无线传感器网络隐私数据安全研究
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摘要
随着技术的不断发展与完善,无线传感器网络在服务于人类日常生活的应用中的能力与优势逐步展现。已经被广泛应用于健康护理、工厂监控、智能家居以及公共安全等领域。但在这类以人类群体信息为监测目标的应用中,隐私安全问题也日益突显。无线传感器网络“以数据为中心”的特性,使得隐私数据安全更是关系到社会对无线传感器网络系统的接纳度,是传感器网络真正走向应用和全面推广必须突破的壁垒。由于能量和计算能力限制,导致许多传统的数据安全保护技术不能被直接应用于无线传感器网络；同时针对传感器网络千差万别的应用需求,传感器网络的架构与安全机制也千差万别,没有统一的标准,导致隐私数据安全研究出现许多空白。急切需要从数据安全的角度看待无线传感器网络隐私保护问题并展开有针对性的研究,充分利用传感器网络隐私数据自身的特点和用户的实际需求,提出新的隐私数据安全方案。
通过分析应用于人类群体信息监测的传感器网络中隐私数据的特点和用户的隐私安全需求,综合运用加密、信息隐藏和数据水印等数据安全保护技术,分别针对隐私数据的访问控制、完整性保护、匿名传输与存储,以及数据来源认证等方面展开了一系列研究。研究成果为传感器网络隐私数据保护提供了较完备的新思路,为消除传感器网络真正走向全面应用过程中不可避免的隐私数据安全壁垒,作了一些初步研究与探索。本文主要工作和贡献如下：
(1)基于一种改进的单向哈希链(One-way Hash Chain)技术,提出了一种基于时间的传感器网络多属性隐私数据访问控制方案。传感器网络隐私数据按照其属性和采集时间可以被划分到很多二维子空间中,提出的隐私数据保护方案可以为每个子空间中的数据高效地生成所对应的子密钥。所有数据被分别加密后传输并存储到传感器网络的Sink节点上。当Sink需要读取数据时,必须首先向数据源节点请求数据相对应的子密钥。数据源节点可以按照自身的策略决定是否进行授权,即生成并返回相应的子密钥。本方案可以保证用户对已经传输并存储到Sink节点的个人隐私数据进行精准有效地访问控制。实验证明,该算法性能高效,可以应用于资源有限的传感器网络中。
(2)提出了一种基于脆弱水印技术的无线传感器网络隐私数据完整性分级保护方案。通过分析传感器网络隐私数据的特点与安全需求,利用不同的水印嵌入策略对不同的隐私数据进行针对性的完整性保护。设计了基于添加空白字符的脆弱水印方案,对与数据紧密相关的用户身份标识、时间和位置等敏感隐私数据进行无损地完整性保护；同时,设计了基于修改数据LSB位的水印方案来保护其它与个人相关的监测数据。Sink节点点接收到数据后,通过比较从数据中提取出的脆弱水印信息与重新通过数据集计算得到的认证信息是否一致,来验证数据完整性是否被破坏。该完整性保护方案在数据传输量开销与数据精度之间进行了有益的折衷,以可以接受的数据传输量开销,和尽可能小的数据精度损失达到最好的数据完整性保护效果。并且可以对离线数据实施完整性认证,实现对数据的持续性保护。基于真实节点的验证实验和大规模仿真实验表明,本方案可以应用于各种网络架构下的资源有限的传感器节点上,并且有效检测各种数据攻击。
(3)为了实现最大限度地隐私控制,提出了一种基于多重数字水印技术的无线传感器网络数据匿名传输与存储方案,命名为Multi-Mark。Multi-Mark由标识水印和脆弱水印两部分组成。一方面,经过加密的用户身份、时间和位置等隐私信息被作为标识水印被嵌入到常规监控数据中,实现传感器网络数据的匿名传输与存储,在需要识别数据对应的用户身份等信息时,标识水印又随时可以被提取出来；另一方面,对数据的任何攻击与篡改都可以被加载到数据中的脆弱水印检测出来。Multi-Mark不仅可以实现数据的匿名传输与存储,而且可以节省数据传输量和存储空间。实验结果表明Multi-Mark可以减少30%的数据量,而只引进了少量的计算开销。
(4)在一些关系复杂的传感器网络应用中(如工厂异常行为监测系统),由于用户(数据源节点)与网络管理者(Sink节点)存在利益冲突,Sink节点不能再被默认为是网络的控制中心而被完全信任。这导致Sink上数据的来源难以得到公平可信地认证,使得传感器网络所采集的数据无法应用于法律取证、责任认定等重要领域,直接影响了无线传感器网络系统推广与应用。针对这一问题,提出了种基于时钟偏移的无线传感器网络数据来源认证方案。方案首次将物理设备所固有的时钟偏移(Clock Skew)物性引入到传感器网络数据安全领域。将用于计算时钟偏移的数据,经过编码作为“指纹”信息嵌入到监测数据中,使数据带上数据源节点难以改变的指纹信息。算法将数据与指纹信息紧密融合,使其难以修改和伪造,且具有不可抵赖性,从而实现在Sink不可信的前提下,公平、可信、透明的数据来源认证。
本文研究将为无线传感器网络隐私数据保护提供新方法和关键技术。研究成果不仅具有较高的理论意义和前瞻性,而且更具有一定的实际应用价值,应用前景广阔。
Wireless sensor networks become increasingly ubiquitous and more people-centric. They are being gradually applied to the daily life of human beings. Wireless sensor network technology has the potential to change the way we live, work and do business. It can offer viable solutions for a variety of people-centric applications, such as health care, factory monitoring, smart space and public safety.
At the same time, privacy data protection issues are becoming more prominent. People expect to enjoy the convenience of WSN services without revealing privacy. People might consider the BSN technology as a potential threat to freedom, if the applications go beyond'secure'medical usage. Social acceptance would be the key to this technology finding a wider application. There have been a wealth of researches focused on the privacy problems in WSNs. Such as location and temporal privacy preserving, privacy-preserving data aggregation, and many researches focused on data secure transmission and data integrity protection.
We are trying to solve the security problems in the entire life cycle of the privacy data. This dissertation focuses on privacy data protection in fine-grained access control, integrity protection, anonymous data transmission and storage, data source authentication. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) In a people-centric wireless sensor network system, it is expected that the data requesters can only access to the data what they are entitled to read. Based on a revised one-way hash chain technology, we proposed a time-based privacy protection scheme for multi-attribute data in wireless sensor network, called TPP. All the personal data are divided into2-D subspaces representing data attribute and generation time. Data in each subspace is encrypted with a sub-key before its transmission to the sink node. Anyone who wants to read data attribute at a particular time must get the corresponding sub-key from the data source node. TPP can generate a sub-key for data in each subspace in an efficient manner and low memory space usage. The experimental results show that the scheme can be applied to the resource limited WSNs efficiently.
(2) Based on the fragile watermarking technology, a hierarchical privacy data protection scheme in wireless sensor network is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics and security requirements of the privacy data, different watermark embedding strategies are used to protect the integrity of different kinds of privacy data. For the privacy data which relates to the user's identity, time and location, etc., a blank character added-based fragile watermarking scheme is designed to protect its integrity. For other general monitoring data, a LSB-based fragile watermarking scheme is used. When the Sink node of the sensor network receives a set of the data, it can re-calculate the data authentication information and extract the fragile watermark using the corresponding watermarking extraction strategies. The Sink verifies the integrity of the set of data by comparing that the two values are equal or not. There is a useful compromise between the overhead of data transmission amount and the data accuracy. It achieves data integrity protection, with an acceptable data transmission overhead and minimal loss of data accuracy. Experimental results show that the scheme can fully ensure the privacy data integrity and can be easily applied to a variety of different network structures.
(3) In daily-activities scenarios, not only routine monitoring data need to be gathered, but also the relevant personal data, such as identity and location information, are always inevitably collected by the wireless sensor network system, which poses a great of challenges. First, the collected data should be transmitted and stored in an anonymous pattern to prevent unwanted privacy exposure. Second, stringent data integrity preserving scheme must be utilized to detect the malicious modification during the entire data life-cycle. To address these security problems, we propose a novel multiple watermarking method, called Multi-Mark, which consists of an annotation part and a fragile part. On the one hand, encrypted user's personal information is embedded into the routine monitoring data as annotation watermark which can be extracted when needed. On the other hand, tampering is detected using fragile watermark. The former can resist various manipulative attacks, while the latter can detect any malicious modifications. Multi-Mark not only provides privacy and security, but also saves data transmission amount and storage space. The experimental results show that Multi-Mark can reduce30%of data traffic, and only introduces very low computation cost.
(4) With advances in WSN-based activities recognition and abnormal activities detection, WSN-based monitoring systems are prevalent, such as industrial monitoring, intelligent office and so on. Despite nearly all of the data can be easily collected by a WSN system, it is still difficult to be used as forensic evidence in some applications. That is because that the manager of the network is not always trusted. More secure data protection scheme is needed to ensure that no one can easily modify or counterfeit the data, including network managers. A clock skews-based data source node authentication scheme is proposed. The data for estimating the clock skews of the source node is encoded as the "fingerprint" and embedded into the data using a robust watermarking algorithm. Our scheme promises that the fingerprint can not be separated with the data. It can effectively authenticate if one group of data is collected by a special source node in an irrefutable way. The experimental results and analysis show that the scheme doesn't introduce any additional data traffic, and only introduces very low computation cost. It can be easily and efficiently applied to the resource limited sensor networks.
In summary, we present solutions to several key problems of privacy data protection in fine-grained access control, integrity protection, anonymous data transmission and storage, data source authentication. Aiming at different security requirements, we propose reasonable and efficient solutions, which have theoretical and practical value for advancing the theory and practicability of privacy data protection in wireless sensor networks.
通过分析应用于人类群体信息监测的传感器网络中隐私数据的特点和用户的隐私安全需求,综合运用加密、信息隐藏和数据水印等数据安全保护技术,分别针对隐私数据的访问控制、完整性保护、匿名传输与存储,以及数据来源认证等方面展开了一系列研究。研究成果为传感器网络隐私数据保护提供了较完备的新思路,为消除传感器网络真正走向全面应用过程中不可避免的隐私数据安全壁垒,作了一些初步研究与探索。本文主要工作和贡献如下：
(1)基于一种改进的单向哈希链(One-way Hash Chain)技术,提出了一种基于时间的传感器网络多属性隐私数据访问控制方案。传感器网络隐私数据按照其属性和采集时间可以被划分到很多二维子空间中,提出的隐私数据保护方案可以为每个子空间中的数据高效地生成所对应的子密钥。所有数据被分别加密后传输并存储到传感器网络的Sink节点上。当Sink需要读取数据时,必须首先向数据源节点请求数据相对应的子密钥。数据源节点可以按照自身的策略决定是否进行授权,即生成并返回相应的子密钥。本方案可以保证用户对已经传输并存储到Sink节点的个人隐私数据进行精准有效地访问控制。实验证明,该算法性能高效,可以应用于资源有限的传感器网络中。
(2)提出了一种基于脆弱水印技术的无线传感器网络隐私数据完整性分级保护方案。通过分析传感器网络隐私数据的特点与安全需求,利用不同的水印嵌入策略对不同的隐私数据进行针对性的完整性保护。设计了基于添加空白字符的脆弱水印方案,对与数据紧密相关的用户身份标识、时间和位置等敏感隐私数据进行无损地完整性保护；同时,设计了基于修改数据LSB位的水印方案来保护其它与个人相关的监测数据。Sink节点点接收到数据后,通过比较从数据中提取出的脆弱水印信息与重新通过数据集计算得到的认证信息是否一致,来验证数据完整性是否被破坏。该完整性保护方案在数据传输量开销与数据精度之间进行了有益的折衷,以可以接受的数据传输量开销,和尽可能小的数据精度损失达到最好的数据完整性保护效果。并且可以对离线数据实施完整性认证,实现对数据的持续性保护。基于真实节点的验证实验和大规模仿真实验表明,本方案可以应用于各种网络架构下的资源有限的传感器节点上,并且有效检测各种数据攻击。
(3)为了实现最大限度地隐私控制,提出了一种基于多重数字水印技术的无线传感器网络数据匿名传输与存储方案,命名为Multi-Mark。Multi-Mark由标识水印和脆弱水印两部分组成。一方面,经过加密的用户身份、时间和位置等隐私信息被作为标识水印被嵌入到常规监控数据中,实现传感器网络数据的匿名传输与存储,在需要识别数据对应的用户身份等信息时,标识水印又随时可以被提取出来；另一方面,对数据的任何攻击与篡改都可以被加载到数据中的脆弱水印检测出来。Multi-Mark不仅可以实现数据的匿名传输与存储,而且可以节省数据传输量和存储空间。实验结果表明Multi-Mark可以减少30%的数据量,而只引进了少量的计算开销。
(4)在一些关系复杂的传感器网络应用中(如工厂异常行为监测系统),由于用户(数据源节点)与网络管理者(Sink节点)存在利益冲突,Sink节点不能再被默认为是网络的控制中心而被完全信任。这导致Sink上数据的来源难以得到公平可信地认证,使得传感器网络所采集的数据无法应用于法律取证、责任认定等重要领域,直接影响了无线传感器网络系统推广与应用。针对这一问题,提出了种基于时钟偏移的无线传感器网络数据来源认证方案。方案首次将物理设备所固有的时钟偏移(Clock Skew)物性引入到传感器网络数据安全领域。将用于计算时钟偏移的数据,经过编码作为“指纹”信息嵌入到监测数据中,使数据带上数据源节点难以改变的指纹信息。算法将数据与指纹信息紧密融合,使其难以修改和伪造,且具有不可抵赖性,从而实现在Sink不可信的前提下,公平、可信、透明的数据来源认证。
本文研究将为无线传感器网络隐私数据保护提供新方法和关键技术。研究成果不仅具有较高的理论意义和前瞻性,而且更具有一定的实际应用价值,应用前景广阔。
Wireless sensor networks become increasingly ubiquitous and more people-centric. They are being gradually applied to the daily life of human beings. Wireless sensor network technology has the potential to change the way we live, work and do business. It can offer viable solutions for a variety of people-centric applications, such as health care, factory monitoring, smart space and public safety.
At the same time, privacy data protection issues are becoming more prominent. People expect to enjoy the convenience of WSN services without revealing privacy. People might consider the BSN technology as a potential threat to freedom, if the applications go beyond'secure'medical usage. Social acceptance would be the key to this technology finding a wider application. There have been a wealth of researches focused on the privacy problems in WSNs. Such as location and temporal privacy preserving, privacy-preserving data aggregation, and many researches focused on data secure transmission and data integrity protection.
We are trying to solve the security problems in the entire life cycle of the privacy data. This dissertation focuses on privacy data protection in fine-grained access control, integrity protection, anonymous data transmission and storage, data source authentication. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) In a people-centric wireless sensor network system, it is expected that the data requesters can only access to the data what they are entitled to read. Based on a revised one-way hash chain technology, we proposed a time-based privacy protection scheme for multi-attribute data in wireless sensor network, called TPP. All the personal data are divided into2-D subspaces representing data attribute and generation time. Data in each subspace is encrypted with a sub-key before its transmission to the sink node. Anyone who wants to read data attribute at a particular time must get the corresponding sub-key from the data source node. TPP can generate a sub-key for data in each subspace in an efficient manner and low memory space usage. The experimental results show that the scheme can be applied to the resource limited WSNs efficiently.
(2) Based on the fragile watermarking technology, a hierarchical privacy data protection scheme in wireless sensor network is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics and security requirements of the privacy data, different watermark embedding strategies are used to protect the integrity of different kinds of privacy data. For the privacy data which relates to the user's identity, time and location, etc., a blank character added-based fragile watermarking scheme is designed to protect its integrity. For other general monitoring data, a LSB-based fragile watermarking scheme is used. When the Sink node of the sensor network receives a set of the data, it can re-calculate the data authentication information and extract the fragile watermark using the corresponding watermarking extraction strategies. The Sink verifies the integrity of the set of data by comparing that the two values are equal or not. There is a useful compromise between the overhead of data transmission amount and the data accuracy. It achieves data integrity protection, with an acceptable data transmission overhead and minimal loss of data accuracy. Experimental results show that the scheme can fully ensure the privacy data integrity and can be easily applied to a variety of different network structures.
(3) In daily-activities scenarios, not only routine monitoring data need to be gathered, but also the relevant personal data, such as identity and location information, are always inevitably collected by the wireless sensor network system, which poses a great of challenges. First, the collected data should be transmitted and stored in an anonymous pattern to prevent unwanted privacy exposure. Second, stringent data integrity preserving scheme must be utilized to detect the malicious modification during the entire data life-cycle. To address these security problems, we propose a novel multiple watermarking method, called Multi-Mark, which consists of an annotation part and a fragile part. On the one hand, encrypted user's personal information is embedded into the routine monitoring data as annotation watermark which can be extracted when needed. On the other hand, tampering is detected using fragile watermark. The former can resist various manipulative attacks, while the latter can detect any malicious modifications. Multi-Mark not only provides privacy and security, but also saves data transmission amount and storage space. The experimental results show that Multi-Mark can reduce30%of data traffic, and only introduces very low computation cost.
(4) With advances in WSN-based activities recognition and abnormal activities detection, WSN-based monitoring systems are prevalent, such as industrial monitoring, intelligent office and so on. Despite nearly all of the data can be easily collected by a WSN system, it is still difficult to be used as forensic evidence in some applications. That is because that the manager of the network is not always trusted. More secure data protection scheme is needed to ensure that no one can easily modify or counterfeit the data, including network managers. A clock skews-based data source node authentication scheme is proposed. The data for estimating the clock skews of the source node is encoded as the "fingerprint" and embedded into the data using a robust watermarking algorithm. Our scheme promises that the fingerprint can not be separated with the data. It can effectively authenticate if one group of data is collected by a special source node in an irrefutable way. The experimental results and analysis show that the scheme doesn't introduce any additional data traffic, and only introduces very low computation cost. It can be easily and efficiently applied to the resource limited sensor networks.
In summary, we present solutions to several key problems of privacy data protection in fine-grained access control, integrity protection, anonymous data transmission and storage, data source authentication. Aiming at different security requirements, we propose reasonable and efficient solutions, which have theoretical and practical value for advancing the theory and practicability of privacy data protection in wireless sensor networks.
引文
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