:N ratio was significantly andpositively correlated with soil organic carbon, NO_3~--N, NH_4~+N, and total P.Green-land types have significant influence on soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC)and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The mean concentrations of DOC and MBC were lower in urban soils than in forest park soils. The vertical variation of DOC andMBC in the urban soils changed more complex, and generally it still decreasing withincreasing soil depth. Soil DOC and MBC concentration showed a significant seasonalvariation and significant impact by stands.
The average concentration of DOC were ranked in the order of suburban forestpark (44.28mg kg~(-1))> campus green-land (29.84)> park green-land (28.39)>residential green-land (26.82)> roadside green-land (26.72)> factory green-land(22.88). Under the different planting mode the DOC concentration ranked as arbor-lawnmode (43.13mg kg~(-1))> shrub-lawn mode (28.24)> lawn (28.16)> arbor-shrub-lawnmodes (26.05). The change of land use resulted in the variation of DOC concentration.In the different functional area, DOC was ranked as suburban forest park (44.28mg kg~(-1))> the science, culture and education center (32.96)> primary industrial estate(27.36)> primary shopping center (25.27). Soil DOC concentration was positivelycorrelated with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), moisture content, NH_4~+N whilenegative correlated with EC, soil bulk density, pH (H_2O), pH (KCl) and total P.
The concentrations of MBC were, respectively,489.86mg kg~(-1)in the forest park,260.51mg kg~(-1)in park green-land,253.24mg kg~(-1)in roadside green-land,233.55mg kg~(-1)in campus green-land,229.90mg kg~(-1)in residential green-land and174.42mg kg~(-1)in factory green-land. The MBC concentration were440.71,244.72,241.00and180.15mg kg~(-1)for arbor-lawn mode, shrub-lawn mode, arbor-shrub-lawn modes andlawn,respectively. Functional area have significant influence on MBC concentration(P<0.05), with489.86mg kg~(-1)in forest park,277.66mg kg~(-1)in primary shoppingcenter,215.14mg kg~(-1)in the science, culture and education center, and197.58mg kg~(-1)in primary industrial estate. The correlation analysis showed that MBC wassignificantly and positively correlated with MBN, DON, NO_3~--N, total P, moisturewhile negatively correlated with NH_4~+N, EC, pH (H_2O), pH (KCl) and bulk density.
The mean values of DOC/SOC in0~(-1)0cm,10~(-2)0cm,20~(-3)0cm soil layer of urbangreen-lands were0.48%、0.59%、0.56%, higher than corresponding layer of suburbanforest park (0.30%、0.34%、0.20%). The value of DOC/SOC in different green-landswere ranked as residential green-land (0.63%)> campus green-land (0.59%)> parkgreen-land (0.56%)> factory green-land (0.53%)> roadside green-land (0.42%)>forest park green-land (0.28%). The value of MBC/SOC in0~(-1)0cm,10~(-2)0cm,20~(-3)0cm soil were3.84%,3.49%,3.28%, which higher than the corresponding soil layers ofthe suburban forest park (2.74%，3.11%，2.55%). In the different green-land type, the value of MBC/SOC ranked as residential green-land (4.03%)> park green-land(3.83%)> factory green-land (3.66%)> campus green-land (3.36%)> roadsidegreen-land (2.98%)> forest park (2.80%).
Months had significant influences on soil respiration (P<0.05). Soil respiration rateincreased toward June, while decreased from December. The largest values of soilrespiration rates were recorded from June to August of2011(wet season). Soilrespiration rates were ranged from0.72to2.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the residential,1.73to4.10μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the factory,1.95to5.59μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the park and1.85to5.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)in the campus green-lands.
During study period, there was a marked seasonal pattern in temperature at0-5cmsoil depth (P<0.05). When all potentially rain–affected data were excluded, a significantrelationship between soil respiration and0-5cm soil temperature was observed duringstudy period (P<0.05). When soil moisture was between18%and25%, statisticallysignificant relationship was found between soil respiration and moisture (P<0.05). InJune and August2011, soil respiration was significantly and positively correlated withsoil moisture (P<0.01), while not correlated with soil temperature. The results fromcorrelation analysis showed that in0~(-1)0cm soil, soil respiration was significantly andpositively correlated with SOC, NO_3–N, P and fine root density (R<2mm), whilenegatively correlated with DOC. In10~(-2)0cm soil, soil respiration was significantly andpositively correlated with N and P, while negatively correlated with DOC. In20~(-3)0cmsoil, soil respiration was only positively correlated with fine root density.
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