并网型风力发电系统的小扰动稳定性分析研究
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摘要
随着石化能源逐渐枯竭以及全球生态环境的恶化,再生能源的研究和利用已成为全球关注的热点,目前世界各国都在投入巨资大力研究和利用风力发电及其相关技术。风能作为一种常见的再生能源洁净无污染、取之不尽、用之不竭,使得风力发电成为最具商业化发展前景的新能源发电方式之一,将在改善生态环境、优化能源结构、促进社会和国民经济可持续和谐发展方面发挥突出的作用。风电的迅猛发展,在电网中所占的比例日益提高,使风电的大规模并网发电必将对电网产生重大影响,尤其对整个电网的频率和稳定性的影响。因此采取哪些有利措施保证并网后,电网能安全、稳定地运行则是要深入研究和解决的问题。
基于以上原因,本文研究了风力发电并网后对电力系统小扰动稳定性影响的问题,对常见的两大类——恒速恒频和变速恒频风力发电系统、三种类型——异步感应电机、直驱永磁同步电机和双馈异步感应电机的风力发电系统并网后的小扰动稳定性以及在增加辅助频率控制环节后,风电参与电网频率调节的问题进行了深入的研究；利用Matlab建模,对三种类型的风力发电系统通过时域仿真分析,验证了提出的小扰动稳定分析方法的正确性,取得了一些有意义的成果。
对于含有异步感应电机的风力发电系统而言,风力发电机组在发出有功功率的同时,还需从电网吸收一定的无功功率励磁,而无功功率与感应电机的机端电压有关,但机端电压事先无法确定,它与电机滑差密切关联,没有考虑异步发电机自身的特性,不能将风力发电系统简单地看做PQ或PV节点。简化RX迭代模型将风电机组等效以滑差为变量的阻抗,能较好地反映含异步电机的风电机组的输出特性。本文采用简化RX迭代模型,通过求解常规潮流迭代和滑差迭代形成的修正扩展方程得到稳态值,既减少了迭代次数,又保留了牛顿法平方收敛性。并在此基础上,分析了参数变化对系统特征值的影响。要保证系统的小扰动稳定性,应尽可能采取各种有利措施：线路电感不宜过大、母线电压适当可提高；采用分组投切的电容器或无功补偿装置,提供足够的无功补偿来维持电压的稳定；电机定、转子的电感和电阻值要尽可能的小,既可降低损耗,提高效率,又可增强稳定性；为加快电压环的动态响应,直流电容取值不宜过大；当风速过大时,应增加桨距角调节,滤除多余的风能以确保系统的稳定；为保证调节的快速性,桨距角调节机构时间常数不宜过大。
对直驱型永磁同步电机和双馈异步感应电机的风力发电系统,研究了功率控制策略。额定风速以下,采用基于叶尖速比(TSR)的最大功率点追踪控制策略,在任一风速下,风能的利用效率达到最大,使风力发电系统输出最大功率；额定风速以上,采用变桨距恒功率控制,防止风力发电系统输出功率超越其极限,保证风力发电系统的安全、稳定运行。理论分析表明,在较大的风速变化区间内,系统均能保持小扰动稳定性,能够实现不同风速下的功率调节。同时在小扰动分析的过程中考虑负荷动态模型的影响,更好地反映电网的实际运行情况。
借助微网中微电源控制器的下垂特性原理,针对直驱型永磁同步风力发电系统设计了网侧变换器基于下垂特性的控制方案,研究了频率、幅值下垂特性以及参数变化对直驱型永磁风电系统小扰动稳定性的影响。理论分析表明,幅值和频率下垂特性对系统的小扰动稳定性影响很大,要保证系统的安全、稳定运行,下垂特性系数不宜过大,仿真结果很好的验证了理论分析的正确性。
风力发电机组通过电力电子接口技术与电网相连,实现了风力机组的机械系统和电磁系统间的解耦,使风电机组无法像常规发电机组那样主动参与电网的频率调节。随着风电穿透功率的增大,风电输出功率的随机波动性对电网频率将产生显著影响。本文研究了直驱永磁型和双馈异步机风电机组在增加辅助调频环节后的小扰动稳定性问题,让风电在一定程度上主动参与电网的频率调节,取得了比较好的效果。从仿真结果可知,引入调频环节后,风力发电系统能及时有效地参与电网的频率调节,一定程度上改善了电网的动态频率特性,稳定了电网的频率,保证了系统安全、稳定地运行。
With the fact of fossil energy exhaustion and global ecology environment deterioration, research and utilization of renewable resources became world concerned focus, now, countries all over the world invested enormous money and strongly researched wind power generation and related technology. Wind energy was a common renewable resource, which was clean, no pollution and inexhaustible, these features made wind power generation become one of the most commercial prospect new energy generation, it played important role in ecology environment improvement, energy structure optimization, sustainable and harmonious development of society and national economy. With rapid development of wind power generation, which greatly increased proportion in grid, large scale power generation connected with grid certainly had important influence on grid, special on grid frequency and stability. Which favourable measures were adopted for gird safe and stable operation when wind power generation system connected with grid, this problem was deeply researched and solved.
Consideration for these facts, the effects of wind power generation system which connected with grid on power system, two types—constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency, three kinds of wind power generation systems—asynchronous induction machine, permanent magnet synchronous motor and doubly fed induction machine were researched, two questions were deeply studied: small signal stability of these wind power generation systems connected with grid and wind power generation system participated in grid primary frequency regulation after auxiliary frequency link was added; simulation model was established by MATLAB, three types wind power generation systems were analyzed by time domain simulation, correctness of small signal stability analysis was tested, some meaningful conclusions were received.
For wind power generation system which included asynchronous induction generator, active power was delivered by wind power generation sets, some reactive power was absorbed from grid for field excitation at same time, reactive power was related to induction machine terminal voltage, which could not be determined in advance because closely associated with slip. Wind power generation system could not be simply regarded as PQ or PV node because induction machine itself characteristic was not considered. Wind power generation sets was equivalent to a impedance which variable to slip by simplified RX iteration method, stable state values were obtained after extended equations which included conventional power flow iteration equation and slip iteration equation were solved, iteration numbers were decreased and quadratic convergence of Newton algorithm was kept. On this base, the effects of parameters variation on system eigenvalues were analyzed, favourable measures are taken as much as possible for increasing system small signal stability:line inductance value is not suitable for large value, bus voltage value is properly raised; in order to keep terminal voltage stable, group switching capacitor compensation or reactive power compensation equipment is adopted for providing enough reactive compensation; induction motor stator、rotor inductance value and resistance value are as much as possible small, low loss and high efficiency are realized, stability is enhanced at same time; direct current capacitor value is suitable for quickening voltage loop dynamic response; pitch adjust system is applied to wind power generation system for filtering out redundant wind energy when wind speed too large, in order to ensure system stability; pitch adjust system time constant value is chosen suitably for ensuring adjustment rapidity.
For direct driven permanent magnet synchronous machine and doubly fed induction machine wind power generation systems, their power control strategies were studied. Maximum power point tracking strategy based on tip speed ratio was applied, maximum wind energy utilization efficiency and maximum output power were reached under any wind speed when low rated wind speed; in order to protect wind power generation system safe and stable operation, variable pitch constant power strategy was used for avoiding output power exceed utmost limit when above rated wind speed. Theory analysis shows, system small signal stability is commendably kept in large wind speed variable section, power adjustment is realized under different wind speed. Load dynamic model was taken into consideration in small signal stability analysis process, which well reflects grid actual operation state
For direct driven permanent magnet synchronous machine wind power generation system, grid side converter controller structure was designed based on droop characteristics by droop characteristics principle of micro power source controller in micro-grid, the effects of frequency and amplitude droop characteristics and parameters variation on system small signal stability were researched. Theory analysis shows, frequency and amplitude droop characteristics have greatly influence on system small signal stability, droop characteristics coefficient is chosen suitably in order to keep system safe and stable operation, theory analysis correctness was well tested by simulation results.
Decoupling between Mechanical system and electromagnetic system of wind power generation sets was achieved because wind power generation sets connected with grid by power electronic interface technology, which did not participate actively in grid primary frequency regulation as convention power generation sets. With the increase of wind power penetration in gird, wind power output power random fluctuation property had greatly effect on grid frequency. Small signal stability of direct driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind power generation sets which added auxiliary frequency link were studied, wind power generation system proactively participated in grid primary frequency regulate, good effectiveness was reached. Simulation results show, wind power generation system timely and effectively participate in grid primary frequency regulation after auxiliary frequency link was introduced, grid dynamic frequency characteristic is improved in a certain extent, grid frequency is kept stable, system safe and stable operation is guaranteed
基于以上原因,本文研究了风力发电并网后对电力系统小扰动稳定性影响的问题,对常见的两大类——恒速恒频和变速恒频风力发电系统、三种类型——异步感应电机、直驱永磁同步电机和双馈异步感应电机的风力发电系统并网后的小扰动稳定性以及在增加辅助频率控制环节后,风电参与电网频率调节的问题进行了深入的研究；利用Matlab建模,对三种类型的风力发电系统通过时域仿真分析,验证了提出的小扰动稳定分析方法的正确性,取得了一些有意义的成果。
对于含有异步感应电机的风力发电系统而言,风力发电机组在发出有功功率的同时,还需从电网吸收一定的无功功率励磁,而无功功率与感应电机的机端电压有关,但机端电压事先无法确定,它与电机滑差密切关联,没有考虑异步发电机自身的特性,不能将风力发电系统简单地看做PQ或PV节点。简化RX迭代模型将风电机组等效以滑差为变量的阻抗,能较好地反映含异步电机的风电机组的输出特性。本文采用简化RX迭代模型,通过求解常规潮流迭代和滑差迭代形成的修正扩展方程得到稳态值,既减少了迭代次数,又保留了牛顿法平方收敛性。并在此基础上,分析了参数变化对系统特征值的影响。要保证系统的小扰动稳定性,应尽可能采取各种有利措施：线路电感不宜过大、母线电压适当可提高；采用分组投切的电容器或无功补偿装置,提供足够的无功补偿来维持电压的稳定；电机定、转子的电感和电阻值要尽可能的小,既可降低损耗,提高效率,又可增强稳定性；为加快电压环的动态响应,直流电容取值不宜过大；当风速过大时,应增加桨距角调节,滤除多余的风能以确保系统的稳定；为保证调节的快速性,桨距角调节机构时间常数不宜过大。
对直驱型永磁同步电机和双馈异步感应电机的风力发电系统,研究了功率控制策略。额定风速以下,采用基于叶尖速比(TSR)的最大功率点追踪控制策略,在任一风速下,风能的利用效率达到最大,使风力发电系统输出最大功率；额定风速以上,采用变桨距恒功率控制,防止风力发电系统输出功率超越其极限,保证风力发电系统的安全、稳定运行。理论分析表明,在较大的风速变化区间内,系统均能保持小扰动稳定性,能够实现不同风速下的功率调节。同时在小扰动分析的过程中考虑负荷动态模型的影响,更好地反映电网的实际运行情况。
借助微网中微电源控制器的下垂特性原理,针对直驱型永磁同步风力发电系统设计了网侧变换器基于下垂特性的控制方案,研究了频率、幅值下垂特性以及参数变化对直驱型永磁风电系统小扰动稳定性的影响。理论分析表明,幅值和频率下垂特性对系统的小扰动稳定性影响很大,要保证系统的安全、稳定运行,下垂特性系数不宜过大,仿真结果很好的验证了理论分析的正确性。
风力发电机组通过电力电子接口技术与电网相连,实现了风力机组的机械系统和电磁系统间的解耦,使风电机组无法像常规发电机组那样主动参与电网的频率调节。随着风电穿透功率的增大,风电输出功率的随机波动性对电网频率将产生显著影响。本文研究了直驱永磁型和双馈异步机风电机组在增加辅助调频环节后的小扰动稳定性问题,让风电在一定程度上主动参与电网的频率调节,取得了比较好的效果。从仿真结果可知,引入调频环节后,风力发电系统能及时有效地参与电网的频率调节,一定程度上改善了电网的动态频率特性,稳定了电网的频率,保证了系统安全、稳定地运行。
With the fact of fossil energy exhaustion and global ecology environment deterioration, research and utilization of renewable resources became world concerned focus, now, countries all over the world invested enormous money and strongly researched wind power generation and related technology. Wind energy was a common renewable resource, which was clean, no pollution and inexhaustible, these features made wind power generation become one of the most commercial prospect new energy generation, it played important role in ecology environment improvement, energy structure optimization, sustainable and harmonious development of society and national economy. With rapid development of wind power generation, which greatly increased proportion in grid, large scale power generation connected with grid certainly had important influence on grid, special on grid frequency and stability. Which favourable measures were adopted for gird safe and stable operation when wind power generation system connected with grid, this problem was deeply researched and solved.
Consideration for these facts, the effects of wind power generation system which connected with grid on power system, two types—constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency, three kinds of wind power generation systems—asynchronous induction machine, permanent magnet synchronous motor and doubly fed induction machine were researched, two questions were deeply studied: small signal stability of these wind power generation systems connected with grid and wind power generation system participated in grid primary frequency regulation after auxiliary frequency link was added; simulation model was established by MATLAB, three types wind power generation systems were analyzed by time domain simulation, correctness of small signal stability analysis was tested, some meaningful conclusions were received.
For wind power generation system which included asynchronous induction generator, active power was delivered by wind power generation sets, some reactive power was absorbed from grid for field excitation at same time, reactive power was related to induction machine terminal voltage, which could not be determined in advance because closely associated with slip. Wind power generation system could not be simply regarded as PQ or PV node because induction machine itself characteristic was not considered. Wind power generation sets was equivalent to a impedance which variable to slip by simplified RX iteration method, stable state values were obtained after extended equations which included conventional power flow iteration equation and slip iteration equation were solved, iteration numbers were decreased and quadratic convergence of Newton algorithm was kept. On this base, the effects of parameters variation on system eigenvalues were analyzed, favourable measures are taken as much as possible for increasing system small signal stability:line inductance value is not suitable for large value, bus voltage value is properly raised; in order to keep terminal voltage stable, group switching capacitor compensation or reactive power compensation equipment is adopted for providing enough reactive compensation; induction motor stator、rotor inductance value and resistance value are as much as possible small, low loss and high efficiency are realized, stability is enhanced at same time; direct current capacitor value is suitable for quickening voltage loop dynamic response; pitch adjust system is applied to wind power generation system for filtering out redundant wind energy when wind speed too large, in order to ensure system stability; pitch adjust system time constant value is chosen suitably for ensuring adjustment rapidity.
For direct driven permanent magnet synchronous machine and doubly fed induction machine wind power generation systems, their power control strategies were studied. Maximum power point tracking strategy based on tip speed ratio was applied, maximum wind energy utilization efficiency and maximum output power were reached under any wind speed when low rated wind speed; in order to protect wind power generation system safe and stable operation, variable pitch constant power strategy was used for avoiding output power exceed utmost limit when above rated wind speed. Theory analysis shows, system small signal stability is commendably kept in large wind speed variable section, power adjustment is realized under different wind speed. Load dynamic model was taken into consideration in small signal stability analysis process, which well reflects grid actual operation state
For direct driven permanent magnet synchronous machine wind power generation system, grid side converter controller structure was designed based on droop characteristics by droop characteristics principle of micro power source controller in micro-grid, the effects of frequency and amplitude droop characteristics and parameters variation on system small signal stability were researched. Theory analysis shows, frequency and amplitude droop characteristics have greatly influence on system small signal stability, droop characteristics coefficient is chosen suitably in order to keep system safe and stable operation, theory analysis correctness was well tested by simulation results.
Decoupling between Mechanical system and electromagnetic system of wind power generation sets was achieved because wind power generation sets connected with grid by power electronic interface technology, which did not participate actively in grid primary frequency regulation as convention power generation sets. With the increase of wind power penetration in gird, wind power output power random fluctuation property had greatly effect on grid frequency. Small signal stability of direct driven permanent magnet and doubly fed asynchronous wind power generation sets which added auxiliary frequency link were studied, wind power generation system proactively participated in grid primary frequency regulate, good effectiveness was reached. Simulation results show, wind power generation system timely and effectively participate in grid primary frequency regulation after auxiliary frequency link was introduced, grid dynamic frequency characteristic is improved in a certain extent, grid frequency is kept stable, system safe and stable operation is guaranteed
引文
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