基于换流技术的快速直流真空开关理论与应用研究
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摘要
清洁能源和可再生能源大多依赖直流系统传输,促使直流系统向互联组网的方向发展。大容量直流开关作为直流电网灵活操作,故障时快速重构的重要部件,应用前景将十分广阔。中压直流集电网和基于直流区域配电的船舶综合电力系统迫切需要性能可靠、功能全面、环境友好的直流开关。兼具真空开断技术和有源换流技术二者特性的有源换流型直流真空开关,具备快速开断、低成本和小型化等可预期特性,是中压直流电网用开关设备的发展方向。
研制有源换流型直流真空开关时,缺乏对电流强制过零时真空电弧调制特性的了解,缺少换流回路参数的优化选取方法及低成本高性能的快速操动机构,存在一系列理论难点与技术瓶颈。针对这些问题,本文分析了真空电弧的强制过零开断特性,提出调控机制；提出了完整的换流回路参数计算方法,并针对小直流电流和双向直流的开断问题,提出解决方案；设计了基于斥力驱动,永磁力保持的快速真空开关系统；结合船电应用工况,开发了一台5kV等级的快速直流真空开关样机,并在实验室条件下完成测试。
主开断单元的强制过零开断特性决定着换流回路的参数选取和各组件间的动作时序配合,是产品研发设计中最重要的理论依据之一。本文从阐述真空电弧换流开断的实质着手,分析了直流故障电流换流开断所面对的工况条件；利用一维热传导方程,分析了阳极表面温度在直流故障电流强制过零开断过程中的相关特性并提出调控机制；利用粒子守恒方程,分析了间隙金属蒸气密度在开断过程中的相关特性并提出调控机制；利用杯状纵磁触头的3D有限元模型,分析了纵向磁场在开断过程中的特性。
换流回路的参数设计是有源换流型直流开关研究的核心部分。本文从有源换流技术的特性分析出发,分析了换流回路元件参数对主开断单元上电流过零前的下降率dI/dt和过零后的恢复电压上升率dV/dt的影响；基于有源换流的自身特性,提出完整的换流回路参数计算方法：针对小直流电流开断存在的问题,提出一种利用联锁互动开关结构的双换流支路直流开关拓扑图；针对双向电流开断能力的需求,提出一种四联锁换向开关,以解决换向开关的配合问题。
基于快速操动机构的直流开关本体设计,是研制其整机要面对的问题。本文从换流型直流开关对主开关的分闸特性要求出发,提出了一种基于斥力驱动,永磁力保持的快速真空开关结构；利用场路耦合的有限元分析了电磁斥力装置结构参数对其特性的影响,并提出设计导则；完成了快速真空开关驱动系统的特性测试,经永磁保持装置结构改进和增加反向电流缓冲措施后,灭弧室动触头达到6mm行程只需2.8ms。
作为大容量直流真空开关的应用研究,研制了面向船舶综合电力系统应用的5kV快速直流真空开关样机；在学校实验室条件下完成了样机的测试,结果表明其主要参数可以满足船舶综合电力系统的应用要求。
With the rapid adoption and large-scale application of the clean energy and renewable energy, it is contributing to the DC system in the direction of the interconnected network. In order to operate the power grid flexibly and open the fault circuit rapidly, DC Switch is particularly important and will be very broad application prospect. MVDC Collector Grid and Integrated Power System based on DC zonal electric distribution are urgent need for a reliable, full-featured, friendly environment, reasonable coast DC switch. The active commutation type of DC vacuum switch with the both characteristics of vacuum interruption and active commutation also has the characteristics of fast-break, low-cost, and miniaturization, and so it is the development direction of the switchgear in MVDC power grid.
There are a series of technical bottlenecks to develop the DC vacuum switch based on active commutation circuit. To solve these problems, this paper analyzes the forcing current to zero characteristics of the vacuum arc and its influencing factors; proposes a complete calculation method of commutation circuit parameters and solutions for the interruption problems of small DC current and bi-directional DC current; designs a prototype of12kV rated high-speed vacuum switch based on electromagnetic repulsion driving and permanent magnet force latching; finally, considering the ship electrical applications, develops a prototype of5kV rated high-speed DC vacuum switch and finishes the test under laboratory conditions.
The forcing current to zero characteristics of the main interruption unit, which is one of the most important design bases, determines the parameters selection of commutation circuit and the operation time of each component. This paper expounds the essence of the vacuum arc commutation interruption, analyzes the working conditions of DC fault current commutation interruption; using the one-dimensional heat conduction equation, analyzes the characteristics of the anode surface temperature in the process of DC fault current forcing current to zero and its influencing factors; using the particle conservation equation, analyzes characteristics of the gap metal vapor density in the same process and its influencing factors; utilizing the3D finite element model of the cup-typed AMF contacts, analyzes its characteristics in the same process.
The parameters design of commutation circuit is the hard-core of the active DC vacuum switch research. This paper is based on the characteristics of the active commutation technology, in full working conditions, analyzes the commutation circuit parameters effects on the descent rate dl/dt before the zero-crossing of the main commutation unit current and the recovery voltage rise rate dV/dt after the zero-crossing; basing on the characteristics of the active commutation, proposes a complete calculation method of commutation circuit parameters; referring to the problems of small DC current commutation, proposes a double commutation branches DC switch topology using interlock interactive switch structure; referring to the requirement of bi-directional current interruption ability, proposes a four interlocking commutation switch to solve the operation time problems of commutation switch.
The design of the fast actuator is the principal problem to be faced in the development of the DC switch. This paper is based on the main switch opening characteristics requirement due to commutation DC switch, proposes a high-speed vacuum switch structure based on electromagnetic repulsion driving and permanent magnet force latching; analyzes the characteristics of structure parameters of electromagnetic repulsion device and proposes the design guidelines; designs a prototype of12kV rated high-speed vacuum switch and finishes the characteristics test, after improving the structure of permanent magnet force latching device and adding the fuction of the reverse current buffer, the6mm stroke only needs2.8ms.
Finally, for DC5kV onboard IPS applications, we develops a prototype of the high-speed DC vacuum switch; the test of prototype is finished under college laboratory conditions. The results indicate that its main parameters can meet the requirements of the onboard IPS.
研制有源换流型直流真空开关时,缺乏对电流强制过零时真空电弧调制特性的了解,缺少换流回路参数的优化选取方法及低成本高性能的快速操动机构,存在一系列理论难点与技术瓶颈。针对这些问题,本文分析了真空电弧的强制过零开断特性,提出调控机制；提出了完整的换流回路参数计算方法,并针对小直流电流和双向直流的开断问题,提出解决方案；设计了基于斥力驱动,永磁力保持的快速真空开关系统；结合船电应用工况,开发了一台5kV等级的快速直流真空开关样机,并在实验室条件下完成测试。
主开断单元的强制过零开断特性决定着换流回路的参数选取和各组件间的动作时序配合,是产品研发设计中最重要的理论依据之一。本文从阐述真空电弧换流开断的实质着手,分析了直流故障电流换流开断所面对的工况条件；利用一维热传导方程,分析了阳极表面温度在直流故障电流强制过零开断过程中的相关特性并提出调控机制；利用粒子守恒方程,分析了间隙金属蒸气密度在开断过程中的相关特性并提出调控机制；利用杯状纵磁触头的3D有限元模型,分析了纵向磁场在开断过程中的特性。
换流回路的参数设计是有源换流型直流开关研究的核心部分。本文从有源换流技术的特性分析出发,分析了换流回路元件参数对主开断单元上电流过零前的下降率dI/dt和过零后的恢复电压上升率dV/dt的影响；基于有源换流的自身特性,提出完整的换流回路参数计算方法：针对小直流电流开断存在的问题,提出一种利用联锁互动开关结构的双换流支路直流开关拓扑图；针对双向电流开断能力的需求,提出一种四联锁换向开关,以解决换向开关的配合问题。
基于快速操动机构的直流开关本体设计,是研制其整机要面对的问题。本文从换流型直流开关对主开关的分闸特性要求出发,提出了一种基于斥力驱动,永磁力保持的快速真空开关结构；利用场路耦合的有限元分析了电磁斥力装置结构参数对其特性的影响,并提出设计导则；完成了快速真空开关驱动系统的特性测试,经永磁保持装置结构改进和增加反向电流缓冲措施后,灭弧室动触头达到6mm行程只需2.8ms。
作为大容量直流真空开关的应用研究,研制了面向船舶综合电力系统应用的5kV快速直流真空开关样机；在学校实验室条件下完成了样机的测试,结果表明其主要参数可以满足船舶综合电力系统的应用要求。
With the rapid adoption and large-scale application of the clean energy and renewable energy, it is contributing to the DC system in the direction of the interconnected network. In order to operate the power grid flexibly and open the fault circuit rapidly, DC Switch is particularly important and will be very broad application prospect. MVDC Collector Grid and Integrated Power System based on DC zonal electric distribution are urgent need for a reliable, full-featured, friendly environment, reasonable coast DC switch. The active commutation type of DC vacuum switch with the both characteristics of vacuum interruption and active commutation also has the characteristics of fast-break, low-cost, and miniaturization, and so it is the development direction of the switchgear in MVDC power grid.
There are a series of technical bottlenecks to develop the DC vacuum switch based on active commutation circuit. To solve these problems, this paper analyzes the forcing current to zero characteristics of the vacuum arc and its influencing factors; proposes a complete calculation method of commutation circuit parameters and solutions for the interruption problems of small DC current and bi-directional DC current; designs a prototype of12kV rated high-speed vacuum switch based on electromagnetic repulsion driving and permanent magnet force latching; finally, considering the ship electrical applications, develops a prototype of5kV rated high-speed DC vacuum switch and finishes the test under laboratory conditions.
The forcing current to zero characteristics of the main interruption unit, which is one of the most important design bases, determines the parameters selection of commutation circuit and the operation time of each component. This paper expounds the essence of the vacuum arc commutation interruption, analyzes the working conditions of DC fault current commutation interruption; using the one-dimensional heat conduction equation, analyzes the characteristics of the anode surface temperature in the process of DC fault current forcing current to zero and its influencing factors; using the particle conservation equation, analyzes characteristics of the gap metal vapor density in the same process and its influencing factors; utilizing the3D finite element model of the cup-typed AMF contacts, analyzes its characteristics in the same process.
The parameters design of commutation circuit is the hard-core of the active DC vacuum switch research. This paper is based on the characteristics of the active commutation technology, in full working conditions, analyzes the commutation circuit parameters effects on the descent rate dl/dt before the zero-crossing of the main commutation unit current and the recovery voltage rise rate dV/dt after the zero-crossing; basing on the characteristics of the active commutation, proposes a complete calculation method of commutation circuit parameters; referring to the problems of small DC current commutation, proposes a double commutation branches DC switch topology using interlock interactive switch structure; referring to the requirement of bi-directional current interruption ability, proposes a four interlocking commutation switch to solve the operation time problems of commutation switch.
The design of the fast actuator is the principal problem to be faced in the development of the DC switch. This paper is based on the main switch opening characteristics requirement due to commutation DC switch, proposes a high-speed vacuum switch structure based on electromagnetic repulsion driving and permanent magnet force latching; analyzes the characteristics of structure parameters of electromagnetic repulsion device and proposes the design guidelines; designs a prototype of12kV rated high-speed vacuum switch and finishes the characteristics test, after improving the structure of permanent magnet force latching device and adding the fuction of the reverse current buffer, the6mm stroke only needs2.8ms.
Finally, for DC5kV onboard IPS applications, we develops a prototype of the high-speed DC vacuum switch; the test of prototype is finished under college laboratory conditions. The results indicate that its main parameters can meet the requirements of the onboard IPS.
引文
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