半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测与综合评价研究
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摘要
灌区是人类水事活动相对较为密集的区域，特别是渠井并举的半干旱地区大型灌区，地表水和地下水的循环与转化深深受到人类水事活动的影响，加之人类其它经济活动的影响，大型灌区近年来日益出现了一系列的水文生态问题。如泾惠渠灌区，在上世纪80年代初期及以前，灌区水文生态还处于良好状态。90年代以来，随着社会经济的迅速发展，用水量剧增，加之区域降水量、泾河来水量锐减以及灌区水价制度和管理体制的不尽完善，地下水被大量开采。由于地下水的严重超采，地下水位大面积大幅度下降，降落漏斗面积不断扩大，进而诱发了地面沉降、地裂缝、水质恶化、粮食减产、土壤污染、土壤肥力减退等一系列水文生态问题。
这不仅严重制约着半干旱地区大型灌区社会经济的可持续发展，而且对水资源安全、粮食安全和生态安全构成了严重威胁。
然而，目前灌区水文生态监测手段还依然停留在人工手工监测的落后局面，而且也仅限于地下水位、渠道水量、降水等少数因子，甚至不监测。如泾惠渠灌区1952年就开始了地下水人工观测，但目前观测井基本报废，观测已停多年了。因此，面对半干旱地区大型灌区日益严重的水文生态问题，基于计算机、GIS和RS等先进技术，进行半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测与综合评价研究，为水文生态耦合提供数据获取和综合分析的理论框架与技术支撑，具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文在全面系统地总结了水文生态系统研究已有成果的基础上，从半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统的结构、特征和存在的主要问题出发，深入研究了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测方法体系、监测指标体系和空间数据库，初步构建了集“自动化动态监测网络-卫星遥感监测-社会经济调查-野外实验”于一体的全方位动态监测方法体系，确定了科学合理的监测指标体系，建立了基于GeoDatabase模型的空间数据库，并针对泾惠渠灌区，具体设计实现了“泾惠渠灌区主要水文生态因子自动化动态监测系统”。最后在水文生态系统动态监测空间数据库基础上，开展了水文生态系统质量综合评价研究，并以泾惠渠灌区为例进行实例分析。总体来说，论文主要取得了以下研究成果：
(1)系统论述了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的概念、内容、目的和监测方法体系，给出了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的总体框架结构，构建了集“自动化动态监测网络-卫星遥感监测-社会经济调查-野外试验”于一体的全方位监测方法体系，并对“自动化动态监测网络”和“卫星遥感监测”进行了详细设计。
(2)详细分析了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统所涉及的要素数据，在此基础上，构建了由2层61项指标组成的半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测指标体系。
(3)对半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统所涉及的要素数据进行了详细的分类，在此基础上，基于GeoDatabase数据模型，建立了适合半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的空间数据库模型，并设计实现了水文生态系统空间数据库。
(4)具体设计实现了“泾惠渠灌区主要水文生态因子自动化动态监测系统”，系统能够远程实时监测地下水、土壤水和渠系水的动态变化，系统技术先进、架构合理、界面友好、操作简洁，解决了灌区水文生态因子人工观测精度低、实时性差、效率低的难题，具有较大的推广应用价值。
(5)详细分析研究了相关领域指标体系构建方法与模型、权重确定方法与模型、综合评判方法与模型，在此基础上构建了适合于半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价的“分析法-层次分析法-基于隶属度的Hardarmard乘积变权模型-两级模糊综合评判法”的复合优化方法与模型。
(6)系统分析了影响半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量的主要因素，在此基础之上，尝试建立了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价指标体系，并以现有的法律法规为基础，集成部分针对西部半干旱地区水资源、生态、环境等的研究成果，结合泾惠渠灌区水文生态系统的实际，界定了适合于该灌区水文生态系统可持续发展的水文生态系统质量评价标准。
(7)以本文建立的复合优化方法与模型，对泾惠渠灌区2000年、2005年、2010年3年的水文生态系统质量进行了综合评价与分析，并提出了对策和建议。
Irrigation District is the relatively dense regions of the human water-related activities,especially large-scale irrigation district of the channel and well irrigation in semi-arid regions.Circulation and transformation of surface water and groundwater of large-scale irrigationdistrict in semi-arid regions are deeply influenced by human water-related activities. Coupledwith the impact of human’s other economic activities, a series of hydro-ecological problemsappeared increasingly in large-scale irrigation in recent years. For example, in the early1980sand before, hydro-ecosystems of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District was in good condition. Sincethe1990s, with the rapid socio-economic development, water consumption dramaticallyincreased, combined with decreasing in regional precipitation, sharp drop in Jing River runoffand not perfection in water pricing system and management system, groundwater has beenexploited in large. As a result of over exploited groundwater, large-scale groundwater leveldeclined, the range of descent funnel continuously expanded, resulting in a series ofhydro-ecological problems such as sink, crack, deterioration of water quality, less foodproduction, soil pollution, soil salinization and soil fertility decline, etc.
These not only hinder the sustainable development of society and economy oflarge-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, but also pose a serious threat to watersafety, food security and ecological safety.
However, the current hydro-ecological monitoringmethods of irrigation district stillremain in the backwardness of the artificial hand-monitoring, also limited to the groundwaterlevel, channel water, precipitation, and a few other factors, even no monitoring. For example,Jinghuiqu Irrigation District began artificial groundwater observation in1952, butobservation wells almost scrapped at present, the observation has been suspended for manyyears. Therefore, facing the increasingly serious hydro-ecological problems of large-scaleirrigation district in semi-arid regions，it is very significant to carry out studies of dynamicmonitoring and comprehensive evaluation of hydro-ecosystems for data acquisition andcomprehensive analysis in the study of the hydro-ecological coupling, based on advanced technology such as computer, GIS and RS, etc.
On the basis of comprehensive and systemic summarization of the existing researchresults, from the point of the structure, features and the relevant problems of thehydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, a deep research wascarried out on a dynamic monitoring method, monitoring index system and spatial databaseof hydro-ecosystems in the paper. A set of comprehensive monitoring method systems thatconsist of “automatic and dynamic monitoring networks, satellite-based remote sensingmonitoring, a socio-economic survey and field experiments” is proposed. A set of scientificand reasonable monitoring index systems is defined. And the spatial database based onGeodatabase model is built. For Jinghuiqu Irrigation District, automatic and dynamicmonitoring system of main hydro-ecological factors is designed and realized. Finally, on thebasis of hydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring spatial database, research on comprehensiveevaluation on quality of the hydro-ecosystems is carried out, and case analysis of JinghuiquIrrigation District is done. The main research achievements of the dissertation are as follows.
(1)The concept, content and monitoring method system of hydro-ecosystems oflarge-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions are discussed in detail. The generalframework structure of hydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigationdistrict in semi-arid regions is given. A set of comprehensive monitoring method systems thatconsist of “automatic and dynamic monitoring networks, satellite-based remote sensingmonitoring, a socioeconomic survey and field experiments” is constructed. The “automaticand dynamic monitoring networks” and “satellite-based remote sensing monitoring” aredesigned in detail.
(2)The data involved in research on hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions are analyzed in detail. And based on this, a monitoring index systemconsisting of two hierarchies and61individual monitoringindexes was established forhydro-ecology dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions.
(3)The data involved in research on hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions are classified in detail. On the basis of this, a spatial database model ofhydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions isbuilt based on GeoDatabase modeland hydro-ecosystems spatial database is designed and realized.
(4)Automatic and dynamic monitoring system for main hydro-ecological factors inJinghuiqu Irrigation District is designed and realized. The system canmonitorthe dynamicchanges of groundwater, soil water and canal waterremotelyand real-timely. The system hasmany advantages such as advanced technology, reasonable structure, friendly interface andsimple operation, etc. Problems that existed in artificial observation for hydro-ecologicalfactors in irrigation district, such as low precision, not real-time and low-efficiency are solved.This system has great application value.
(5) On the basis of detailed analysis of evaluation index system construction methodsand models, weights determine methods and models, comprehensive evaluation methods andmodels in the relevant fields, a set of composite optimization methods and models that aresuitable for comprehensive evaluation on quality of hydro-ecosystems of large-scaleirrigation district in semi-arid regions are established. The composite optimization methodsand models consist of “Analysis, AnalyticHierarchy Process, Variable Weights Model ofHardarmard Product based membership and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation approach”.
(6)On the basis of systemic analysis of main factors that affect the quality ofhydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, comprehensiveevaluation index system for quality of hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions is built. And based on existing laws and regulations, part of research resultsfor water resources, ecology, environment, etc. of the western semi-arid regions are integrated,combined with the reality of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District, evaluation criteria ofhydro-ecosystems quality are defined. These evaluation criteria are suitable for sustainabledevelopment of hydro-ecosystems in this irrigation district.
(7) Based on the composite optimization method and model established in this paper, thequality of hydro-ecosystems of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District at year of2000,2005and2010are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, and countermeasures and suggestions are putforward.
这不仅严重制约着半干旱地区大型灌区社会经济的可持续发展，而且对水资源安全、粮食安全和生态安全构成了严重威胁。
然而，目前灌区水文生态监测手段还依然停留在人工手工监测的落后局面，而且也仅限于地下水位、渠道水量、降水等少数因子，甚至不监测。如泾惠渠灌区1952年就开始了地下水人工观测，但目前观测井基本报废，观测已停多年了。因此，面对半干旱地区大型灌区日益严重的水文生态问题，基于计算机、GIS和RS等先进技术，进行半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测与综合评价研究，为水文生态耦合提供数据获取和综合分析的理论框架与技术支撑，具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文在全面系统地总结了水文生态系统研究已有成果的基础上，从半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统的结构、特征和存在的主要问题出发，深入研究了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测方法体系、监测指标体系和空间数据库，初步构建了集“自动化动态监测网络-卫星遥感监测-社会经济调查-野外实验”于一体的全方位动态监测方法体系，确定了科学合理的监测指标体系，建立了基于GeoDatabase模型的空间数据库，并针对泾惠渠灌区，具体设计实现了“泾惠渠灌区主要水文生态因子自动化动态监测系统”。最后在水文生态系统动态监测空间数据库基础上，开展了水文生态系统质量综合评价研究，并以泾惠渠灌区为例进行实例分析。总体来说，论文主要取得了以下研究成果：
(1)系统论述了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的概念、内容、目的和监测方法体系，给出了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的总体框架结构，构建了集“自动化动态监测网络-卫星遥感监测-社会经济调查-野外试验”于一体的全方位监测方法体系，并对“自动化动态监测网络”和“卫星遥感监测”进行了详细设计。
(2)详细分析了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统所涉及的要素数据，在此基础上，构建了由2层61项指标组成的半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测指标体系。
(3)对半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统所涉及的要素数据进行了详细的分类，在此基础上，基于GeoDatabase数据模型，建立了适合半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统动态监测的空间数据库模型，并设计实现了水文生态系统空间数据库。
(4)具体设计实现了“泾惠渠灌区主要水文生态因子自动化动态监测系统”，系统能够远程实时监测地下水、土壤水和渠系水的动态变化，系统技术先进、架构合理、界面友好、操作简洁，解决了灌区水文生态因子人工观测精度低、实时性差、效率低的难题，具有较大的推广应用价值。
(5)详细分析研究了相关领域指标体系构建方法与模型、权重确定方法与模型、综合评判方法与模型，在此基础上构建了适合于半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价的“分析法-层次分析法-基于隶属度的Hardarmard乘积变权模型-两级模糊综合评判法”的复合优化方法与模型。
(6)系统分析了影响半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量的主要因素，在此基础之上，尝试建立了半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价指标体系，并以现有的法律法规为基础，集成部分针对西部半干旱地区水资源、生态、环境等的研究成果，结合泾惠渠灌区水文生态系统的实际，界定了适合于该灌区水文生态系统可持续发展的水文生态系统质量评价标准。
(7)以本文建立的复合优化方法与模型，对泾惠渠灌区2000年、2005年、2010年3年的水文生态系统质量进行了综合评价与分析，并提出了对策和建议。
Irrigation District is the relatively dense regions of the human water-related activities,especially large-scale irrigation district of the channel and well irrigation in semi-arid regions.Circulation and transformation of surface water and groundwater of large-scale irrigationdistrict in semi-arid regions are deeply influenced by human water-related activities. Coupledwith the impact of human’s other economic activities, a series of hydro-ecological problemsappeared increasingly in large-scale irrigation in recent years. For example, in the early1980sand before, hydro-ecosystems of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District was in good condition. Sincethe1990s, with the rapid socio-economic development, water consumption dramaticallyincreased, combined with decreasing in regional precipitation, sharp drop in Jing River runoffand not perfection in water pricing system and management system, groundwater has beenexploited in large. As a result of over exploited groundwater, large-scale groundwater leveldeclined, the range of descent funnel continuously expanded, resulting in a series ofhydro-ecological problems such as sink, crack, deterioration of water quality, less foodproduction, soil pollution, soil salinization and soil fertility decline, etc.
These not only hinder the sustainable development of society and economy oflarge-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, but also pose a serious threat to watersafety, food security and ecological safety.
However, the current hydro-ecological monitoringmethods of irrigation district stillremain in the backwardness of the artificial hand-monitoring, also limited to the groundwaterlevel, channel water, precipitation, and a few other factors, even no monitoring. For example,Jinghuiqu Irrigation District began artificial groundwater observation in1952, butobservation wells almost scrapped at present, the observation has been suspended for manyyears. Therefore, facing the increasingly serious hydro-ecological problems of large-scaleirrigation district in semi-arid regions，it is very significant to carry out studies of dynamicmonitoring and comprehensive evaluation of hydro-ecosystems for data acquisition andcomprehensive analysis in the study of the hydro-ecological coupling, based on advanced technology such as computer, GIS and RS, etc.
On the basis of comprehensive and systemic summarization of the existing researchresults, from the point of the structure, features and the relevant problems of thehydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, a deep research wascarried out on a dynamic monitoring method, monitoring index system and spatial databaseof hydro-ecosystems in the paper. A set of comprehensive monitoring method systems thatconsist of “automatic and dynamic monitoring networks, satellite-based remote sensingmonitoring, a socio-economic survey and field experiments” is proposed. A set of scientificand reasonable monitoring index systems is defined. And the spatial database based onGeodatabase model is built. For Jinghuiqu Irrigation District, automatic and dynamicmonitoring system of main hydro-ecological factors is designed and realized. Finally, on thebasis of hydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring spatial database, research on comprehensiveevaluation on quality of the hydro-ecosystems is carried out, and case analysis of JinghuiquIrrigation District is done. The main research achievements of the dissertation are as follows.
(1)The concept, content and monitoring method system of hydro-ecosystems oflarge-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions are discussed in detail. The generalframework structure of hydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigationdistrict in semi-arid regions is given. A set of comprehensive monitoring method systems thatconsist of “automatic and dynamic monitoring networks, satellite-based remote sensingmonitoring, a socioeconomic survey and field experiments” is constructed. The “automaticand dynamic monitoring networks” and “satellite-based remote sensing monitoring” aredesigned in detail.
(2)The data involved in research on hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions are analyzed in detail. And based on this, a monitoring index systemconsisting of two hierarchies and61individual monitoringindexes was established forhydro-ecology dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions.
(3)The data involved in research on hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions are classified in detail. On the basis of this, a spatial database model ofhydro-ecosystems dynamic monitoring of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions isbuilt based on GeoDatabase modeland hydro-ecosystems spatial database is designed and realized.
(4)Automatic and dynamic monitoring system for main hydro-ecological factors inJinghuiqu Irrigation District is designed and realized. The system canmonitorthe dynamicchanges of groundwater, soil water and canal waterremotelyand real-timely. The system hasmany advantages such as advanced technology, reasonable structure, friendly interface andsimple operation, etc. Problems that existed in artificial observation for hydro-ecologicalfactors in irrigation district, such as low precision, not real-time and low-efficiency are solved.This system has great application value.
(5) On the basis of detailed analysis of evaluation index system construction methodsand models, weights determine methods and models, comprehensive evaluation methods andmodels in the relevant fields, a set of composite optimization methods and models that aresuitable for comprehensive evaluation on quality of hydro-ecosystems of large-scaleirrigation district in semi-arid regions are established. The composite optimization methodsand models consist of “Analysis, AnalyticHierarchy Process, Variable Weights Model ofHardarmard Product based membership and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation approach”.
(6)On the basis of systemic analysis of main factors that affect the quality ofhydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district in semi-arid regions, comprehensiveevaluation index system for quality of hydro-ecosystems of large-scale irrigation district insemi-arid regions is built. And based on existing laws and regulations, part of research resultsfor water resources, ecology, environment, etc. of the western semi-arid regions are integrated,combined with the reality of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District, evaluation criteria ofhydro-ecosystems quality are defined. These evaluation criteria are suitable for sustainabledevelopment of hydro-ecosystems in this irrigation district.
(7) Based on the composite optimization method and model established in this paper, thequality of hydro-ecosystems of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District at year of2000,2005and2010are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, and countermeasures and suggestions are putforward.
引文
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