巨桉耗水特性及其对干旱胁迫的响应
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摘要
我国是淡水资源较贫乏的国家,人均占有量不足世界平均水平的1/4,且时空分布极不均匀,加之水资源污染严重,可利用的淡水资源就显得更为有限。一方面,水分是林木生存与生长发育必需的因子之一,另一方面,水资源缺乏地区林木耗水能力可能成为影响淡水资源可持续利用的因素之一。近年来,在全球气候变化的大背景下,干旱发生的频率、范围和持续时间均有增加的趋势,其对农林业生产造成的损失超过了其它自然灾害所造成损失的总和。
巨桉有速生、丰产、优质及适应性强等特点,是我国南方短周期工业原料林的重要树种之一,在满足人们生产生活的木材需求和促进地方经济发展中发挥着重要作用。但巨桉是否具有很强的耗水能力,大面积发展是否影响区域水分平衡也引起了广泛的关注。同时,在干旱频繁发生的背景下,其耐旱能力也直接关系到其引种栽培和经营管理。因此,研究巨桉的耗水特性及其耐旱能力,乃至如何增强其耐旱能力都具有较强的现实意义。
本文利用盆栽的试验方法,对巨桉幼树的耗水特性、耐旱特性及施氮对其耐旱性的影响进行了研究,主要内容包括：(1)巨桉与其它两个速生树种(竹柳和桤木)幼树的在不同土壤水分条件下的生长和耗水特性比较;(2)土壤水分充足条件下巨桉和桤木幼树对持续干旱的生长及生理响应；(3)不同土壤水分条件下生长的巨桉幼树对持续干旱的生理响应的差异；(4)施氮对巨桉幼树耐旱性的影响。旨在为巨桉的引种栽培及其人工林的水分和养分管理提供一定的理论依据与参考。本研究主要结果如下：
1、同等环境条件下,与竹柳和桤木相比,巨桉具有相对较高的日耗水量及总耗水量。其中,在水分充足的条件下(W1),巨桉的日耗水量为竹柳的1.82倍(阴天)或2.06倍(晴天),为桤木的8.11倍(阴天)或13.35倍(晴天)；在中度干旱下(W2),为竹柳的4.24倍(阴天)或6.29倍(晴天),为桤木的11.87倍(阴天)或16.94倍(晴天)；在重度干旱下(W3),为竹柳的2.95倍(阴天)或3.22倍(晴天),为桤木的4.27倍(阴天)或5.03倍(晴天)。巨桉不仅具有较高的耗水量,且在一定的干旱程度内,也更不易受到影响而降低,这与其在干旱下继续维持较大的叶面积、较强的光合能力和较快的生长速率是密切相关的。在降雨充沛且季节分布均匀的地区可合理地发展巨桉林,在水分并不充裕或季节性干旱明显的地区,建议不要大面积种植巨桉,以免对当地水分平衡产生不良影响。
2、巨桉在持续干旱条件下采取整株叶片萎蔫、卷曲的策略,尽可能地维持较高的光合有效面积和较快的生长速率,但也导致其土壤含水量较快地下降。从其渗透调节物质(如游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS))、活性氧(如过氧化氢(H202))、丙二醛(MDA)等的响应来看,其在持续干旱过程中经受着更为严重的活性氧伤害,若干旱时间延长,可能造成难以恢复的损伤。而桤木在干旱时采取落叶方式,降低了土壤水分消耗,保证了幼嫩叶片的水分供给,干旱解除或缓解之后可能较快地恢复生长。为保证两树种生长不至受到干旱的严重影响,土壤体积含水量不要低于10%。在水分充足且无长期持续干旱的地区,发展巨桉可获得较大的木材产量,而在持续干旱易发区,以桤木替代巨桉为宜。
3、长期生长在水分条件较差环境中的巨桉,由于适应了水分不足的状况,对水分的渴求程度减小,在持续性干旱过程中,能更快地启动减少水分散失和减轻氧化伤害的内部调控(如提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、Pro含量)和外部调控(如减小气孔开度而使气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低),因而其叶片内H202和MDA含量在持续干旱的过程中上升较为缓慢,受到的氧化伤害较小。实际生产中,是否可以考虑用适度的干旱对巨桉苗木进行一段时间的锻炼,使之对水分不足有预先的适应,以增强其在造林后对干旱的适应能力。对已经造林的苗木,在季节性干旱来临前,是否可以考虑适度减少对其的水分供应,这可能有利于其渡过短期的干旱。
4、增施氮素能在一定程度上改善巨桉的水分状况(如提高叶片相对含水量(LRWC)和叶水势(LWp)),增加其代谢活力(如增强净光合速率(Pn)),减弱其叶表面被蜡质程度,促进气体交换,对一定程度的干旱起到缓解作用。但是正因如此,也加快了其在持续干旱下的水分亏缺,加之施氮使得巨桉根上生物量分配比例下降,而茎和枝上分配增加,这就加重了根系供水负担,因此,施氮的巨桉在干旱过程中所受到的氧化伤害加重,光合能力下降更快,这也不利于其生长。在营林过程中,巨桉幼林的施氮不要在季节性干旱前进行,若必须施用,需保证在干旱时节里能够通过人工灌溉等方式给予其充足的水分。
China is the relatively poor country in terms of the fresh water resource, where the fresh water per head doesn't reach a quarter of the world average level. It seems that the fresh water is more limited for its nonuniform distribution in time and space and being seriously polluted. On one hand, water is indispensable to the existence and growth of trees. And on the other hand, the water consumption capacity of trees may become an important factor that affects the sustainable supply of the fresh water in regions that lack water. In recent years, under the background of global climate change, the frequency, scope and duration time of drought all present an up trend. The losses in agriculture and forestry production caused by drought exceed that caused by other natural disasters.
Eucalyptus grandis possesses many bright features such as fast growing, high yield, good adaptability and so on, which in southern China is one of the most preferred timber tree species in the construction of short-cycle plantations for industrial use, and plays an important role in meeting people's demand for timber and promoting local economy development. However, whether the water consumption capacity of E. grandis is strong, or whether its substantial spread impacts local water balance arouses much attention. Meanwhile, under the background of frequent appearance of drought, the drought tolerance of E. grandis is directly associated with its introduction and management. Therefore, researches involving the water consumption characteristics and drought tolerance of E. grandis, and even how to strengthen its drought tolerance own profound significance in reality.
Pot experiments were conducted to study the water consumption characteristics and drought tolerance of E. grandis, and the effects of nitrogen application on the drought tolerance of which from the following four aspects:(1) The comparison study on the growth and water consumption characteristics between the saplings of E. grandis and another two fast-growing tree species (bamboo willow (Salix spp.) and Alnus cremastogyne) grown under different soil water conditions,(2) The growth and physiology responses of E. grandis and A. cremastogyne saplings supplied ample water to continuous drought stress,(3) The physiology responses of E. grandis saplings grown under different soil water conditions to continuous drought stress, and (4) The effects of nitrogen application on drought tolerance of E. grandis saplings. The aim of this study is to provide some theoretic reference and technological support for the introduction of E. grandis and the water and nutrient management of its plantations. The main results are as follows,
1. Under the same condition, E. grandis had relatively higher daily water consumption and total water consumption compared with bamboo willow and A. cremastogyne. Under ample water supply (Wi), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was1.82times (cloudy day) or2.06times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and8.11times (cloudy day) or13.35times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. Under moderate drought (W2), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was4.24times (cloudy day) or6.29times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and11.87times (cloudy day) or16.94times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. Under serious drought (W3), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was2.95times (cloudy day) or3.22times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and4.27times (cloudy) or5.03times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. In fact, the water consumption of E. grandis was not only higher, but also more difficult to be inhibited by moderate drought. That was closely correlated with its larger total leaf area, stronger photosynthetic capacity and faster growth, even in moderate drought. So we had better to develop E. grandis rationally in areas where ample and uniform precipitation is seen, otherwise, developing E. grandis extensively is not suggested in case that local water balance is impacted greatly.
2. E. grandis preferred the strategy of leaf wilt or curl so that the higher available photosynthetic area and faster growth could be maintained during drought, however, which might lead to the faster descent of its soil water content. From the responses of its osmolytes (free proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS), etc.), reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), etc.) and malondialdehyde (MDA), it suffered more serious damage caused by reactive oxygen species in continuous drought stress compared with A. cremastogyne. While, A. cremastogyne decreased water consumption and provided the last emerged leaves enough water by defoliation. It was likely that A. cremastogyne would recover more quickly when drought was relieved or eased. This study also showed that the soil volumetric water content should not be lower than10%in case that E. grandis saplings were seriously impacted by drought. Additionally, in regions that own sufficient water resource and have no long-period continuous drought, it's wiser to plant E. grandis for larger yield, while in regions where continuous drought is often seen, A. cremastogyne is more likely to be a suitable species.
3. E. grandis grown in the situation that was short of water for a long period were less thirstier for water compared with those grown in ample water condition, probably because they were adaptable to water deficit. During the continuous drought, they were more active to initiate the mechanisms that help to decrease water loss and relieve oxidative damage, such as rising superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increasing the content of ascorbic acid (AsA), carotenoid (Car) and free proline (Pro), and regulating the stomas to reduce stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr). Therefore, the content of H2O2and MDA in their leaves increased relatively slower in continuous drought, indicating they suffered less oxidative damage. Maybe we could give a consideration to use moderate drought to make the saplings of E. grandis adaptable to water deficit for a period, so that its adaptability to drought could be strengthened after afforestation, or to reduce water supply of its young plantation moderately to help the saplings through the continuous drought.
4. Nitrogen application was able to improve the water status of E. grandis (e.g., rising the leaf relative water content (LRWC) and leaf water potential (LWp)), stimulated its metabolism (e.g., enhancing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn)), avianized the wax covered on the leaf surface, promoted gas exchange, and eased the moderate drought stress it suffered. But it was for these reasons, E. grandis applicated with nitrogen in continuous drought lacked water more easily. In addition that the dry matter allocated to the root decreased accompanied with which allocated to the branch and stem increased, the burden on its root was heavier. As a result, nitrogen application made E. grandis suffer more serious oxidative damage, and the photosynthetic capacity of which decreased more sharply during drought. Obviously, it wouldn't be conducive to its growth. Thus, nitrogen application to the young plantation of E. grandis is not suggested before the continuous drought, only if it could receive sufficient water by irrigation or other ways.
巨桉有速生、丰产、优质及适应性强等特点,是我国南方短周期工业原料林的重要树种之一,在满足人们生产生活的木材需求和促进地方经济发展中发挥着重要作用。但巨桉是否具有很强的耗水能力,大面积发展是否影响区域水分平衡也引起了广泛的关注。同时,在干旱频繁发生的背景下,其耐旱能力也直接关系到其引种栽培和经营管理。因此,研究巨桉的耗水特性及其耐旱能力,乃至如何增强其耐旱能力都具有较强的现实意义。
本文利用盆栽的试验方法,对巨桉幼树的耗水特性、耐旱特性及施氮对其耐旱性的影响进行了研究,主要内容包括：(1)巨桉与其它两个速生树种(竹柳和桤木)幼树的在不同土壤水分条件下的生长和耗水特性比较;(2)土壤水分充足条件下巨桉和桤木幼树对持续干旱的生长及生理响应；(3)不同土壤水分条件下生长的巨桉幼树对持续干旱的生理响应的差异；(4)施氮对巨桉幼树耐旱性的影响。旨在为巨桉的引种栽培及其人工林的水分和养分管理提供一定的理论依据与参考。本研究主要结果如下：
1、同等环境条件下,与竹柳和桤木相比,巨桉具有相对较高的日耗水量及总耗水量。其中,在水分充足的条件下(W1),巨桉的日耗水量为竹柳的1.82倍(阴天)或2.06倍(晴天),为桤木的8.11倍(阴天)或13.35倍(晴天)；在中度干旱下(W2),为竹柳的4.24倍(阴天)或6.29倍(晴天),为桤木的11.87倍(阴天)或16.94倍(晴天)；在重度干旱下(W3),为竹柳的2.95倍(阴天)或3.22倍(晴天),为桤木的4.27倍(阴天)或5.03倍(晴天)。巨桉不仅具有较高的耗水量,且在一定的干旱程度内,也更不易受到影响而降低,这与其在干旱下继续维持较大的叶面积、较强的光合能力和较快的生长速率是密切相关的。在降雨充沛且季节分布均匀的地区可合理地发展巨桉林,在水分并不充裕或季节性干旱明显的地区,建议不要大面积种植巨桉,以免对当地水分平衡产生不良影响。
2、巨桉在持续干旱条件下采取整株叶片萎蔫、卷曲的策略,尽可能地维持较高的光合有效面积和较快的生长速率,但也导致其土壤含水量较快地下降。从其渗透调节物质(如游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS))、活性氧(如过氧化氢(H202))、丙二醛(MDA)等的响应来看,其在持续干旱过程中经受着更为严重的活性氧伤害,若干旱时间延长,可能造成难以恢复的损伤。而桤木在干旱时采取落叶方式,降低了土壤水分消耗,保证了幼嫩叶片的水分供给,干旱解除或缓解之后可能较快地恢复生长。为保证两树种生长不至受到干旱的严重影响,土壤体积含水量不要低于10%。在水分充足且无长期持续干旱的地区,发展巨桉可获得较大的木材产量,而在持续干旱易发区,以桤木替代巨桉为宜。
3、长期生长在水分条件较差环境中的巨桉,由于适应了水分不足的状况,对水分的渴求程度减小,在持续性干旱过程中,能更快地启动减少水分散失和减轻氧化伤害的内部调控(如提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、Pro含量)和外部调控(如减小气孔开度而使气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低),因而其叶片内H202和MDA含量在持续干旱的过程中上升较为缓慢,受到的氧化伤害较小。实际生产中,是否可以考虑用适度的干旱对巨桉苗木进行一段时间的锻炼,使之对水分不足有预先的适应,以增强其在造林后对干旱的适应能力。对已经造林的苗木,在季节性干旱来临前,是否可以考虑适度减少对其的水分供应,这可能有利于其渡过短期的干旱。
4、增施氮素能在一定程度上改善巨桉的水分状况(如提高叶片相对含水量(LRWC)和叶水势(LWp)),增加其代谢活力(如增强净光合速率(Pn)),减弱其叶表面被蜡质程度,促进气体交换,对一定程度的干旱起到缓解作用。但是正因如此,也加快了其在持续干旱下的水分亏缺,加之施氮使得巨桉根上生物量分配比例下降,而茎和枝上分配增加,这就加重了根系供水负担,因此,施氮的巨桉在干旱过程中所受到的氧化伤害加重,光合能力下降更快,这也不利于其生长。在营林过程中,巨桉幼林的施氮不要在季节性干旱前进行,若必须施用,需保证在干旱时节里能够通过人工灌溉等方式给予其充足的水分。
China is the relatively poor country in terms of the fresh water resource, where the fresh water per head doesn't reach a quarter of the world average level. It seems that the fresh water is more limited for its nonuniform distribution in time and space and being seriously polluted. On one hand, water is indispensable to the existence and growth of trees. And on the other hand, the water consumption capacity of trees may become an important factor that affects the sustainable supply of the fresh water in regions that lack water. In recent years, under the background of global climate change, the frequency, scope and duration time of drought all present an up trend. The losses in agriculture and forestry production caused by drought exceed that caused by other natural disasters.
Eucalyptus grandis possesses many bright features such as fast growing, high yield, good adaptability and so on, which in southern China is one of the most preferred timber tree species in the construction of short-cycle plantations for industrial use, and plays an important role in meeting people's demand for timber and promoting local economy development. However, whether the water consumption capacity of E. grandis is strong, or whether its substantial spread impacts local water balance arouses much attention. Meanwhile, under the background of frequent appearance of drought, the drought tolerance of E. grandis is directly associated with its introduction and management. Therefore, researches involving the water consumption characteristics and drought tolerance of E. grandis, and even how to strengthen its drought tolerance own profound significance in reality.
Pot experiments were conducted to study the water consumption characteristics and drought tolerance of E. grandis, and the effects of nitrogen application on the drought tolerance of which from the following four aspects:(1) The comparison study on the growth and water consumption characteristics between the saplings of E. grandis and another two fast-growing tree species (bamboo willow (Salix spp.) and Alnus cremastogyne) grown under different soil water conditions,(2) The growth and physiology responses of E. grandis and A. cremastogyne saplings supplied ample water to continuous drought stress,(3) The physiology responses of E. grandis saplings grown under different soil water conditions to continuous drought stress, and (4) The effects of nitrogen application on drought tolerance of E. grandis saplings. The aim of this study is to provide some theoretic reference and technological support for the introduction of E. grandis and the water and nutrient management of its plantations. The main results are as follows,
1. Under the same condition, E. grandis had relatively higher daily water consumption and total water consumption compared with bamboo willow and A. cremastogyne. Under ample water supply (Wi), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was1.82times (cloudy day) or2.06times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and8.11times (cloudy day) or13.35times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. Under moderate drought (W2), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was4.24times (cloudy day) or6.29times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and11.87times (cloudy day) or16.94times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. Under serious drought (W3), the daily water consumption of E. grandis was2.95times (cloudy day) or3.22times (sunny day) that of bamboo willow, and4.27times (cloudy) or5.03times (sunny day) that of A. cremastogyne. In fact, the water consumption of E. grandis was not only higher, but also more difficult to be inhibited by moderate drought. That was closely correlated with its larger total leaf area, stronger photosynthetic capacity and faster growth, even in moderate drought. So we had better to develop E. grandis rationally in areas where ample and uniform precipitation is seen, otherwise, developing E. grandis extensively is not suggested in case that local water balance is impacted greatly.
2. E. grandis preferred the strategy of leaf wilt or curl so that the higher available photosynthetic area and faster growth could be maintained during drought, however, which might lead to the faster descent of its soil water content. From the responses of its osmolytes (free proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS), etc.), reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), etc.) and malondialdehyde (MDA), it suffered more serious damage caused by reactive oxygen species in continuous drought stress compared with A. cremastogyne. While, A. cremastogyne decreased water consumption and provided the last emerged leaves enough water by defoliation. It was likely that A. cremastogyne would recover more quickly when drought was relieved or eased. This study also showed that the soil volumetric water content should not be lower than10%in case that E. grandis saplings were seriously impacted by drought. Additionally, in regions that own sufficient water resource and have no long-period continuous drought, it's wiser to plant E. grandis for larger yield, while in regions where continuous drought is often seen, A. cremastogyne is more likely to be a suitable species.
3. E. grandis grown in the situation that was short of water for a long period were less thirstier for water compared with those grown in ample water condition, probably because they were adaptable to water deficit. During the continuous drought, they were more active to initiate the mechanisms that help to decrease water loss and relieve oxidative damage, such as rising superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increasing the content of ascorbic acid (AsA), carotenoid (Car) and free proline (Pro), and regulating the stomas to reduce stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr). Therefore, the content of H2O2and MDA in their leaves increased relatively slower in continuous drought, indicating they suffered less oxidative damage. Maybe we could give a consideration to use moderate drought to make the saplings of E. grandis adaptable to water deficit for a period, so that its adaptability to drought could be strengthened after afforestation, or to reduce water supply of its young plantation moderately to help the saplings through the continuous drought.
4. Nitrogen application was able to improve the water status of E. grandis (e.g., rising the leaf relative water content (LRWC) and leaf water potential (LWp)), stimulated its metabolism (e.g., enhancing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn)), avianized the wax covered on the leaf surface, promoted gas exchange, and eased the moderate drought stress it suffered. But it was for these reasons, E. grandis applicated with nitrogen in continuous drought lacked water more easily. In addition that the dry matter allocated to the root decreased accompanied with which allocated to the branch and stem increased, the burden on its root was heavier. As a result, nitrogen application made E. grandis suffer more serious oxidative damage, and the photosynthetic capacity of which decreased more sharply during drought. Obviously, it wouldn't be conducive to its growth. Thus, nitrogen application to the young plantation of E. grandis is not suggested before the continuous drought, only if it could receive sufficient water by irrigation or other ways.
引文
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