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中国经济效率的影响机理、空间格局及溢出效应
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摘要
世界大多数国家的经验表明:经济的发展会导致城市化,经济发展通常被认为是一个国家农村人口向城市转移的过程(Kuznets S,1966)。经济发展的初期,农业部门总是占据主导地位,而随着经济的发展,农村剩余劳动力将逐渐转移到非农部门,并且是经济发展过程中的一项主要工程(Beauchemin C,Schoumaker B;2005)。从中国来看,伴随着中国经济的快速发展,中国的城市化进程也不断加快。中国城市化率以每年约1个百分点增加。截止2011年年底,中国的城市化率已历史性地突破了50%,这也标志着中国城市化全面步入了高速发展阶段。尽管中国的经济发展非常迅速,城市的空间不断扩张延伸,城市化进程不断加快,城市化率不断提高,但经济增长中的效率问题缺少足够的关注。有鉴于此,重新反思中国的发展模式,转变经济增长方式,关注经济增长中的效率问题便显得尤为迫切和重要。
     本文的研究目标是:立足于已有研究,系统阐明经济效率影响因素的理论内涵,构建经济效率影响因素的理论模型;深入剖析1990-2009年这20年问,中国区域经济效率的动态演进及其静态空间格局;进一步从空间维度分析经济效率的溢出效应。
     文章紧密围绕理论分析和实证研究两条主线,运用文献综述、理论演绎、空间分析及计量的研究方法,重点研究了以下四个问题:
     (1)系统综述和分析了经济效率的相关概念,在此基础上,做了一系列的经济学假设,并基于假设前提,构建了经济效率影响因素的理论模型,深入分析了经济效率的影响机理。
     (2)在动态层面:文章对中国内陆31个省份1990-2009年间经济效率的动态演进和其影响因素进行了系统分析
     (3)在静态层面:文章对2009年中国经济效率的静态现状进行了研究,并进一步分析了各个省份如何通过调整投入项的径量和差额来提高经济效率。
     (4)运用空间计量经济模型,分析了中国全要素生产率的空间溢出效应。
     本文的主要结论包括:
     (1)1990-2009年的大部分年份,中国的全要素生产率普遍较低,且呈现了下降的趋势和波动的状态。在不同的年份,中国全要素生产率呈现了差异化的省域格局。中国全要素生产率的增长率下降主要是由于技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率的下降。在技术效率方面,1990-2009年间,全国尺度和东、中、西、和东北地区技术效率的增长率在大部分年份是负的,说明了在这20年间,中国的技术效率总体是下降的,且呈现了沿海地区和东北地区大于中部和西部区域的特征。在技术变化(或称技术进步率)方面,中国的技术变化呈现波动状态,技术变化是中国区域经济发展差异性的一个非常重要的变量。从纯技术效率和规模效率的变动来看,二者均呈现了波动状态,且总体呈现了下降的趋势。纯技术效率和规模效率的下降直接导致了中国全要素生产率的下降。
     总之,中国经济呈现的高速增长依然是资源投入的结果,是一种低质量、不可持续的发展模式。
     (2)在全要素生产率的影响因素方面,经济发展的初始条件、经济集聚、人力资本、信息化、基础设施、经济开放度及制度因素对全要素生产率的影响为正;产业结构、政府的干预和土地投入对全要素生产率的影响为负;但基础设施水平对全要素生产率的影响在统计学意义上并不显著。
     (3)在静态方面,2009年中国省域的区域经济效率较高,资本、劳动力、土地投入、信息化水平、外商投资是经济效率的主要影响因素。但是,中国大部分省份在资本、劳动力、土地、外商投资等方面不相匹配,一些省份存在投入过大的情形,从而影响了经济效率的提升。因此,各个省份需要根据自身的特点,适当的调整投入项的径量和差额,合理调整投入要素的比例关系,有助于实现经济效率的整体提高。
     (4)中国区域经济效率不仅存在空间溢出效应,而且存在较强的空间依赖作用。表明了一个地区在其经济效率提升的过程中,也会带动周边其它地区经济效率的提高。这一结论的启示意义在于:各个地方政府在统筹经济发展战略或者政策的过程中,不仅要考虑自身区域的特点,还要考虑外部区域之溢出效应对本地区发展可能产生的影响。这就需要政府部门打破目前行政区经济的界限,实现跨区域的协调与合作,实现共赢,最终实现所有区域经济效率的提高。
     文章的创新之处在于:
     (1)理论方面的新尝试:系统的研究了经济效率的影响因素及其内在影响机理。从目前国内外已有的研究来看,学者们主要是通过选取指标体系和评价方法对经济效率的水平进行测度,多是针对某一城市、某一区域进行的研究,研究的不是很全面;缺少对经济效率影响机理的系统研究。本文立足于已有的研究,首先对经济效率的影响因素进行了经济学假定,并构建了经济效率影响因素的理论模型,继而深入分析了经济效率的影响机理。
     (2)研究视角的全面性:全面和系统的研究了中国区域经济效率的动态演进和静态格局。从目前已有的研究看,学者们多是选择一个角度对经济效率及全要素生产率进行分析,而本文分别从动态和静态两个层面,从不同空间尺度对中国区域经济效率的现状和动态演进等进行了系统而全面的研究。同时,文章把实证研究的时间尺度延伸到了2009年,并且选取了更多全要素生产率的影响因素,这是本文的又一创新之处。
     (3)实证研究的新探索:研究全要素生产率的空间溢出效应。已有的研究尚未有关于全要生产率空间溢出效应的分析,本文首次对中国31个省份全要素生产率的全域和局域空间相关性进行了系统的分析,并进一步运用空间面板模型分析了全要素生产率的影响因素,这是本文实证研究的一大创新之处。
     总之,本文在已有研究的基础上,深入剖析经济效率的影响机理;从不同空间尺度,从动态、静态两个层面对我国经济效率进行了系统而全面地研究。同时,文章将计量经济学和空间计量经济学,以及GIS的一些方法运用到了研究中。
The experience of most countries of the world indicates:economic development will lead to urbanization, and economic development sometimes is generally considered to be a country's migration process from rural to urban (Kuznets, S.,1966). In the early stages of economic development, the agricultural sector is always dominant. However, with the economic development, rural surplus labor will be gradually transferred to the non-farm sector, which is a major project in the process of economic development (Beauchemin C, SchoumakerB;2005)
     In China, along with China's rapid economic development, China's urbanization process is accelerating. China's urbanization rate is increasing at the rate of about I percent per year. By the end of2011, China's urbanization rate has undergone a historic breakthrough, namely50%, which also marked that China's urbanization has entered a stage of rapid development. However, despite the fact that China's economic development is very rapid, urban space is continuously expanded and extended, urbanization process is accelerating, and the urbanization rate continuously improves, the efficiency in economic growth did not attract enough attention. In view of this, to rethink the Chinese model of development, transfor economic growth mode, and concern about the efficiency of economic growth appears to be particularly urgent and important.
     The goals of the paper are:
     Based on existing research, the goals of the paper are to systematically clarify the affecting factors of economic efficiency, to explain its theoretical connotations, and to build a theoretical model of the economic efficiency mechanism; to analyze in-depth the dynamic evolution of the economic efficiency of1990-2009, and static spatial pattern in China; to analyze further the spatial dimensions of economic efficiency spillover effects.
     The major contents of the paper are as follows:
     The paper, developing around two major threads:theoretical analysis and empirical investigation, using literature review, theoretical interpretation, spatial analysis and spatial econometric research methods, studies on the following questions:
     (1) The paper systematically reviews and analyzes the related concept of economic efficiency. On this basis, we put forward some hypotheses, upon which we based and thus build a theoretical model of the economic efficiency affecting mechanism, and then the paper analyzes in-depth the affecting mechanism of economic efficiency.
     (2) In the dynamic level:The paper systematically analyzes the dynamic evolution and its influencing factors of the1990-2009economic efficiency of31provinces China.
     (3) In the static level:The paper studies on the static status quo of economic efficiency in2009China, and further analyzes how to improve economic efficiency by adjusting input radial movement and slack movement for all the provinces.
     (4) The paper, using spatial econometric models, analyzes spatial spillover effects of China's total factor productivity.
     The main conclusions of the paper include:
     (1) In most of the years between1990and2009, China's total factor productivity was generally low and showed a downward trend. At the same time, China provincial total factor productivity presented fluctuations. In different years, China's total factor productivity showed a differentiated pattern. The productivity growth rate decline is due to the decrease of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency.
     In technical efficiency, between1990and2009, the rate of growth of technical efficiency is negative in most of years in nationwide, East, West and Northeast, which indicates that in the past20years, China's overall technical efficiency is decreased and the efficiency in the coastal and the Northeast areas are higher than that of the central and western regions.
     In the aspect of technological change (or the rate of technological progress), it presents the characteristic of fluctuation. Technological change is a very important variable for China's regional economic development differences.
     From pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, both of them show a fluctuation and generally downward trend. This decline directly results in the decline of total factor productivity in China.
     (2) The rapid growth shown in Chinese economy is still the result of resources investment, which is a low-quality, non-sustainable growth. From the aspect of affecting factors for total factor productivity, the economic aggregation, infrastructure, human capital, information, economic openness, the initial conditions, and institution are positive on total factor productivity, while industry structure, government intervention and land scale are negative. But the infrastructure is not significant in statistic on total factor productivity.
     (3) In static, the regional economy efficiency of the provinces in2009China is relatively higher. And capital, labor, land scale, information, and foreign investment are the main factors affecting economic efficiency. The paper also finds out that capital, labor, land, foreign investment do not match in most provinces China. In some provinces, there is too much input, which results in the increase of economic efficiency. Therefore, all the provinces should accord to the characteristics of their own provinces, appropriately adjust the radial movement and slack movement, and reasonably adjust the proportional relationship of input factors, which contributes to the improve of the overall economic efficiency.
     (4) The paper finds that there is not only the spatial spillover effects in China's regional economic efficiency, but also a strong spatial dependence. Which means that the improve of economic efficiency in one region will lead to the improvement of the other surrounding areas. The significance of this conclusion lies in the following:In the process of co-ordinate economic development strategy or policy, the various local governments should not only consider the characteristics of their own region, but also consider the possible spillover effects of the development of external area, which requires government departments break the boundaries of current administrative region economy, achieve inter-regional coordination, cooperation and win-win situation, and achieve ultimate improvement for all regional economic efficiency.
     There are three originalities in this paper:
     (1) Systematically this paper studies the economic efficiency and its internal influence mechanism. From the research home and abroad, scholars mainly measured economic efficiency through selecting the index system and evaluation methods. The existing studies are mainly focused on a city, or a region, which is not comprehensive. Moreover, there is no analysis of the mechanism of economic efficiency. This paper based on the existing research, firstly does some economics assumes on the influencing factors of economic efficiency, secondly builds a theoretical model, and then analyzes the influencing mechanism in-depth.
     (2) Comprehensively and systematically this paper studies the dynamic evolution and static pattern of China's regional economic efficiency. From the existing research, we can find that most studies are focused on one perspective when analyzing the economic efficiency or total factor productivity. This paper, however, focuses on two perspectives, including the dynamic and the static, and studies the dynamic evolution static pattern of China's regional economic efficiency. At the same time, the paper extends the time scales of empirical study to2009, and selects more affecting factors for total factor productivity, which is the second innovation of this paper.
     (3) This paper studies the spillovers effects of total factor productivity. The existing studies have not been extended to the study of total factors productivity's spillover effects. The paper, for the first time, systematically analyzes the global and local spatial correlation of the total factor productivity in31provinces China's, and further uses spatial panel model to analyze the affecting factors of total factor productivity, which is another innovation of the article.
     In short, the paper, based on the existing research, broadens the research ideas from the different spatial scales, from the two levels including dynamic and static, and analyzes in-depth the affecting mechanism of China's economy efficiency. Meanwhile, the article applies econometrics and spatial econometrics and GIS methods to the study.
引文
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