炭砂滤池的构建技术、处理效果和工艺特性研究
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摘要
炭砂滤池，即活性炭石英砂双层滤料滤池，替代常规净水工艺中的石英砂滤池，可以在保留滤池原有的对颗粒物去除截留的基础上，通过增加颗粒活性炭对有机物的吸附作用和强化滤层中微生物对污染物的生物降解作用，显著提高对有机物和氨氮的去除效果。
研究确定了炭砂滤池的构建技术和运行方式，保证滤池出水浊度稳定在0.10NTU以下，效果优于砂滤池。为了解决滤池初滤水浊度较高的难题，研究开发了反冲洗后增加微膨胀冲洗的初滤水浊度控制方法，可把初滤水浊度最大值从现有的0.25-0.45NTU降至0.20NTU以下，并在运行5min内浊度恢复到0.10NTU以下，符合美国环境保护署对于初滤水浊度控制的要求。
炭砂滤池对CODMn的去除率从砂滤池的不到10%提高到30%以上，对UV254的去除率从砂滤池的基本无去除提高到20%以上，主要依靠活性炭的吸附作用去除有机物。炭砂滤池内生物硝化能力高于砂滤池，出水氨氮浓度均值为0.10mg/L，出水亚硝酸盐氮浓度均值为0.002mg/L，运行效果优于砂滤池。为了解决仅靠进水中的溶解氧不能满足高氨氮硝化耗氧要求的难题，研究开发了在炭砂滤池的滤层中间铺设曝气头的曝气炭砂滤池技术，强化了对氨氮的去除效果，可以把应对氨氮的能力从常规净水工艺的0.5-1.0mg/L提高到3.0mg/L。
炭砂滤池生物量和生物活性沿滤池深度方向减少。滤池内活性炭中层和底层的微生物多样性较高且两者群落结构相似度最高，活性炭表层和石英砂中层的微生物多样性较低且两者群落结构相似度最低。氨氧化菌的多样性在活性炭层沿深度方向增加，优势菌是一种亚硝化单胞菌。
炭砂滤池在长期高氨氮条件下运行时，对氨氮的去除负荷主要受到溶解氧的影响，氨氮可能通过硝化和反硝化作用去除。
炭砂滤池和石英砂滤池制水成本的差异主要是由滤料成本的差异造成的，炭砂滤池比石英砂滤池制水成本高0.02元/t，曝气炭砂滤池比石英砂滤池制水成本高0.03元/t，在经济上具有可行性。
炭砂滤池在不增加常规处理工艺水厂净水构筑物的条件下，实现了短流程的深度处理，适用于水源水只受到轻度污染或季节性污染，或是受到经济条件或场地条件限制的水厂，在我国具有广阔的应用前景。
Granular activated carbon (GAC)-sand dual media filter, of which the upper layerand the lower layer were filled with GAC and sand respectively, could be used tosubstitute the sand filter in drinking water treatment. GAC-sand dual media filter couldremove turbidity, meanwhile it could also remove organic matter and ammoniumthrough activated carbon adsorption and microbial activity.
The filter media and operation parameters were determined, and turbidity could bebelow0.10NTU, which was lower than that of sand filter. To solve the problem of poorwater quality during filter ripening period, the method of adding subfluidizationbackwashing after normal backwashing was developed. The maximum turbidity ineffluent was lowered from0.25-0.45NTU to less than0.20NTU, while the turbiditycould be below0.10NTU after5min operation, and the effluent quality could reach thegoal of USEPA on turbidity control during filter ripening period.
GAC-sand dual media filter could remove more than30%of CODMn, which washigher than the9.2%removal efficiency of sand filter. GAC-sand dual media filtercould remove more than30%of UV254, while sand filter showed no removal. Theorganic matter was mainly removed through GAC adsorption. The nitrifying ability ofGAC-sand dual media filter was strong, and the average effluent concentration ofammonium and nitrite was0.10mg/L and0.002mg/L respectively, which was lowerthan that of sand filter. To solve the short of dissolved oxygen (DO) during nitrification,aeration equipment was set in the GAC layer, the aerated GAC-sand dual media filtercould increase the ammonium removal capacity from0.5-1.0mg/L in conventionalwater treatment process to3.0mg/L.
The biomass and microbial activity decreased along the filter depth. The microbialdiversity was high in the middle and lower GAC layer, and their microbial communitystructures were similar to each other. While microbial diversity was relatively lower inthe upper GAC layer and sand layer, and their microbial community structures weredistant from each other. The diversity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increasedalong the filter depth, and the dominant AOB in the filter belonged to Nitrsomonas.
During operation with high ammonium concentration for a long period, theammonium could be removed through nitrification and denitrification. Do was the keyparameter affecting ammonium removal capacity.
The difference of operation cost between GAC-sand dual media filter and sandfilter was mainly due to higher price of GAC. Extra0.02RMB/t would be cost by usingGAC-sand dual media filter, while0.03RMB/t would be cost by using aerated GAC-sand dual media filter, and could be accepted financially.
There was no need for the water treatment plants (WTPs) to add more operationprocess when GAC-sand dual media filter was used to substitute the sand filter. Thefilter was advised to be used in the WTPs, whose raw water was slightly polluted orseasonally, or there was little space for the WTPs to expand, or financially limitedWTPs. In conclusion, the GAC-sand dual media filter will be a promising drinkingwater technology in China.
研究确定了炭砂滤池的构建技术和运行方式，保证滤池出水浊度稳定在0.10NTU以下，效果优于砂滤池。为了解决滤池初滤水浊度较高的难题，研究开发了反冲洗后增加微膨胀冲洗的初滤水浊度控制方法，可把初滤水浊度最大值从现有的0.25-0.45NTU降至0.20NTU以下，并在运行5min内浊度恢复到0.10NTU以下，符合美国环境保护署对于初滤水浊度控制的要求。
炭砂滤池对CODMn的去除率从砂滤池的不到10%提高到30%以上，对UV254的去除率从砂滤池的基本无去除提高到20%以上，主要依靠活性炭的吸附作用去除有机物。炭砂滤池内生物硝化能力高于砂滤池，出水氨氮浓度均值为0.10mg/L，出水亚硝酸盐氮浓度均值为0.002mg/L，运行效果优于砂滤池。为了解决仅靠进水中的溶解氧不能满足高氨氮硝化耗氧要求的难题，研究开发了在炭砂滤池的滤层中间铺设曝气头的曝气炭砂滤池技术，强化了对氨氮的去除效果，可以把应对氨氮的能力从常规净水工艺的0.5-1.0mg/L提高到3.0mg/L。
炭砂滤池生物量和生物活性沿滤池深度方向减少。滤池内活性炭中层和底层的微生物多样性较高且两者群落结构相似度最高，活性炭表层和石英砂中层的微生物多样性较低且两者群落结构相似度最低。氨氧化菌的多样性在活性炭层沿深度方向增加，优势菌是一种亚硝化单胞菌。
炭砂滤池在长期高氨氮条件下运行时，对氨氮的去除负荷主要受到溶解氧的影响，氨氮可能通过硝化和反硝化作用去除。
炭砂滤池和石英砂滤池制水成本的差异主要是由滤料成本的差异造成的，炭砂滤池比石英砂滤池制水成本高0.02元/t，曝气炭砂滤池比石英砂滤池制水成本高0.03元/t，在经济上具有可行性。
炭砂滤池在不增加常规处理工艺水厂净水构筑物的条件下，实现了短流程的深度处理，适用于水源水只受到轻度污染或季节性污染，或是受到经济条件或场地条件限制的水厂，在我国具有广阔的应用前景。
Granular activated carbon (GAC)-sand dual media filter, of which the upper layerand the lower layer were filled with GAC and sand respectively, could be used tosubstitute the sand filter in drinking water treatment. GAC-sand dual media filter couldremove turbidity, meanwhile it could also remove organic matter and ammoniumthrough activated carbon adsorption and microbial activity.
The filter media and operation parameters were determined, and turbidity could bebelow0.10NTU, which was lower than that of sand filter. To solve the problem of poorwater quality during filter ripening period, the method of adding subfluidizationbackwashing after normal backwashing was developed. The maximum turbidity ineffluent was lowered from0.25-0.45NTU to less than0.20NTU, while the turbiditycould be below0.10NTU after5min operation, and the effluent quality could reach thegoal of USEPA on turbidity control during filter ripening period.
GAC-sand dual media filter could remove more than30%of CODMn, which washigher than the9.2%removal efficiency of sand filter. GAC-sand dual media filtercould remove more than30%of UV254, while sand filter showed no removal. Theorganic matter was mainly removed through GAC adsorption. The nitrifying ability ofGAC-sand dual media filter was strong, and the average effluent concentration ofammonium and nitrite was0.10mg/L and0.002mg/L respectively, which was lowerthan that of sand filter. To solve the short of dissolved oxygen (DO) during nitrification,aeration equipment was set in the GAC layer, the aerated GAC-sand dual media filtercould increase the ammonium removal capacity from0.5-1.0mg/L in conventionalwater treatment process to3.0mg/L.
The biomass and microbial activity decreased along the filter depth. The microbialdiversity was high in the middle and lower GAC layer, and their microbial communitystructures were similar to each other. While microbial diversity was relatively lower inthe upper GAC layer and sand layer, and their microbial community structures weredistant from each other. The diversity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increasedalong the filter depth, and the dominant AOB in the filter belonged to Nitrsomonas.
During operation with high ammonium concentration for a long period, theammonium could be removed through nitrification and denitrification. Do was the keyparameter affecting ammonium removal capacity.
The difference of operation cost between GAC-sand dual media filter and sandfilter was mainly due to higher price of GAC. Extra0.02RMB/t would be cost by usingGAC-sand dual media filter, while0.03RMB/t would be cost by using aerated GAC-sand dual media filter, and could be accepted financially.
There was no need for the water treatment plants (WTPs) to add more operationprocess when GAC-sand dual media filter was used to substitute the sand filter. Thefilter was advised to be used in the WTPs, whose raw water was slightly polluted orseasonally, or there was little space for the WTPs to expand, or financially limitedWTPs. In conclusion, the GAC-sand dual media filter will be a promising drinkingwater technology in China.
引文
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