甘蓝型油菜不同磷素利用效率类型品种的基本特征
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摘要
本研究在大田试验条件下以甘蓝型常规油菜品种(2006-2007年度73个品种,2007-2008年度98个品种并设置不施氮肥和150kg/hm2纯氮两个氮肥处理)为研究对象,通过测定初花期不同器官干重和磷素含量,成熟期植株农艺性状以及不同器官干重和磷素含量。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,按磷素籽粒生产效率为指标将不同品种从低到高依次分为A.B.C.D.E五种类型。从农艺性状、干物质和磷素的积累与分配等方面研究不同磷素籽粒生产效率类型品种的基本特征。对2007-2008年度98个品种分别在2008N0和2008N1处理下按磷素籽粒生产效率分别进行聚类(分低效、中效和高效三类),结合不同品种从低氮到高氮条件下类型的转换将供试品种分成低到低(L→L)、低到中(L→M)、低到高(L→H)、中到低(M→L)、中到中(M→M)、中到高(M→H)、高到中(H→M)和高到高(H→H)共8种类型,研究了不同磷素籽粒生产效率类型品种的基本特征及其对氮肥的响应。2007-2008年度选取22个品种(17个母本、5个父本),利用增广NC-Ⅱ设计配置成85个杂交组合(17×5),2008-2009年度种植亲本和杂交组合研究磷素籽粒生产效率杂种优势以及亲本的一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力,并分析遗传力大小。希望通过本研究为生产上高磷素籽粒生产效率品种的筛选和培育以及合理栽培措施的制定提供参考依据。本文主要研究结果如下：
1.反映磷素利用效率的指标有多个,磷素籽粒生产效率、磷素干物质生产效率和磷素收获指数的大小都可作为衡量植株对磷素利用效率高低的指标。产量仍然是衡量油菜生产的关键指标,磷素籽粒生产效率与产量之间都呈极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为0.3167”、0.3663**和0.4784**,磷素籽粒生产效率对产量通径分析结果显示磷素籽粒生产效率对产量的直接作用最大。因此,以磷素籽粒生产效率作为反映油菜对磷素利用效率高低的指标更为合适。
2.不同品种(系)磷素籽粒生产效率变幅较大,2007处理变化范围为69.43g/g～137.23g/g,最大值和最小值相比增幅为97.66%；2008N0处理变化范围为66.62g/g-89.79g/g,增幅为34.79%；2008N0处理变化范围为53.38g/g～79.58g/g,增幅为49.08%。杂交组合2009N0处理磷素籽粒生产效率变幅为40.88g/g～142.09g/g,增幅为247.56%；2009CK处理变幅为56.56g/g～98.53g/g,增幅为74.18%。2009P0处理变幅为56.78g/g～125.39g/g,增幅为120.84%。宁油7号、N06-5、4029和YC7的磷素籽粒生产效率相对较小,均属于最低的A类型。宁油18号、湘05483和YN02磷索籽粒生产效率较高,都属于D类型或者E类型。
3.磷素籽粒生产效率与库容量之间表现为显极显著正相关(r2007=0.4418*、 r2008\0=0.2666**、r2008\1=0.4355**),不同类型间随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加库容量逐渐增加。磷素籽粒生产效率与一次分枝数(r2007=0.2687*、r2008\0=0.2335*、r2008\1=0.3291**)和角果数(r2007=0.3167**、r2008\0=0.2968**、r2008\1=0.3843**)之间都表现为显著或极显著正相关。一次分枝数与角果数之间也表现为极显著正相关(r2007=0.8007**,r2008\0=0.7424**、 r2008\1=0.3680**)。一次分枝数多的品种角果数多,最终库容量大,磷素籽粒生产效率较高。一次分枝数和角果数可以作为高磷素籽粒生产效率品种的筛选指标。
4.不同品种磷素籽粒生产效率与籽粒重之间都表现为极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1试验相关系数分别为0.3167**、0.3663**和0.4784**。磷素籽粒生产效率与籽粒重占总干重的比例呈极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为分别为0.5703**、0.5354**和0.0033**。磷素籽粒生产效率与初花期全株磷素积累量之间未达显著相关(r2008NO=-0.0077、r2008N(?)=0.0469),与成熟期全株磷素积累总量之间呈极显著负相关(r2007=-0.7019**, r2008\0=-0.3195**、r2008\1=-0.4911**)。花后磷素积累量与磷素籽粒生产效率呈显著或极显著负相关(r2008(?)O=-0.2486*、r2008(?)=-0.4192**),不同品种类型问随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加,花后磷素积累量降低。
5.磷素籽粒生产效率与蛋白质含量都呈极显著负相关(r2008\0=-0.3746**、r2008\1=-0.2672**、r2009\1=-0.4493**、r2009CK=-0.3736**、r2009PP=-0.4115**),与油份含量都呈极显著正相关(r2008\0=0.4105**、r2008\1=0.3670**、r2009\0=0.2955**、r2009CK=0.3652**、r2009PO=0.4928**)。常规种磷素籽粒生产效率与油份总量之间表现为极显著正相关,2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为0.4884**和0.5432**。随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加,不同类型常规种油份含量和总量逐渐增加。
6.在两个氮肥处理条件下属于同一类型(低到低,中到中,高到高)的品种51个,占品种总数的52.04%；施氮后类型降低(中到低,高到中)的品种13个,占品种总数的13.27%；施氮后类型升高(低到中,低到高,中到高)的品种34个,占品种总数的34.69%。施用氮肥后磷素籽粒生产效率类型升高的品种主要表现为每角粒数增加值比较大,籽粒重增加值比较大,全株以及不同器官磷素含量和磷素积累量增加值比较小,茎枝和果壳磷素分配比例增加值比较小,籽粒磷素分配比例下降值比较小。施用氮肥后磷素籽粒生产效率类型降低的品种表现与之相反。
7.以22个甘蓝型油菜口种(系)为亲本(17个母本,5个父本),按NCⅡ设计配成17×5=85个杂交组合,研究了磷素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势及其遗传效应。结果表明：离中亲优势(Hm)的正向组合数明显多于负向组合数,超亲优势中正向组合数(超高亲Hh)明显多于负向组合数(超低亲H1),磷素籽粒生产效率存在一定的杂种优势。磷素籽粒生产效率的遗传参数在不同试验条件下变化较大,在2009N0处理条件下基因的加性效应和非加性效应都比较重要,其中加性效应略高于非加性效应,2009CK处理和2009P0处理一般配合力方差相对较小,特殊配合力相对较大,其非加性效应作用较大。
Field experiments were carried out to study basic characteristics of rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) with different types of phosphorus use efficiency for grain production(PUEg).73conventional rapeseed varieties were cultured in2006-2007(2007treatment), and98conventional rapeseed varieties were cultured in2007-2008at the low nitrogen fertilization level (0kg ha-1)and high nitrogen fertilization level (180kg N ha-1). At beginning flowering stage,dry matter weight (DMW)and the phosphorus content of different organs (leave and stem) were tested, and at maturing stage agronomic characteristics, DMW and the phosphorus content of different organs (stem, shell and seed) were tested. The tested rapeseed varieties were classified into5types (A, B,C, D, E) based on PUEg by the MinSSw method, agronomic characteristics and phosphorus accumulation and distribution of different types were studied. According to2008N0and2008N1treatments, the tested rapeseed varieties were classified into3types (low type, middle type and high type) based on PUEg under different nitrogen fertilizer levels, then these varieties were divided into eight types (L→L, L→M, L→H, M→L, M→M, M→H,H→M, H→H) baded on change of different types from low nitrogen fertilizer to high nitrogen fertilizer, responses of PUEg on nitrogen fertilizer were studied. The heterosis performance, general combining ability(GCA), specific combining ability(SCA) and genetic effect of PUEg in rapeseed were investigated in22parents (the numbers of female and male parents were17and5, respectively) and their17×5=85F1hybrids. The purposes of these studies were to investigate the basic characteristics of rapeseed with higher PUEg and to provide fundamental information in rapeseed breeding and feasible cultivation measures designment. Results were as following:
1. There are three indexes of phosphorus use efficiency, including phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PUEg). phosphorus use efficiency for plant biomass (PUEp) and phosphorus harvest index (PHI). Yield is the most important factor during rapeseed production. There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and yield (r2007=0.3167**,r2008=0.3663**. r2009=0.4784**). The study of path analysis indicated that the indirect influence of PUEg on yield was biggest. So PUEg was a more suitable index to indicate nitrogen efficiency than PUEp and PHI.
2. PUEg differed greatly among rapeseed varieties used in this study. Range of PUEg was from69.43g/g to137.23g/gin2007treatment, from66.62g/g to89.79g/g in2008N0treatment, from53.38g/g to79.58g/g in2008N1treatment, and increasing ratio (the most value to the minimum value) was97.66%,34.79%and49.08%, respectively. Range of PUEg in hybrid combination was from40.88g/g to142.09g/g in2009N0treatment, from56.56g/g to98.53g/g in2009CK treatment, from56.78g/g to125.39g/g in2009P0treatment, and increasing ratio (the most value to the minimum value) was247.56%,74.18%and120.84%, respectively. There were four varieties in A types in different treatments, and they were Ningyou7, N06-5,4029and YC7。There were three varieties in D or E types in different treatments, and they were Ningyou18. Xiang05483and YN02。
3. Sink capacity (total number of seeds) increased with increasing of PUEg in different type varieties, and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and total number of seeds (r2007=0.4418**, r2008N0=0.2666**, r2008N1=0.4355**). There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and number of primary
Branches(r2007=0.2687**,r2008N0=O.2335**, r2008N1=0.3291**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and number of pods (r2007=0.3167**, r2008N0=0.2968**, r2008N1=0.3843**). There were significantly positive correlations between number of primary branches and number of pods (r2007=0.8007**,r2008N0=0.7424**, r2008N1=0.3680**). Number of pods with high number of primary branches were high, and sink capacity were also high. So number of pods and primary branches could be screening indexes of variety with high PUEg.
4. There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and yield (r2007=0.3167**, r2008N0=0.3663**, r2008N1=0.4784**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and the ratio of DMW of seed to biomass (r2007=r2007=0.5703**,r2**8NO=0.5354**r2008N1=0.5033**). The relationship between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation at flowering stage were not significant(r2008N0=-0.0077, r2008N1=0.0469), and there were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation at maturing stage (r2007=-0.7019**. r2008N0=-0.3195**, r2008N1=-0.4911**). There were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation after flowering (r2008NO=-0.2486*, r2008N1=-0.4192**), and with increasing of PUEg at different types phosphorus accumulation after flowering decreased.
5. There were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and content of protein (r2008N0=-0.3746**. r2008N1=-0.2672**,r2009N0=-0.4493**. r2009CK=-0.3736**, r2009p0=-0.4115**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and content of fat (r2008N0=0.4105**, r2008N1=0.3670**,r2009N0=O.2955**,r2009CK=0.3652**, r2009**P0=0.4928). In conventional rapeseed treatments there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and fat accumulation (r2008N0=0.4884**,r2008N1=0.5432**), and with increasing of PUEg at different types fat accumulation increased.
6. Responses of PUEg on nitrogen fertilizer were studied and results showed that number of varieties at same types (L-L. M-M. H-H) under two nitrogen fertilizer levels was51. and the ratio of51to98(total number) was52.04%. Three were13varieties in M-L and G-M. and the ratio was13.27%. Three were34varieties in L-M, L-G and M-G, and the ratio was34.69%. In L-M, L-G and M-G, added values of the number of seeds per pod and yield were larger, and added values of phosphorus accumulation of whole plant and different organs, ratios of phosphorus accumulation of stem and shell to total phosphorus accumulation were smaller. Decreasing values of ratio of phosphorus of seed to total phosphorus accumulation were smaller. The trends of the varieties in M-L and G-M by nitrogen application (M→L, H→M) were opposite.
7. The heterosis and genetic effect of PUEg in rapeseed was investigated in22parents (the numbers of female and male parents were17and5, respectively) and their17×5=85F1hybrids. Results showed that number of positive Hm was larger than that of negative Hm, and number of positive Hh was larger than that of negative HI, so positive heterosis of PUEg existed. Differences of genetic parameters of NUEg were bigger. Additive effects and dominance effects were all significant in low nitrogen fertilizer(2009N0). In2009CK and2009P0treatments GCA were less and SCA were bigger, and dominance effects dominance effects were more important.
1.反映磷素利用效率的指标有多个,磷素籽粒生产效率、磷素干物质生产效率和磷素收获指数的大小都可作为衡量植株对磷素利用效率高低的指标。产量仍然是衡量油菜生产的关键指标,磷素籽粒生产效率与产量之间都呈极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为0.3167”、0.3663**和0.4784**,磷素籽粒生产效率对产量通径分析结果显示磷素籽粒生产效率对产量的直接作用最大。因此,以磷素籽粒生产效率作为反映油菜对磷素利用效率高低的指标更为合适。
2.不同品种(系)磷素籽粒生产效率变幅较大,2007处理变化范围为69.43g/g～137.23g/g,最大值和最小值相比增幅为97.66%；2008N0处理变化范围为66.62g/g-89.79g/g,增幅为34.79%；2008N0处理变化范围为53.38g/g～79.58g/g,增幅为49.08%。杂交组合2009N0处理磷素籽粒生产效率变幅为40.88g/g～142.09g/g,增幅为247.56%；2009CK处理变幅为56.56g/g～98.53g/g,增幅为74.18%。2009P0处理变幅为56.78g/g～125.39g/g,增幅为120.84%。宁油7号、N06-5、4029和YC7的磷素籽粒生产效率相对较小,均属于最低的A类型。宁油18号、湘05483和YN02磷索籽粒生产效率较高,都属于D类型或者E类型。
3.磷素籽粒生产效率与库容量之间表现为显极显著正相关(r2007=0.4418*、 r2008\0=0.2666**、r2008\1=0.4355**),不同类型间随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加库容量逐渐增加。磷素籽粒生产效率与一次分枝数(r2007=0.2687*、r2008\0=0.2335*、r2008\1=0.3291**)和角果数(r2007=0.3167**、r2008\0=0.2968**、r2008\1=0.3843**)之间都表现为显著或极显著正相关。一次分枝数与角果数之间也表现为极显著正相关(r2007=0.8007**,r2008\0=0.7424**、 r2008\1=0.3680**)。一次分枝数多的品种角果数多,最终库容量大,磷素籽粒生产效率较高。一次分枝数和角果数可以作为高磷素籽粒生产效率品种的筛选指标。
4.不同品种磷素籽粒生产效率与籽粒重之间都表现为极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1试验相关系数分别为0.3167**、0.3663**和0.4784**。磷素籽粒生产效率与籽粒重占总干重的比例呈极显著正相关,2007、2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为分别为0.5703**、0.5354**和0.0033**。磷素籽粒生产效率与初花期全株磷素积累量之间未达显著相关(r2008NO=-0.0077、r2008N(?)=0.0469),与成熟期全株磷素积累总量之间呈极显著负相关(r2007=-0.7019**, r2008\0=-0.3195**、r2008\1=-0.4911**)。花后磷素积累量与磷素籽粒生产效率呈显著或极显著负相关(r2008(?)O=-0.2486*、r2008(?)=-0.4192**),不同品种类型问随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加,花后磷素积累量降低。
5.磷素籽粒生产效率与蛋白质含量都呈极显著负相关(r2008\0=-0.3746**、r2008\1=-0.2672**、r2009\1=-0.4493**、r2009CK=-0.3736**、r2009PP=-0.4115**),与油份含量都呈极显著正相关(r2008\0=0.4105**、r2008\1=0.3670**、r2009\0=0.2955**、r2009CK=0.3652**、r2009PO=0.4928**)。常规种磷素籽粒生产效率与油份总量之间表现为极显著正相关,2008N0和2008N1处理相关系数分别为0.4884**和0.5432**。随着磷素籽粒生产效率增加,不同类型常规种油份含量和总量逐渐增加。
6.在两个氮肥处理条件下属于同一类型(低到低,中到中,高到高)的品种51个,占品种总数的52.04%；施氮后类型降低(中到低,高到中)的品种13个,占品种总数的13.27%；施氮后类型升高(低到中,低到高,中到高)的品种34个,占品种总数的34.69%。施用氮肥后磷素籽粒生产效率类型升高的品种主要表现为每角粒数增加值比较大,籽粒重增加值比较大,全株以及不同器官磷素含量和磷素积累量增加值比较小,茎枝和果壳磷素分配比例增加值比较小,籽粒磷素分配比例下降值比较小。施用氮肥后磷素籽粒生产效率类型降低的品种表现与之相反。
7.以22个甘蓝型油菜口种(系)为亲本(17个母本,5个父本),按NCⅡ设计配成17×5=85个杂交组合,研究了磷素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势及其遗传效应。结果表明：离中亲优势(Hm)的正向组合数明显多于负向组合数,超亲优势中正向组合数(超高亲Hh)明显多于负向组合数(超低亲H1),磷素籽粒生产效率存在一定的杂种优势。磷素籽粒生产效率的遗传参数在不同试验条件下变化较大,在2009N0处理条件下基因的加性效应和非加性效应都比较重要,其中加性效应略高于非加性效应,2009CK处理和2009P0处理一般配合力方差相对较小,特殊配合力相对较大,其非加性效应作用较大。
Field experiments were carried out to study basic characteristics of rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) with different types of phosphorus use efficiency for grain production(PUEg).73conventional rapeseed varieties were cultured in2006-2007(2007treatment), and98conventional rapeseed varieties were cultured in2007-2008at the low nitrogen fertilization level (0kg ha-1)and high nitrogen fertilization level (180kg N ha-1). At beginning flowering stage,dry matter weight (DMW)and the phosphorus content of different organs (leave and stem) were tested, and at maturing stage agronomic characteristics, DMW and the phosphorus content of different organs (stem, shell and seed) were tested. The tested rapeseed varieties were classified into5types (A, B,C, D, E) based on PUEg by the MinSSw method, agronomic characteristics and phosphorus accumulation and distribution of different types were studied. According to2008N0and2008N1treatments, the tested rapeseed varieties were classified into3types (low type, middle type and high type) based on PUEg under different nitrogen fertilizer levels, then these varieties were divided into eight types (L→L, L→M, L→H, M→L, M→M, M→H,H→M, H→H) baded on change of different types from low nitrogen fertilizer to high nitrogen fertilizer, responses of PUEg on nitrogen fertilizer were studied. The heterosis performance, general combining ability(GCA), specific combining ability(SCA) and genetic effect of PUEg in rapeseed were investigated in22parents (the numbers of female and male parents were17and5, respectively) and their17×5=85F1hybrids. The purposes of these studies were to investigate the basic characteristics of rapeseed with higher PUEg and to provide fundamental information in rapeseed breeding and feasible cultivation measures designment. Results were as following:
1. There are three indexes of phosphorus use efficiency, including phosphorus use efficiency for grain production (PUEg). phosphorus use efficiency for plant biomass (PUEp) and phosphorus harvest index (PHI). Yield is the most important factor during rapeseed production. There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and yield (r2007=0.3167**,r2008=0.3663**. r2009=0.4784**). The study of path analysis indicated that the indirect influence of PUEg on yield was biggest. So PUEg was a more suitable index to indicate nitrogen efficiency than PUEp and PHI.
2. PUEg differed greatly among rapeseed varieties used in this study. Range of PUEg was from69.43g/g to137.23g/gin2007treatment, from66.62g/g to89.79g/g in2008N0treatment, from53.38g/g to79.58g/g in2008N1treatment, and increasing ratio (the most value to the minimum value) was97.66%,34.79%and49.08%, respectively. Range of PUEg in hybrid combination was from40.88g/g to142.09g/g in2009N0treatment, from56.56g/g to98.53g/g in2009CK treatment, from56.78g/g to125.39g/g in2009P0treatment, and increasing ratio (the most value to the minimum value) was247.56%,74.18%and120.84%, respectively. There were four varieties in A types in different treatments, and they were Ningyou7, N06-5,4029and YC7。There were three varieties in D or E types in different treatments, and they were Ningyou18. Xiang05483and YN02。
3. Sink capacity (total number of seeds) increased with increasing of PUEg in different type varieties, and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and total number of seeds (r2007=0.4418**, r2008N0=0.2666**, r2008N1=0.4355**). There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and number of primary
Branches(r2007=0.2687**,r2008N0=O.2335**, r2008N1=0.3291**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and number of pods (r2007=0.3167**, r2008N0=0.2968**, r2008N1=0.3843**). There were significantly positive correlations between number of primary branches and number of pods (r2007=0.8007**,r2008N0=0.7424**, r2008N1=0.3680**). Number of pods with high number of primary branches were high, and sink capacity were also high. So number of pods and primary branches could be screening indexes of variety with high PUEg.
4. There were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and yield (r2007=0.3167**, r2008N0=0.3663**, r2008N1=0.4784**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and the ratio of DMW of seed to biomass (r2007=r2007=0.5703**,r2**8NO=0.5354**r2008N1=0.5033**). The relationship between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation at flowering stage were not significant(r2008N0=-0.0077, r2008N1=0.0469), and there were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation at maturing stage (r2007=-0.7019**. r2008N0=-0.3195**, r2008N1=-0.4911**). There were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and phosphorus accumulation after flowering (r2008NO=-0.2486*, r2008N1=-0.4192**), and with increasing of PUEg at different types phosphorus accumulation after flowering decreased.
5. There were significantly negative correlations between PUEg and content of protein (r2008N0=-0.3746**. r2008N1=-0.2672**,r2009N0=-0.4493**. r2009CK=-0.3736**, r2009p0=-0.4115**), and there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and content of fat (r2008N0=0.4105**, r2008N1=0.3670**,r2009N0=O.2955**,r2009CK=0.3652**, r2009**P0=0.4928). In conventional rapeseed treatments there were significantly positive correlations between PUEg and fat accumulation (r2008N0=0.4884**,r2008N1=0.5432**), and with increasing of PUEg at different types fat accumulation increased.
6. Responses of PUEg on nitrogen fertilizer were studied and results showed that number of varieties at same types (L-L. M-M. H-H) under two nitrogen fertilizer levels was51. and the ratio of51to98(total number) was52.04%. Three were13varieties in M-L and G-M. and the ratio was13.27%. Three were34varieties in L-M, L-G and M-G, and the ratio was34.69%. In L-M, L-G and M-G, added values of the number of seeds per pod and yield were larger, and added values of phosphorus accumulation of whole plant and different organs, ratios of phosphorus accumulation of stem and shell to total phosphorus accumulation were smaller. Decreasing values of ratio of phosphorus of seed to total phosphorus accumulation were smaller. The trends of the varieties in M-L and G-M by nitrogen application (M→L, H→M) were opposite.
7. The heterosis and genetic effect of PUEg in rapeseed was investigated in22parents (the numbers of female and male parents were17and5, respectively) and their17×5=85F1hybrids. Results showed that number of positive Hm was larger than that of negative Hm, and number of positive Hh was larger than that of negative HI, so positive heterosis of PUEg existed. Differences of genetic parameters of NUEg were bigger. Additive effects and dominance effects were all significant in low nitrogen fertilizer(2009N0). In2009CK and2009P0treatments GCA were less and SCA were bigger, and dominance effects dominance effects were more important.
引文
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