松辽盆地东南部上白垩统含油页岩系有机质富集环境动力学
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摘要
松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组和嫩江组发育厚层的富有机质暗色泥岩，尤其松辽盆地东南部在这两组地层下部沉积了品质较好的厚层油页岩。这套含油页岩系由于有机质含量丰富，且干酪根成熟度较低，蕴含了丰富的古环境信息，是开展有机质富集环境动力学的最佳层段。
开展含油页岩系有机质富集环境动力学研究，首先要弄清研究区的沉积环境，在岩心和野外剖面观察、测井曲线分析和系统的地球化学测试基础上，识别出本区主要发育湖泊相，可分为滨湖、浅湖、半深湖-深湖3种沉积亚相。此外还发育风暴沉积、火山灰沉积、介形虫迅速卸载沉积和震积岩四种事件沉积和三角洲沉积。结合地球化学数据，建立盆地不同沉积演化阶段的沉积相-有机相-地球化学相，其中油页岩最易形成的相类型为半深湖-深湖相—A-B（湖泊生物为主）—咸水-半咸水还原环境（青一段）和半深湖-深湖—A-B—半咸水-淡水还原环境（嫩一、二段）。
等时层序地层格架的建立是揭示横纵向沉积环境演化的基础，研究区在青山口和嫩江组沉积时期多数区域为半深湖-深湖沉积，但深水沉积是最难用层序地层学术语解释的沉积体系。泥岩中的有机质蕴含着丰富的湖平面变化信息，根据TOC含量的变化特征，搭建了深水区域高精度层序地层格架。根据层序格架内油页岩展布特征，在水进体系域末期，发育劣质薄层油页岩，其展布面积逐渐增大；高水位体系域油页岩的展布面积达到最大，厚度大、品质好；水退体系域发育劣质薄层油页岩，且分布范围逐渐减少。
有机质来源分析是研究有机质富集环境动力学的前提，在光片显微组分统计基础上，结合正构烷烃各碳链的相对含量及单体碳同位素、藿烷/甾烷的比值和有机元素比值，确定青山口组和嫩江组有机质主要来自于湖泊生物，以层状藻为主，含少量的结构藻、甲烷菌、蓝藻菌和绿硫菌等，同时还有少量孢子体、叶绿体、荧光体等陆源有机质注入。运用系统的HI、S2、Tmax、OI等指数和相关的生物标志化合物参数，油页岩发育层段（层序I、V、VI）有机质丰度高，干酪根主要为I型，随着湖平面下降，在层序II、III、、VII、VIII，有机质类型逐渐由I型过渡为III型，在每个层序内部由LST到RST，有机质类型及丰度也呈现先变好后继而变差的趋势。通过横向对比，深水区域有机质类型和来源更为稳定，浅湖区域沉积物中有机质类型变化较大。结合系统的光片鉴定和生标参数特征，反映有机质类型变差并非主要由于陆源有机质注入影响，而是保存条件逐渐变差，氧化作用等破坏有机质中氢元素造成的。
高精度反演有机质富集环境动力学，需要赋予沉积地层精确的时间尺度，旋回地层分析是确定沉积时代的有效手段，泥岩中有机质丰度变化反映古气候的演化，是研究旋回地层学最有效的数据，根据TOC旋回变化，大周期TOC旋回主要受长偏心率控制，对应的沉积时限基本在为405Ka左右，小周期TOC旋回受短偏心率控制，对应的沉积时限基本在100Ka左右，依此建立青山口组浮动天文标尺。根据各个层段的沉积年限，并运用“岩石骨架体积率”的概念，计算不同沉积相带和盆地演化阶段的沉积速率（V），在深水区域当V＜7cm/Ky时，沉积速率对有机质富集没有影响，当V＞7cm/Ky时，随着沉积速率增加，陆源碎屑稀释并破坏有机质，影响有机质富集；在浅湖区域，随着V的增加，有机质丰度逐渐减少，高有机质丰度泥岩主要的V区间为5-10.6cm/Ky。
在光片观察的基础上，深湖-半深湖区，陆源有机质含量占总有机质组分的8.0%左右，而浅湖区域藻类占有机质显微组分的相对含量与TOC呈对数关系，依此可将陆源有机质含量剔除，并根据HI方法对氧化作用等造成的有机破坏量进行恢复。通过有机碳法计算古湖泊生产力，深湖区油页岩形成时对应的古湖泊生产力大于2210C/m2a，半深湖大于1977C/m2a，浅湖区域大于1773C/m2a。根据生产力在层序格架内演化特征，油页岩形成于超富营养型水体中。在深水区域，由青山口组底部到顶部水体营养程度逐渐由超富营养型变为中养型，浅湖区域在青山口组顶部可能因为陆源营养元素或底泥释放导致湖泊生产力增高，但因保存条件较差，沉积物中的有机质丰度相对较低。
在有机质来源、古湖泊生产力、沉积速率等研究的基础上，结合岩心、地球化学资料对本区的古气候、古地理及水体条件演化进行研究，综合分析这些环境因素之间的相互关系，建立本区的含油页岩系有机质富集环境动力学模式，主要分为两种模型：咸水有机质富集环境动力学模型（模型I）和半咸水-淡水有机质富集环境动力学模型（模型II）。模型I对应的典型层段为青山口一段含油页岩系，其环境动力学为在温暖湿润的古气候背景下（古温度为19-27℃），形成于超富营养型水体和较深透光带中的超高湖泊生产力，提供大量的有机质，随着湖平面的抬升，盆地基本为欠补偿-补偿沉积环境，咸水环境在半深湖-深湖区域形成盐度分层，造成缺氧环境，形成绝佳的保存条件，较小的沉积速率又避免有机质被稀释破坏，因而沉积品质好，厚度中等的油页岩；模型II对应的典型层段为嫩一、二段，其环境动力学为温湿的古气候背景（古温度18.70℃），陆源营养物质供给促进湖泊极高生产力，形成大量的有机质，湖平面大规模抬升，形成欠补偿-补偿沉积环境，半咸水-淡水环境使得含氧界面下降，水体氧化作用破坏部分有机质，较快的沉积速率促使有机质快速沉降、埋藏和保存，从而形成中等品质，厚度较大的油页岩。青二、三段、嫩二段上部和嫩三段水体主要为半咸水-淡水环境，但是水体营养程度的降低或者保存条件变差，均导致沉积物中有机质丰度降低；姚家组虽然在炎热的古气候背景下水体为半咸水，但是由于水深较小，强烈的氧化作用几乎将有机质全部破坏，从而导致沉积物中几乎不存在有机质。
Thick dark organic rich mudstones (OM) deposited in the Qingshankou Formation and NenjiangFormation, Upper Cretaceous, and especially in southeast of this basin, higher quality thick oil shale aredeveloped in the lower part of each formation. The oil-shale bearing layers are characterized by the highorganic matter content and with low maturity, which indicating lots of palaeo-environmental information iscontained in OM, and it should be the best layers to study the environmental dynamics of organicaccumulation.
To reveal the sedimentary environment of study area is firstly before to research the environmentaldynamics. On the basis of core and field profile observation, well log analysis and systematic geochemicaltesting, lacustrine is the mainly sedimentary facies in this eare, and in can be divided into lakeshore shallowlake and semi deep-deep lake further. In addition, there are4types of event deposits such as storm deposits,volcanic ash deposits, rapidly ostracoda unloading deposits and seismites, and the front delta is alsodiscovered in this area. The sedimentary-organic-geochemical facies of different sedimentary evlution stagesof the basin is established combined with geochemical data. The main facies type of oil shale is semideep-deep subfacies-A-B(aquatic organisms)-brackish-salt water with reducing environment(K2qs1) and semideep-deep subfacies-A-B-brackish water-fresh water with reducing environment(K2n1-2).
The established isochronous sequence frame is the basis of studying horizontal and vertical sedimentaryenvironmental evolution. During the depositional period of Qingshankou Formation and Nenjiang Formation,semi deep-deep lake deposits are mainly developed in the study area, and the deep water sedimentary systemsare most difficult to interpret by using principles of sequence stratigraphy. The organic matter in mudstonescontains a wealth of information of lake level changes. Based on the changing of TOC content, the highresolution sequence stratigraphic framework is established from boundary to deep water area of the basin.According to the oil shale distribution characteristics in the sequence stratigraphic framework, in the end ofTST mainly develops poor quality thin oil shale with gradually increased distribution area, and in the HST, thearea reaches maximum and develops high quality thick oil shale, and the thin poor quality oil shaledistribution area reduced gradually in the RST.
Organic matter sources analysis is the premise to study the environmental dynamics. Based on the polishsection observation, and combing the alative amount of each n-alkanes, specific carbon isotope value andsterane/hopane as well as organic element ratios, the organic matter of Qingshankou and Nenjing Formation is mainly from aquatic organisms. The constituent of aquatic organisms is mainly lamalginite with a smallnumber of telalginite, methanobacteria, cyanobacterium and chloracea etc. Meanwhile, there is a smallamount of terrigenous organic matter of sporophyte, chloroplast and phosphor in the mudstone.
Systematically use the indices of HI, S2, Tmax and OI, as well as biomarker compounds parameters, itturned out that the oil shale developed layers(Sequence I,V,VI) have high abundance of organic matter and thekerogen type is I. With the lake level regression, the type of organic matter in Sequence II,III,VII,VIIIgradually change from type I to type III, and in each sequence from LST to RST, the organic matterabundance and type turn to better first and then to worse. Through horizonal contrast, in the deep water area,the organic matter type and source are stable, and changed greatly in the shallow water. Polish sectionobservation and biomarker parameter characteristics reflect that the lower HI ratio organic matter type mainlyresults from the poorer preservation conditions but not the terrigenous organic matter, because of thedestroyed organic hydrogen by oxidation.
To carry out high-resolution inversion environmental dynamics organic accumulation, accurate timescale need to match to sedimentary strata, strata cycle analysis is an efficient measure to determine thesedimentary age. Organic matter abundance in mudstones could directly reflect paleoclimatic evolution, so it’sthe most efficient data to study cyclostratigraphy. Based on the TOC cycle changes，the marjor TOC cylce ismainly controlled by long eccentricity, and its corresponding chronological interval is about405Ka， and theminor TOC cycle is mainly controlled by short eccentricity, and its corresponding chronological interval isabout100Ka. Based on the age of each chronological interval，using “volume fraction of rock matrix”principle to calculate the deposition rate (V) of different sedimentary facies and basin evolution stages. Indeep water area, the deposition rate makes no influence on organic matter accumulation when V＜7cm/Ky,when V>7cm/Ky, with the increasing rate of terrigenous clastic input, the organic matter is destroyed, thusaffecting the organic matter abundance. In shallow water area, the organic matter abundance is tapering offwith the increasing deposition rate, and when the V is range from5to10.6cm/Ky, the organic matter contentis high.
Based on the polish section observation, the terrigenous organic matter content is about8.0%in semideep-deep lake, but in shallow water area, the algae content is logarithmic to TOC, thus the terrigenousorganic matter content could be excluded based on that relationship. Using the “HI” method to restore theorganic matter which destroyed by the oxidation. The palaeo-lacustrine productivity was calculated by oganiccarbon method, and the oil shale formed in deep lake when the palaeo-lacustrine productivity of is greaterthan2210C/m~2a, and in the semi deep lake it is greater than1977C/m~2a and it is greater than1773C/m~2a inthe shallow lake. According to the evolution characteristics of productivity in the sequence framework, the oilshale formed in super eutrophic water. The water body in semi deep-deep lake turns from super eutrophic tomedium eutrophic from bottom to top of Qingshankou Formation. Perhaps because of the mudstone nutrients releasing or terrigenous nutrients input, the shallow water body has higher degree of nutrition in the top ofQingshankou Formation, but the organic matter abundance is relatively low due to the poorer preservationconditions.
Based on organic matter sources, palaeo-lacustrine productivity, deposition rate study, Combing withcore and geochemistry data to study the evolution and correlation of paleoclimate, paleogeography and waterconditions. Through analyzing the interaction of each organic matter enrichment conditions, the models oforganic matter accumulation environmental dynamics were established. There are mainly2models: salt watermodel (model I) and brackish-fresh water model (model II).
Model I responds to the oil shale bearing layers of K2qs1, it’s formed in warm and humidpaleoclimate(the paleotemperature is19-27℃), superhigh productivity developed in the salt water and deepeuphotic zone, providing a lot of organic matter. With the uplift of lake level, the basin environment is unfilledto fill. In semi deep-deep lake area, the salt water environment becomes salinity stratification and leads toanaerobic environment, and it’s the best preservation condition. The lower deposition rate has prevented thedilute and damage of organic matter, therefore, the medium-thick high quality oil shale accumulates here.Model II responds to the typical oil shale bearing layers of K2n1-2, it’s formed in warm and humidpaleoclimate(the paleotemperature is18.7℃), the terrigenous nutrients supplement promotes excellent lakeproductivity and producing a large number of organic matter. With the large-scale uplift of lake level, thesedimentary environment becomes unfilled to fill. The brackish-fresh water body increase the depth of oxygenzone, and the oxidation destroyed part of the organic matter. However, the rapid deposition promoted the rapidsubsidence, burial and preservation of organic matter, and forms the medium quality thick oil shale. The waterbody of K2qs2-3and Kn3is mainly brackish-fresh, but it has lower organic matter abundance because of thedecreased lake eutrophication and worse preservation conditions. The paleoclimate of Yaojia Formation is hotand water body is brackish and there is almost no organic matter. It is because the water is not so deep that thestrong oxidation nearly damaged all the organic matter.
开展含油页岩系有机质富集环境动力学研究，首先要弄清研究区的沉积环境，在岩心和野外剖面观察、测井曲线分析和系统的地球化学测试基础上，识别出本区主要发育湖泊相，可分为滨湖、浅湖、半深湖-深湖3种沉积亚相。此外还发育风暴沉积、火山灰沉积、介形虫迅速卸载沉积和震积岩四种事件沉积和三角洲沉积。结合地球化学数据，建立盆地不同沉积演化阶段的沉积相-有机相-地球化学相，其中油页岩最易形成的相类型为半深湖-深湖相—A-B（湖泊生物为主）—咸水-半咸水还原环境（青一段）和半深湖-深湖—A-B—半咸水-淡水还原环境（嫩一、二段）。
等时层序地层格架的建立是揭示横纵向沉积环境演化的基础，研究区在青山口和嫩江组沉积时期多数区域为半深湖-深湖沉积，但深水沉积是最难用层序地层学术语解释的沉积体系。泥岩中的有机质蕴含着丰富的湖平面变化信息，根据TOC含量的变化特征，搭建了深水区域高精度层序地层格架。根据层序格架内油页岩展布特征，在水进体系域末期，发育劣质薄层油页岩，其展布面积逐渐增大；高水位体系域油页岩的展布面积达到最大，厚度大、品质好；水退体系域发育劣质薄层油页岩，且分布范围逐渐减少。
有机质来源分析是研究有机质富集环境动力学的前提，在光片显微组分统计基础上，结合正构烷烃各碳链的相对含量及单体碳同位素、藿烷/甾烷的比值和有机元素比值，确定青山口组和嫩江组有机质主要来自于湖泊生物，以层状藻为主，含少量的结构藻、甲烷菌、蓝藻菌和绿硫菌等，同时还有少量孢子体、叶绿体、荧光体等陆源有机质注入。运用系统的HI、S2、Tmax、OI等指数和相关的生物标志化合物参数，油页岩发育层段（层序I、V、VI）有机质丰度高，干酪根主要为I型，随着湖平面下降，在层序II、III、、VII、VIII，有机质类型逐渐由I型过渡为III型，在每个层序内部由LST到RST，有机质类型及丰度也呈现先变好后继而变差的趋势。通过横向对比，深水区域有机质类型和来源更为稳定，浅湖区域沉积物中有机质类型变化较大。结合系统的光片鉴定和生标参数特征，反映有机质类型变差并非主要由于陆源有机质注入影响，而是保存条件逐渐变差，氧化作用等破坏有机质中氢元素造成的。
高精度反演有机质富集环境动力学，需要赋予沉积地层精确的时间尺度，旋回地层分析是确定沉积时代的有效手段，泥岩中有机质丰度变化反映古气候的演化，是研究旋回地层学最有效的数据，根据TOC旋回变化，大周期TOC旋回主要受长偏心率控制，对应的沉积时限基本在为405Ka左右，小周期TOC旋回受短偏心率控制，对应的沉积时限基本在100Ka左右，依此建立青山口组浮动天文标尺。根据各个层段的沉积年限，并运用“岩石骨架体积率”的概念，计算不同沉积相带和盆地演化阶段的沉积速率（V），在深水区域当V＜7cm/Ky时，沉积速率对有机质富集没有影响，当V＞7cm/Ky时，随着沉积速率增加，陆源碎屑稀释并破坏有机质，影响有机质富集；在浅湖区域，随着V的增加，有机质丰度逐渐减少，高有机质丰度泥岩主要的V区间为5-10.6cm/Ky。
在光片观察的基础上，深湖-半深湖区，陆源有机质含量占总有机质组分的8.0%左右，而浅湖区域藻类占有机质显微组分的相对含量与TOC呈对数关系，依此可将陆源有机质含量剔除，并根据HI方法对氧化作用等造成的有机破坏量进行恢复。通过有机碳法计算古湖泊生产力，深湖区油页岩形成时对应的古湖泊生产力大于2210C/m2a，半深湖大于1977C/m2a，浅湖区域大于1773C/m2a。根据生产力在层序格架内演化特征，油页岩形成于超富营养型水体中。在深水区域，由青山口组底部到顶部水体营养程度逐渐由超富营养型变为中养型，浅湖区域在青山口组顶部可能因为陆源营养元素或底泥释放导致湖泊生产力增高，但因保存条件较差，沉积物中的有机质丰度相对较低。
在有机质来源、古湖泊生产力、沉积速率等研究的基础上，结合岩心、地球化学资料对本区的古气候、古地理及水体条件演化进行研究，综合分析这些环境因素之间的相互关系，建立本区的含油页岩系有机质富集环境动力学模式，主要分为两种模型：咸水有机质富集环境动力学模型（模型I）和半咸水-淡水有机质富集环境动力学模型（模型II）。模型I对应的典型层段为青山口一段含油页岩系，其环境动力学为在温暖湿润的古气候背景下（古温度为19-27℃），形成于超富营养型水体和较深透光带中的超高湖泊生产力，提供大量的有机质，随着湖平面的抬升，盆地基本为欠补偿-补偿沉积环境，咸水环境在半深湖-深湖区域形成盐度分层，造成缺氧环境，形成绝佳的保存条件，较小的沉积速率又避免有机质被稀释破坏，因而沉积品质好，厚度中等的油页岩；模型II对应的典型层段为嫩一、二段，其环境动力学为温湿的古气候背景（古温度18.70℃），陆源营养物质供给促进湖泊极高生产力，形成大量的有机质，湖平面大规模抬升，形成欠补偿-补偿沉积环境，半咸水-淡水环境使得含氧界面下降，水体氧化作用破坏部分有机质，较快的沉积速率促使有机质快速沉降、埋藏和保存，从而形成中等品质，厚度较大的油页岩。青二、三段、嫩二段上部和嫩三段水体主要为半咸水-淡水环境，但是水体营养程度的降低或者保存条件变差，均导致沉积物中有机质丰度降低；姚家组虽然在炎热的古气候背景下水体为半咸水，但是由于水深较小，强烈的氧化作用几乎将有机质全部破坏，从而导致沉积物中几乎不存在有机质。
Thick dark organic rich mudstones (OM) deposited in the Qingshankou Formation and NenjiangFormation, Upper Cretaceous, and especially in southeast of this basin, higher quality thick oil shale aredeveloped in the lower part of each formation. The oil-shale bearing layers are characterized by the highorganic matter content and with low maturity, which indicating lots of palaeo-environmental information iscontained in OM, and it should be the best layers to study the environmental dynamics of organicaccumulation.
To reveal the sedimentary environment of study area is firstly before to research the environmentaldynamics. On the basis of core and field profile observation, well log analysis and systematic geochemicaltesting, lacustrine is the mainly sedimentary facies in this eare, and in can be divided into lakeshore shallowlake and semi deep-deep lake further. In addition, there are4types of event deposits such as storm deposits,volcanic ash deposits, rapidly ostracoda unloading deposits and seismites, and the front delta is alsodiscovered in this area. The sedimentary-organic-geochemical facies of different sedimentary evlution stagesof the basin is established combined with geochemical data. The main facies type of oil shale is semideep-deep subfacies-A-B(aquatic organisms)-brackish-salt water with reducing environment(K2qs1) and semideep-deep subfacies-A-B-brackish water-fresh water with reducing environment(K2n1-2).
The established isochronous sequence frame is the basis of studying horizontal and vertical sedimentaryenvironmental evolution. During the depositional period of Qingshankou Formation and Nenjiang Formation,semi deep-deep lake deposits are mainly developed in the study area, and the deep water sedimentary systemsare most difficult to interpret by using principles of sequence stratigraphy. The organic matter in mudstonescontains a wealth of information of lake level changes. Based on the changing of TOC content, the highresolution sequence stratigraphic framework is established from boundary to deep water area of the basin.According to the oil shale distribution characteristics in the sequence stratigraphic framework, in the end ofTST mainly develops poor quality thin oil shale with gradually increased distribution area, and in the HST, thearea reaches maximum and develops high quality thick oil shale, and the thin poor quality oil shaledistribution area reduced gradually in the RST.
Organic matter sources analysis is the premise to study the environmental dynamics. Based on the polishsection observation, and combing the alative amount of each n-alkanes, specific carbon isotope value andsterane/hopane as well as organic element ratios, the organic matter of Qingshankou and Nenjing Formation is mainly from aquatic organisms. The constituent of aquatic organisms is mainly lamalginite with a smallnumber of telalginite, methanobacteria, cyanobacterium and chloracea etc. Meanwhile, there is a smallamount of terrigenous organic matter of sporophyte, chloroplast and phosphor in the mudstone.
Systematically use the indices of HI, S2, Tmax and OI, as well as biomarker compounds parameters, itturned out that the oil shale developed layers(Sequence I,V,VI) have high abundance of organic matter and thekerogen type is I. With the lake level regression, the type of organic matter in Sequence II,III,VII,VIIIgradually change from type I to type III, and in each sequence from LST to RST, the organic matterabundance and type turn to better first and then to worse. Through horizonal contrast, in the deep water area,the organic matter type and source are stable, and changed greatly in the shallow water. Polish sectionobservation and biomarker parameter characteristics reflect that the lower HI ratio organic matter type mainlyresults from the poorer preservation conditions but not the terrigenous organic matter, because of thedestroyed organic hydrogen by oxidation.
To carry out high-resolution inversion environmental dynamics organic accumulation, accurate timescale need to match to sedimentary strata, strata cycle analysis is an efficient measure to determine thesedimentary age. Organic matter abundance in mudstones could directly reflect paleoclimatic evolution, so it’sthe most efficient data to study cyclostratigraphy. Based on the TOC cycle changes，the marjor TOC cylce ismainly controlled by long eccentricity, and its corresponding chronological interval is about405Ka， and theminor TOC cycle is mainly controlled by short eccentricity, and its corresponding chronological interval isabout100Ka. Based on the age of each chronological interval，using “volume fraction of rock matrix”principle to calculate the deposition rate (V) of different sedimentary facies and basin evolution stages. Indeep water area, the deposition rate makes no influence on organic matter accumulation when V＜7cm/Ky,when V>7cm/Ky, with the increasing rate of terrigenous clastic input, the organic matter is destroyed, thusaffecting the organic matter abundance. In shallow water area, the organic matter abundance is tapering offwith the increasing deposition rate, and when the V is range from5to10.6cm/Ky, the organic matter contentis high.
Based on the polish section observation, the terrigenous organic matter content is about8.0%in semideep-deep lake, but in shallow water area, the algae content is logarithmic to TOC, thus the terrigenousorganic matter content could be excluded based on that relationship. Using the “HI” method to restore theorganic matter which destroyed by the oxidation. The palaeo-lacustrine productivity was calculated by oganiccarbon method, and the oil shale formed in deep lake when the palaeo-lacustrine productivity of is greaterthan2210C/m~2a, and in the semi deep lake it is greater than1977C/m~2a and it is greater than1773C/m~2a inthe shallow lake. According to the evolution characteristics of productivity in the sequence framework, the oilshale formed in super eutrophic water. The water body in semi deep-deep lake turns from super eutrophic tomedium eutrophic from bottom to top of Qingshankou Formation. Perhaps because of the mudstone nutrients releasing or terrigenous nutrients input, the shallow water body has higher degree of nutrition in the top ofQingshankou Formation, but the organic matter abundance is relatively low due to the poorer preservationconditions.
Based on organic matter sources, palaeo-lacustrine productivity, deposition rate study, Combing withcore and geochemistry data to study the evolution and correlation of paleoclimate, paleogeography and waterconditions. Through analyzing the interaction of each organic matter enrichment conditions, the models oforganic matter accumulation environmental dynamics were established. There are mainly2models: salt watermodel (model I) and brackish-fresh water model (model II).
Model I responds to the oil shale bearing layers of K2qs1, it’s formed in warm and humidpaleoclimate(the paleotemperature is19-27℃), superhigh productivity developed in the salt water and deepeuphotic zone, providing a lot of organic matter. With the uplift of lake level, the basin environment is unfilledto fill. In semi deep-deep lake area, the salt water environment becomes salinity stratification and leads toanaerobic environment, and it’s the best preservation condition. The lower deposition rate has prevented thedilute and damage of organic matter, therefore, the medium-thick high quality oil shale accumulates here.Model II responds to the typical oil shale bearing layers of K2n1-2, it’s formed in warm and humidpaleoclimate(the paleotemperature is18.7℃), the terrigenous nutrients supplement promotes excellent lakeproductivity and producing a large number of organic matter. With the large-scale uplift of lake level, thesedimentary environment becomes unfilled to fill. The brackish-fresh water body increase the depth of oxygenzone, and the oxidation destroyed part of the organic matter. However, the rapid deposition promoted the rapidsubsidence, burial and preservation of organic matter, and forms the medium quality thick oil shale. The waterbody of K2qs2-3and Kn3is mainly brackish-fresh, but it has lower organic matter abundance because of thedecreased lake eutrophication and worse preservation conditions. The paleoclimate of Yaojia Formation is hotand water body is brackish and there is almost no organic matter. It is because the water is not so deep that thestrong oxidation nearly damaged all the organic matter.
引文
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