西准噶尔古生代蛇绿混杂岩地质特征及其构造演化
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摘要
西准噶尔是中亚造山带重要组成部分，位于中亚造山带的西南缘，是研究中亚造山带古生代构造演化关键的地区。该地区蛇绿混杂岩分布广泛，保存比较完整，主要包括唐巴勒、玛依勒、达尔布特、克拉玛依、巴尔雷克等多条蛇绿混杂岩带。本文对这些混杂岩带进行详细研究，并结合前人已有的研究资料，探讨西准噶尔古生代洋盆的性质、时限、洋盆演化过程及所伴随的构造-岩浆作用等。
玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石年龄为572±9Ma，属于埃迪卡拉纪，该年龄是准噶尔乃至北疆地区报道的最古老的蛇绿混杂岩年龄，表明该蛇绿混杂岩带中至少存在埃迪卡拉纪和志留纪两期的洋壳组分。玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中的枕状玄武岩为碱性玄武岩，岩石具有高Ti（TiO_2=1.65%~3.13%）、高Fe（FeOt=8.93%~18.11%）、高P（P_2O_5=0.17%~0.51%）及低Mg（MgO=3.95%~5.27%），Th/Ta比值相对较高（Th/Ta=1.1~1.9），LREE和HREE分异较为明显（（La/Yb）N=2.5~7.4）等特征，这些特征与洋岛玄武岩类似，可能形成于大洋板内的大洋岛屿环境。其中的辉长岩地球化学特征不同于玄武岩，可能形成与俯冲有关的环境。玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中玄武岩与EMI型洋岛玄武岩具有相似的地球化学特征，表明其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔。岩石成因与软流圈地幔关系密切，软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融，是岩石圈-软流圈地幔相互作用的产物。
唐巴勒SSZ-型蛇绿混杂岩时代应为寒武纪，其中玄武岩属于亚碱性拉斑系列，地球化学性质显示明显的弧岩浆特征，是来自上地幔岩石部分熔融的产物，源区至少发生了2%～5%尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融，其形成于岛弧或弧后盆地环境，结合前人研究认为在寒武-奥陶纪西准噶尔发生南向俯冲作用。
达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩带是西准噶尔最大的蛇绿混杂岩带之一，前人对其时代有不同认识，本文在辉长岩及玄武岩中获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为：391±6Ma，368±11Ma和375±2Ma，确认时代为中-晚泥盆世。对其中最大的萨尔托海及苏鲁乔克两个混杂岩进行研究发现，玄武质岩石分为两类，一类为拉斑质，另一类为碱性系列。前者具有俯冲带岩浆特征，这些玄武质岩石源于2%～5%的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融，而后者地球化学特征与OIB玄武岩极为相似，没有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常，很可能与地幔热柱有关。源区组成可能为石榴石+尖晶石二辉橄榄岩，并发生了5%～10%的部分熔融。
克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩是近年科研和区域地质调查新发现的一条蛇绿混杂岩带，对其中玄武岩及辉长岩进锆石U-Pb同位素年代学分析，获得加权平均206Pb/238U年龄分别为395±3Ma，387±8Ma，与达尔布特蛇绿构造混杂岩年龄基本一致。克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩中的辉长岩和玄武岩具有不同的地球化学特征，前者富集大离子亲石元素亏损高场强元素，特别是具有Nb、Ta的负异常，显示与俯冲带相关信息，即可能形成于SSZ环境，而后者轻稀土元素强烈富集，没有明显的Nb、Ta的负异常，并和典型的OIB玄武岩类似，源区含有2%～5%石榴石+3%尖晶石，显示与地幔柱相关的成因信息。
巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中玄武岩具有高TiO_2和Na2O，低Al2O3和K2O特征，REE配分模式与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）类似，岩石成因与软流圈地幔关系密切，软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融，是岩石圈-软流圈地幔相互作用的产物，可能形成于弧后盆地的大洋岛屿环境。
在前寒武纪浩瀚的西准噶尔大洋发育大洋高原，随后准噶尔洋向南俯冲形成了SSZ型的唐巴勒蛇绿混杂岩，由于俯冲作用向北后退，形成了SSZ型玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩，其中包含有前寒武纪洋岛的组分。泥盆世时期，俯冲板片继续后撤至巴尔雷克、达尔布特及克拉玛依一线，形成了几乎同一纬度的三条蛇绿混杂岩带，达尔布特及克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩带中包含有与地幔柱有关的洋岛组分，石炭纪仍有俯冲作用并伴随有晚石炭世的洋脊俯冲，形成大规模的岩浆事件，可能一直延续至早二叠世末，最终洋盆关闭。
As part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the West Junggar is located atthe southern margin of the CAOB, and is a key area for understanding thePaleozoic tectonic evolution of the CAOB. Several ophiolitic mélanges were formedand preserved in the West Junggar, including Tangbale, Mayle, Durbut, Karamayand Barleik ophiolitic mélange belts. As a result of detailed study on the ophioliticmélanges, combined with data from the literature, I discuss the nature, time andtectonic evolution of the West Junggar Paleozoic ocean basin, and associated withthe structure-magmatism.
LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb weighted mean206Pb/238U age of the gabbros from theMayile ophiolitic mélange (MOM) in the West Junggar is572±9Ma, belong toEdiacaran, this is oldest age from ophiolitic mélange in the Junggar as well asNorth Xinjiang, indicating the Mayile ophiolitic mélange including Ediacaran andSilurian ocean crust at least. The alkalic pillow basalts from Mayile ophioliticmélange are similar with the ocean island basalt (OIB), characteristics by high Ti(TiO_2=1.65%~3.13%), Fe (FeOt=8.93%~18.11%), P (P_2O_5=0.17%~0.51%), andlow Mg (MgO=3.95%~5.27%), and high Th/Ta ratios (Th/Ta=1.1~1.9), and cleardifferentiation between LREE and HREE ((La/Yb)N=2.5~7.4). It is assumed that themagma extruded into ocean island or seamount of the ocean floor. However, thegeochemical characteristics of the gabbros different from basalts, may be formsubduction-related setting. The geochemical features of the basalts show theyhave ocean island basalts, derived from EMI type enriched-mantle. Petrogenesis isclosely related to asthenosphere mantle, asthenospheric mantle upwelling led to alarge proportion of spinel lherzolite mantle partial melting to forming the basaltmagam. It is a product of asthenosphere interacted with lithosphere.
The time of SSZ-type Tangbale ophiolitic mélange (TOM) belongs to Cambrian.All of the tholeiitic basalt samples bear the signature of subduction related basalt.The rocks were derived from depleted2–5%spinel lherzolite mantle source in aisland-arc or back-arc basin setting. Geochemical data from this study and previous work constrains southward subduction model in the West Junggar for theCambrian–Ordovician.
The Darbut ophiolitic mélange (DOM) in the West Junggar is the largest andone of the best-preserved Paleozoic ophiolitic mélanges in the CAOB. However,the time of the Darbut ophiolitic mélange is still disputed. Zircon U–Pb analysesfrom the basalt and gabbro by LA-ICP-MS yielded weighted mean age of391±6Ma368±11Ma and375±2Ma, suggesting a Late Devonian emplacement.Based on detailed studying on the two largest Saertuohai and Suluqiaoke body,geochemically, the basaltic rocks includes at least two distinct magmatic units: oneis tholeiitic basalt, which were produced by ca.2%～5%spinel lherzolite partialmelting in a suprasubduction zone environment (SSZ), and the other contemporaryalkali lavas, which were characterized by no obvious Nb, Ta and Ti negativeanomalies, suggesting a typical OIB affinity, were derived from5%～10%garnet+minor spinel lherzolite partial melting in an oceanic plateau or a seamountassociated with a mantle plume-related magmatism.
The Karamay ophiolitic mélange (KOM), which is a ophiolitic mélange found bygeological survey and research in recent years, located in the eastern part of theWest Junggar area in NW China. Zircon U-Pb analyses from the basalt and gabbroby laser-ablation ICP-MS yielded weighted mean206Pb/238U age of395±3Ma and387±8Ma, respectively, suggesting a Middle Devonian emplacement, andconsistent with the age of the DOM. The gabbros display tholeiitic basalt features,LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion, and obvious Nb and Ta negative anomalies,derived from a depleted mantle source with addition of fluids from a subducted slabwithin a suprasubduction zone environment. Compared to the gabbros, all basaltsbear the signature of Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) and are characterized by alkalinecomposition, LILE and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion, no obvious Nb, Taand Ti negative anomalies. I propose that these basaltic rocks were derived from amantle plume-related magmatism associated with the evolution of the PaleasianOceanic system, with an enriched mantle source could have contained2%-5%garnet and~3%spinel.
Basalts from the Barleik ophiolitic mélange in the West Junggar displayalkaline basalt features, and have typical geochemical characteristics to those ofOIB, with high TiO_2, Na2O, and low Al2O3, K2O. The geochemical characteristics ofthe basalts show they have ocean island basalts, petrogenesis is closely related toasthenosphere mantle, asthenospheric mantle upwelling led to a large proportionof spinel lherzolite mantle partial melting to forming the basalt magam.
Seamount/oceanic plateau developed in the vast West Junggar Ocean (WJO)in Precambrian, the SSZ-type Tangbale ophiolitic mélange formed following theWJO southward subducted. As subduction move to north, the SSZ-type Mayleophiolitic mélange, including Precambrian seamount from the WJO, formed in thenorth of the Tangbale. In pace with continuous subduction northward retreat, theBarleik, Darbut and Karamay ophiolitic mélange enplaced to the north of the Maylein the Late Devonian. Moreover, some seamount components related to mantleplume found in the Darbut and Karamay ophiolitic mélange. During the period ofCarboniferous, the West Junggar was dominated by normal northwestwardsubduction, and the ridge subduction commenced in the Late Carboniferous, andlead to large-scale magmatic events in the West Junggar. The ridge subdution maybe continued until final ocean basin closed.in the end of the Early Permian.
玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石年龄为572±9Ma，属于埃迪卡拉纪，该年龄是准噶尔乃至北疆地区报道的最古老的蛇绿混杂岩年龄，表明该蛇绿混杂岩带中至少存在埃迪卡拉纪和志留纪两期的洋壳组分。玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中的枕状玄武岩为碱性玄武岩，岩石具有高Ti（TiO_2=1.65%~3.13%）、高Fe（FeOt=8.93%~18.11%）、高P（P_2O_5=0.17%~0.51%）及低Mg（MgO=3.95%~5.27%），Th/Ta比值相对较高（Th/Ta=1.1~1.9），LREE和HREE分异较为明显（（La/Yb）N=2.5~7.4）等特征，这些特征与洋岛玄武岩类似，可能形成于大洋板内的大洋岛屿环境。其中的辉长岩地球化学特征不同于玄武岩，可能形成与俯冲有关的环境。玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中玄武岩与EMI型洋岛玄武岩具有相似的地球化学特征，表明其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔。岩石成因与软流圈地幔关系密切，软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融，是岩石圈-软流圈地幔相互作用的产物。
唐巴勒SSZ-型蛇绿混杂岩时代应为寒武纪，其中玄武岩属于亚碱性拉斑系列，地球化学性质显示明显的弧岩浆特征，是来自上地幔岩石部分熔融的产物，源区至少发生了2%～5%尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融，其形成于岛弧或弧后盆地环境，结合前人研究认为在寒武-奥陶纪西准噶尔发生南向俯冲作用。
达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩带是西准噶尔最大的蛇绿混杂岩带之一，前人对其时代有不同认识，本文在辉长岩及玄武岩中获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为：391±6Ma，368±11Ma和375±2Ma，确认时代为中-晚泥盆世。对其中最大的萨尔托海及苏鲁乔克两个混杂岩进行研究发现，玄武质岩石分为两类，一类为拉斑质，另一类为碱性系列。前者具有俯冲带岩浆特征，这些玄武质岩石源于2%～5%的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融，而后者地球化学特征与OIB玄武岩极为相似，没有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常，很可能与地幔热柱有关。源区组成可能为石榴石+尖晶石二辉橄榄岩，并发生了5%～10%的部分熔融。
克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩是近年科研和区域地质调查新发现的一条蛇绿混杂岩带，对其中玄武岩及辉长岩进锆石U-Pb同位素年代学分析，获得加权平均206Pb/238U年龄分别为395±3Ma，387±8Ma，与达尔布特蛇绿构造混杂岩年龄基本一致。克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩中的辉长岩和玄武岩具有不同的地球化学特征，前者富集大离子亲石元素亏损高场强元素，特别是具有Nb、Ta的负异常，显示与俯冲带相关信息，即可能形成于SSZ环境，而后者轻稀土元素强烈富集，没有明显的Nb、Ta的负异常，并和典型的OIB玄武岩类似，源区含有2%～5%石榴石+3%尖晶石，显示与地幔柱相关的成因信息。
巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中玄武岩具有高TiO_2和Na2O，低Al2O3和K2O特征，REE配分模式与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）类似，岩石成因与软流圈地幔关系密切，软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融，是岩石圈-软流圈地幔相互作用的产物，可能形成于弧后盆地的大洋岛屿环境。
在前寒武纪浩瀚的西准噶尔大洋发育大洋高原，随后准噶尔洋向南俯冲形成了SSZ型的唐巴勒蛇绿混杂岩，由于俯冲作用向北后退，形成了SSZ型玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩，其中包含有前寒武纪洋岛的组分。泥盆世时期，俯冲板片继续后撤至巴尔雷克、达尔布特及克拉玛依一线，形成了几乎同一纬度的三条蛇绿混杂岩带，达尔布特及克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩带中包含有与地幔柱有关的洋岛组分，石炭纪仍有俯冲作用并伴随有晚石炭世的洋脊俯冲，形成大规模的岩浆事件，可能一直延续至早二叠世末，最终洋盆关闭。
As part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the West Junggar is located atthe southern margin of the CAOB, and is a key area for understanding thePaleozoic tectonic evolution of the CAOB. Several ophiolitic mélanges were formedand preserved in the West Junggar, including Tangbale, Mayle, Durbut, Karamayand Barleik ophiolitic mélange belts. As a result of detailed study on the ophioliticmélanges, combined with data from the literature, I discuss the nature, time andtectonic evolution of the West Junggar Paleozoic ocean basin, and associated withthe structure-magmatism.
LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb weighted mean206Pb/238U age of the gabbros from theMayile ophiolitic mélange (MOM) in the West Junggar is572±9Ma, belong toEdiacaran, this is oldest age from ophiolitic mélange in the Junggar as well asNorth Xinjiang, indicating the Mayile ophiolitic mélange including Ediacaran andSilurian ocean crust at least. The alkalic pillow basalts from Mayile ophioliticmélange are similar with the ocean island basalt (OIB), characteristics by high Ti(TiO_2=1.65%~3.13%), Fe (FeOt=8.93%~18.11%), P (P_2O_5=0.17%~0.51%), andlow Mg (MgO=3.95%~5.27%), and high Th/Ta ratios (Th/Ta=1.1~1.9), and cleardifferentiation between LREE and HREE ((La/Yb)N=2.5~7.4). It is assumed that themagma extruded into ocean island or seamount of the ocean floor. However, thegeochemical characteristics of the gabbros different from basalts, may be formsubduction-related setting. The geochemical features of the basalts show theyhave ocean island basalts, derived from EMI type enriched-mantle. Petrogenesis isclosely related to asthenosphere mantle, asthenospheric mantle upwelling led to alarge proportion of spinel lherzolite mantle partial melting to forming the basaltmagam. It is a product of asthenosphere interacted with lithosphere.
The time of SSZ-type Tangbale ophiolitic mélange (TOM) belongs to Cambrian.All of the tholeiitic basalt samples bear the signature of subduction related basalt.The rocks were derived from depleted2–5%spinel lherzolite mantle source in aisland-arc or back-arc basin setting. Geochemical data from this study and previous work constrains southward subduction model in the West Junggar for theCambrian–Ordovician.
The Darbut ophiolitic mélange (DOM) in the West Junggar is the largest andone of the best-preserved Paleozoic ophiolitic mélanges in the CAOB. However,the time of the Darbut ophiolitic mélange is still disputed. Zircon U–Pb analysesfrom the basalt and gabbro by LA-ICP-MS yielded weighted mean age of391±6Ma368±11Ma and375±2Ma, suggesting a Late Devonian emplacement.Based on detailed studying on the two largest Saertuohai and Suluqiaoke body,geochemically, the basaltic rocks includes at least two distinct magmatic units: oneis tholeiitic basalt, which were produced by ca.2%～5%spinel lherzolite partialmelting in a suprasubduction zone environment (SSZ), and the other contemporaryalkali lavas, which were characterized by no obvious Nb, Ta and Ti negativeanomalies, suggesting a typical OIB affinity, were derived from5%～10%garnet+minor spinel lherzolite partial melting in an oceanic plateau or a seamountassociated with a mantle plume-related magmatism.
The Karamay ophiolitic mélange (KOM), which is a ophiolitic mélange found bygeological survey and research in recent years, located in the eastern part of theWest Junggar area in NW China. Zircon U-Pb analyses from the basalt and gabbroby laser-ablation ICP-MS yielded weighted mean206Pb/238U age of395±3Ma and387±8Ma, respectively, suggesting a Middle Devonian emplacement, andconsistent with the age of the DOM. The gabbros display tholeiitic basalt features,LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion, and obvious Nb and Ta negative anomalies,derived from a depleted mantle source with addition of fluids from a subducted slabwithin a suprasubduction zone environment. Compared to the gabbros, all basaltsbear the signature of Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) and are characterized by alkalinecomposition, LILE and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion, no obvious Nb, Taand Ti negative anomalies. I propose that these basaltic rocks were derived from amantle plume-related magmatism associated with the evolution of the PaleasianOceanic system, with an enriched mantle source could have contained2%-5%garnet and~3%spinel.
Basalts from the Barleik ophiolitic mélange in the West Junggar displayalkaline basalt features, and have typical geochemical characteristics to those ofOIB, with high TiO_2, Na2O, and low Al2O3, K2O. The geochemical characteristics ofthe basalts show they have ocean island basalts, petrogenesis is closely related toasthenosphere mantle, asthenospheric mantle upwelling led to a large proportionof spinel lherzolite mantle partial melting to forming the basalt magam.
Seamount/oceanic plateau developed in the vast West Junggar Ocean (WJO)in Precambrian, the SSZ-type Tangbale ophiolitic mélange formed following theWJO southward subducted. As subduction move to north, the SSZ-type Mayleophiolitic mélange, including Precambrian seamount from the WJO, formed in thenorth of the Tangbale. In pace with continuous subduction northward retreat, theBarleik, Darbut and Karamay ophiolitic mélange enplaced to the north of the Maylein the Late Devonian. Moreover, some seamount components related to mantleplume found in the Darbut and Karamay ophiolitic mélange. During the period ofCarboniferous, the West Junggar was dominated by normal northwestwardsubduction, and the ridge subduction commenced in the Late Carboniferous, andlead to large-scale magmatic events in the West Junggar. The ridge subdution maybe continued until final ocean basin closed.in the end of the Early Permian.
引文
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