无线传感器网络中的数据处理与数据传输技术研究
|
摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks)是一种低成本、低功耗、分布式的多跳自组织网络,是近年来在国内外新兴的前沿研究领域，其研究内容涉及无线通信技术、嵌入式技术、传感器技术、分布式处理技术以及微机电技术(MEMS)。无线传感器网络在军事应用、环境科学、医疗保健、工业应用、商务应用等领域有着广阔的应用前景和实用价值。美国商业周刊在预测未来技术发展的报告中，将它列为21世纪最具影响力的21项发明之一，MIT则将它列为改变世界10大关键技术之一，而被美国时代周刊评为2008年全球50大发明之一的“物联网(Internet of things)”，更被认为是无线传感器网络的未来发展方向。
无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取平台，其分布在监测环境中的节点通过无线多跳传输的方式将监测信息发送给信息收集节点(Sink)。无线传感器网络与传统传感器监测网络有较大不同，其具有以数据收集为中心、节点能量有限、应用相关性强等特点，因此在拓扑控制、网络协议、数据收集与处理、应用系统等方面有较多关键技术。本篇论文以无线传感器网络中的数据处理与数据收集技术为研究中心，研究以环境监测为应用背景，以低能耗为目标，围绕无线传感器网络在数据处理与数据传输中的关键技术展开研究。
数据处理是无线传感器网络中的一个基本和关键的问题，它通常会对节点上报的数据进行处理，形成融合、压缩后的数据以减少网络中的通信量，节省网络能量。本篇论文首先以环境监测为应用背景，针对等值线数据处理技术在无线传感器网络中的应用展开研究工作，取得的主要研究成果及创新点如下：
（1）论述了无线传感器网络在环境监测中的数据收集与处理时面临的问题，总结了国内外研究现状以及不足。
（2）针对环境监测应用中的能量约束问题，提出一种应用于无线传感器网络中，基于最小二乘准则的Bezier曲线拟合等值线技术LS-T。该算法从等值线的曲线特性出发，利用Bezier曲线拟合等值线，从数据源处对数据进行处理，减少节点汇报的数据，从而有效的降低了网络的能耗。
（3）在分析了无线传感器网络节点的能耗，发现无线收发模块的能耗为节点主要能耗，且LS-T算法在实施过程中无线收发数据逐级增加的缺点后，在LS-T算法的基础之上，本文提出一种能量高效的等值线监测方法SENS-T。SENS-T算法采取计算一次传输一次的思想，控制了分段等值线上报数据的大小，从而进一步降低了网络通信量。与国内外现有方法进行对比，该方法在达到相同监测效果的情况下，可节省约45％的网络能量。
数据传输技术同样是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一，本文同样研究了无线传感器网络的路由与数据回传协议，具体工作及创新点如下：
（1）在结合地理路由与能量梯度路由特点的基础上，本文提出一种基于矢量合成的路由策略ED，该策略为需传输数据的节点建立指向Sink的方向单位矢量，依照节点周边节点的剩余能量建立能量单位矢量。在对两个矢量进行加权后，通过计算合矢量确定路由的下一跳节点。该策略考虑数据回传方向性的同时，兼顾了网络的能耗，实验证明其较能量梯度路由能够降低网络能耗，使无线传感器网络的能耗均衡消耗。
（2）针对距离Sink较近的节点能耗消耗过快的问题，本文设计了一种轮替式传输方法Triple-T，该方法在利用时钟同步技术的同时，采用节点间歇性休眠的方式使得距离Sink较近的节点能量消耗均衡，节省了网络能耗。
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a low-cost, low power, distributed multi-hopself-organized networks. It’s a cutting-edge of research filed started recent years homeand abroad. The study includes wireless communication technology, embeddedtechnology, sensor technology, distributed processing technology and MEMStechnology. Wireless Sensor Networks has a great application prospect and practicalvalue in military, environmental science, health care, industry, business and so on. Inthe Business Week’s report of the future technology predictions, WSN is listed as themost influential21inventions in the21st century. MIT lists WSN as one of10keytechnologies that change the world. For “Internet of things” which is one of50inventions evaluated by Time magazine, is treated as the future research direction ofWireless Sensor Networks.
Wireless sensor network is a new information acquisition platform. By usingwireless multi-hop transmission method, WSN’s nodes that scattered on observationenvironment transmit monitoring information back to Sink. Wireless sensor networksand traditional networks have lots of differences. Wireless sensor network havecharacters such as data collection-centric, limited energy of nodes, applicationcorrelation, so there’s many key research challenges such as topology control,network protocols, data collection and processing, application system. In this thesis,our main research interests, based on environmental monitoring application, focus onkey research challenges such as data processing and data collection. Our goal is toreach network energy-efficiency.
Data processing is a fundamental and key challenge in wireless sensor networks, itusually processes the data reported by nodes, from fused, compressed data to reducenetwork transmission and save network energy. This paper’s research based onenvironmental monitoring, aim to use contour mapping processing technology intowireless sensor network. The main research contents and contributions of this thesisare as follows:
1. Discusses problems and challenges of data processing and data collection inwireless sensor networks.
2. Aiming to the energy-constraint problem in environmental monitoringapplication, we propose a contour mapping scheme based on least-square Bezierfitting which used in wireless sensor networks. This scheme focuses on the curvefeature of contour lines. By using Bezier curves fits contour lines, this schemeprocesses data form data source, reduces the amount of nodes’ data, and thenreduces network energy consumption efficiently.
3. In the analysis of wireless transceiver modules,and realized that this is themajor energy consumption of wireless sensor network, while noticing theshortcomings of LS that LS brings data accumulation will forming Bezier curves.This paper introduces a novel energy-efficient contour mapping scheme based onLS-T algorithm, and named this algorithm SENS-T. SENS-T takes the thought thatBezier curve is calculated on each node before transmission, so it restraints theamount data of Bezier curves segment, and further reduces network traffic. Bycomparing existing methods, SENS-T achieves the same monitoring accuracy whilereducing45%of the network energy.
Data transmission technology is also one of the key research challenges ofwireless sensor networks, our work also studies routing and data collectionprotocol of wireless sensor networks, and the main research contents andcontributions of this thesis are as follows:
1. In the combination of the features of geographic routing and energy gradientrouting, this paper presents a routing strategy based on vector synthesis named ED.this strategy constructs a directional unit vector by using node in the direction ofpointing Sink. According to the residual energy of neighboring nodes around thenode, this strategy establishes an energy unit vector. After these two unit vectors areweighted, the next hop routing node is calculated. This strategy considers thedirection of data streams while taking into account the energy consumption of thenetwork. Comparing whit existing methods, our test proves that it reduces thenetwork energy consumption while balancing energy consumption of sensor networks.
2. Aiming to the problem of the nodes that close to Sink are always shoulderexcessive energy consumption, the paper design a rotation-type transmissionmethod. While nodes using time synchronization, nodes adopts intermittent sleepway to fulfill the mission of energy consumption reduction of nodes that next toSink and balances the network energy consumption.
无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取平台，其分布在监测环境中的节点通过无线多跳传输的方式将监测信息发送给信息收集节点(Sink)。无线传感器网络与传统传感器监测网络有较大不同，其具有以数据收集为中心、节点能量有限、应用相关性强等特点，因此在拓扑控制、网络协议、数据收集与处理、应用系统等方面有较多关键技术。本篇论文以无线传感器网络中的数据处理与数据收集技术为研究中心，研究以环境监测为应用背景，以低能耗为目标，围绕无线传感器网络在数据处理与数据传输中的关键技术展开研究。
数据处理是无线传感器网络中的一个基本和关键的问题，它通常会对节点上报的数据进行处理，形成融合、压缩后的数据以减少网络中的通信量，节省网络能量。本篇论文首先以环境监测为应用背景，针对等值线数据处理技术在无线传感器网络中的应用展开研究工作，取得的主要研究成果及创新点如下：
（1）论述了无线传感器网络在环境监测中的数据收集与处理时面临的问题，总结了国内外研究现状以及不足。
（2）针对环境监测应用中的能量约束问题，提出一种应用于无线传感器网络中，基于最小二乘准则的Bezier曲线拟合等值线技术LS-T。该算法从等值线的曲线特性出发，利用Bezier曲线拟合等值线，从数据源处对数据进行处理，减少节点汇报的数据，从而有效的降低了网络的能耗。
（3）在分析了无线传感器网络节点的能耗，发现无线收发模块的能耗为节点主要能耗，且LS-T算法在实施过程中无线收发数据逐级增加的缺点后，在LS-T算法的基础之上，本文提出一种能量高效的等值线监测方法SENS-T。SENS-T算法采取计算一次传输一次的思想，控制了分段等值线上报数据的大小，从而进一步降低了网络通信量。与国内外现有方法进行对比，该方法在达到相同监测效果的情况下，可节省约45％的网络能量。
数据传输技术同样是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一，本文同样研究了无线传感器网络的路由与数据回传协议，具体工作及创新点如下：
（1）在结合地理路由与能量梯度路由特点的基础上，本文提出一种基于矢量合成的路由策略ED，该策略为需传输数据的节点建立指向Sink的方向单位矢量，依照节点周边节点的剩余能量建立能量单位矢量。在对两个矢量进行加权后，通过计算合矢量确定路由的下一跳节点。该策略考虑数据回传方向性的同时，兼顾了网络的能耗，实验证明其较能量梯度路由能够降低网络能耗，使无线传感器网络的能耗均衡消耗。
（2）针对距离Sink较近的节点能耗消耗过快的问题，本文设计了一种轮替式传输方法Triple-T，该方法在利用时钟同步技术的同时，采用节点间歇性休眠的方式使得距离Sink较近的节点能量消耗均衡，节省了网络能耗。
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a low-cost, low power, distributed multi-hopself-organized networks. It’s a cutting-edge of research filed started recent years homeand abroad. The study includes wireless communication technology, embeddedtechnology, sensor technology, distributed processing technology and MEMStechnology. Wireless Sensor Networks has a great application prospect and practicalvalue in military, environmental science, health care, industry, business and so on. Inthe Business Week’s report of the future technology predictions, WSN is listed as themost influential21inventions in the21st century. MIT lists WSN as one of10keytechnologies that change the world. For “Internet of things” which is one of50inventions evaluated by Time magazine, is treated as the future research direction ofWireless Sensor Networks.
Wireless sensor network is a new information acquisition platform. By usingwireless multi-hop transmission method, WSN’s nodes that scattered on observationenvironment transmit monitoring information back to Sink. Wireless sensor networksand traditional networks have lots of differences. Wireless sensor network havecharacters such as data collection-centric, limited energy of nodes, applicationcorrelation, so there’s many key research challenges such as topology control,network protocols, data collection and processing, application system. In this thesis,our main research interests, based on environmental monitoring application, focus onkey research challenges such as data processing and data collection. Our goal is toreach network energy-efficiency.
Data processing is a fundamental and key challenge in wireless sensor networks, itusually processes the data reported by nodes, from fused, compressed data to reducenetwork transmission and save network energy. This paper’s research based onenvironmental monitoring, aim to use contour mapping processing technology intowireless sensor network. The main research contents and contributions of this thesisare as follows:
1. Discusses problems and challenges of data processing and data collection inwireless sensor networks.
2. Aiming to the energy-constraint problem in environmental monitoringapplication, we propose a contour mapping scheme based on least-square Bezierfitting which used in wireless sensor networks. This scheme focuses on the curvefeature of contour lines. By using Bezier curves fits contour lines, this schemeprocesses data form data source, reduces the amount of nodes’ data, and thenreduces network energy consumption efficiently.
3. In the analysis of wireless transceiver modules,and realized that this is themajor energy consumption of wireless sensor network, while noticing theshortcomings of LS that LS brings data accumulation will forming Bezier curves.This paper introduces a novel energy-efficient contour mapping scheme based onLS-T algorithm, and named this algorithm SENS-T. SENS-T takes the thought thatBezier curve is calculated on each node before transmission, so it restraints theamount data of Bezier curves segment, and further reduces network traffic. Bycomparing existing methods, SENS-T achieves the same monitoring accuracy whilereducing45%of the network energy.
Data transmission technology is also one of the key research challenges ofwireless sensor networks, our work also studies routing and data collectionprotocol of wireless sensor networks, and the main research contents andcontributions of this thesis are as follows:
1. In the combination of the features of geographic routing and energy gradientrouting, this paper presents a routing strategy based on vector synthesis named ED.this strategy constructs a directional unit vector by using node in the direction ofpointing Sink. According to the residual energy of neighboring nodes around thenode, this strategy establishes an energy unit vector. After these two unit vectors areweighted, the next hop routing node is calculated. This strategy considers thedirection of data streams while taking into account the energy consumption of thenetwork. Comparing whit existing methods, our test proves that it reduces thenetwork energy consumption while balancing energy consumption of sensor networks.
2. Aiming to the problem of the nodes that close to Sink are always shoulderexcessive energy consumption, the paper design a rotation-type transmissionmethod. While nodes using time synchronization, nodes adopts intermittent sleepway to fulfill the mission of energy consumption reduction of nodes that next toSink and balances the network energy consumption.
引文
[1]孙利民，李建中，陈渝，朱红松，无线传感器网络。清华大学出版社，2005。
[2]任丰原，黄海宁，林闯，无线传感器网络。软件学报。2003，14(7)；1282-1291。
[3]李建中，李金宝，石胜飞，传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展。软件学报，2003，14(10)；1717-1727。
[4]10emerging technologies that will change the world.TechnologyReview2003,106(1):22-49. http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/13060/
[5] Wireless Sensor Network R&D Investment to Top$1Billion in2012.Technology Report2009. http://www.onworld.com/html/newsresearch.htm.
[6] Wireless Sensor Networks. http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/W ireless_sensor_networks.
[7] M．Ilyas，I．Mahgoub．Handbook of Sensor Networks：Compact of wirelessand wired sensing systems．CCR Press LLC,2005．
[8] I. F. Akyildiz, Su Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. E. Cayirci. Asurvey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102--114.
[9] Ilker Demirkol, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alag z, MAC Protocols for WirelessSensor Networks: a Survey. IEEE Communications Magazine,2006:100-104.
[10] Juang P, Oki H, Wang Y, Martonosi M, Peh LS, Rubenstein D.Energy-Efficient computing for wildlife tracking: Design tradeoffs and earlyexperiences with ZebraNet. In: Proc. of the10th Int’l Conf. on ArchitecturalSupport for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York: ACM,2002.96107.
[11] Small T, Haas ZJ. The shared wireless infostation model: A new ad hocnetworking paradigm (or where there is a whale, there is a way). In: Proc. ofthe4th ACM Int’l Symp. On Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Annapolis: ACM,2003.233244.
[12] Allan Beaufour, Martin Leopold,Philippe Bonnet,Smart-tag based datadissemination. In: Proc. Of International Workshop on Wireless SensorNetworks and Applications.2002,68-77.
[13] Mani Srivastava, Mark Hansen, Jeff Burke, Andrew Parker, Sasank Reddy,Ganeriwal Saurabh, Mark Allman, Vern Paxson, Deborah Estrin. WirelessUrban Sensing Systems, CENS Technical Report#65(pdf), April2006.
[14] CarTel: A Distributed Mobile Sensor Computing System. Bret Hull, VladimirBychkovsky, Kevin Chen, Michel Goraczko, Allen Miu, Eugene Shih, YangZhang, Hari Balakrishnan, and Samuel Madden, in Proc. ACM SenSys,2006.
[15] ISSS overview. http://dpi.projectforum.com/isss/admin/downloa d.html?attachid=3540.
[16] MID sweden university wireless sensor network Project.http://www.miun.se/stc/Projects/Wireless-Sensor-Systems/Environmental-monitoring-/Wireless-sensor-network-for-CO2-measurement/
[17] Emil Jovanov，Aleksandar Milenkovic，Chris Otto，and Piet C de Groen，A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computerassisted physical rehabilitation，Neuroengineering Rehabil.2005;2-6.
[18] Guang-Zhong Yang, Body Sensor Networks, Springer-Verlag, London,2006,3-4.
[19] An Yuan, Liu Yan, Ma Cai-wen, Sun Li-min, Xiao Zhi-feng,"SENS-U:Remote Human in Loop Health-Monitoring System at Home," PACIIA, vol.1,pp.441-445,2008IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligenceand Industrial Application,2008.
[20] CodeBlue:Wireless Sensors for Medical Care. http://fiji.eecs.harvard.edu/CodeBlue.
[21] Mica2. www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICA2.pdf.
[22] MicaZ. www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICAz.pdf
[23] Telos. www.telos-systems.com/.
[24] EKG. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography.
[25] ECG. www.ecglibrary.com/.
[26] WHMS (wearable health monitoring systems).http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/.
[27] GE wireless medical monitoring solution. http://www.gereports.com/vital-signs-to-go-wireless-with-ges-body-sensors/.
[28] Telemedicine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicine.
[29] M-health. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth.
[30] Echare. www.ecare.com.
[31] CardioNet http://www.cardionet.com/.
[32]北京海利赢医疗科技。www.hlmedicals.com/。
[33]李大成，张京，龚茗茗,无线传感器网络及其应用综述。成都电子机械高等专科学校学报。2007.40(1):11-12.
[34] TATRC-Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center.www.tatrc.org/.
[35]智慧的地球，IBM,http://www-900.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/cn/smarterplanet/20081106/index.shtml
[36]李晓维，徐勇军，任丰原，无线传感器网络技术。北京理工大学出版社，2007。
[37] Ad hoc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc.
[38] SensIT (Sensor Information Technology), http://www.saine.com/sensit.
[39] University of California at Berkeley．Smart Dust．http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmaItDuSt/.2001．
[40] Massachusetts Institute of Technology．u-Adaptive Multi-domain Power awareSensors．http://mtlweb.mit.edu/researchgroups/icsystEms/uamps/.2004．
[41] University of California at Los Angeles．WINS：Wireless integrated networksensors．http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/biblio.htm.2003．
[42] MICA: The Commercialization of Micro sensor Motes.http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/papers/mica-sensors.pdf
[43] MICA2.www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICA2.pdf.
[44] R. Kling. Intel research mote. http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/retreat-1-03/slides/imote-nest-q103-03-dist.pdf.
[45] O. Kasten and J. Beutel. BTnode rev2.2. http://www.inf.ethz.ch/vs/res/proj/smartits/btnode.html.
[46] TinyOS. http://www.tinyos.net.2007
[47] Mantis. http://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki.2007.
[48] SOS. http://nesl.ee.edu/projects/SOS.2007.
[49]宋文，王兵，周应宾，无线传感器网络技术与应用，电子工业出版社。2007，98-99。
[50]王海涛，分簇结构在Ad Hoc网络中的应用综述，重庆邮电大学学报，200315(4)，43-45。
[51] Shoudong Zou, Ioanis Nikolaidis, and Janelle Harms,Routing and AggregationStrategies for Contour Map Applications in Sensor Networks, Lecture Notes inComputer Science, Volume5546/2009,36-47.
[52]等值线的定义。http://baike.baidu.com/view/1957943.htm?fr=ala0_1.
[53] Pei-KaiLiao,Min-Kuan Chang, and C.-C. JayKuo. Contour line extraction withwireless sensor networks, IEEE GLOBECOM2005,1309-1313.
[54] Hellerstein, J. M., Hong, W., Madden, S., and Stanek, K.Beyond average:Towards sophisticated sensing withqueries. IPSN,2003.
[55] Rahimi, M., Pon, R., Kaiser, W., Sukhatme, G., Estrin, D.,and Srivastava, M.Adaptive sampling for environmental robotics. ICRA,2004，345-351.
[56] Mitali Singh, Amol Bakshi, and Viktor K. Prasanna. Constructing TopographicMaps in Networked Sensor Systems，ASWAN2004,234-239.
[57] Sorabh Gandhi，John Hershberger，Subhash Suri。Approximate Isocontours andSpatial Summaries for Sensor Networks. in Proc.6th Internat. Symposium onInformation Processing in Sensor Networks,2007.400-409.
[58] Rik Sarkar, Xianjin Zhu, Jie Gao, Leonidas J. Guibas, Joseph S. B.Mitchell. Iso-Contour Queries and Gradient Descent with Guaranteed Deliveryin Sensor Networks. To appear in27th Annual IEEE Conference on ComputerCommunications (INFOCOM'08), May,2008.960-967.
[59] Ignacio Solis and Katia Obraczka，Efficient Continuous Mapping in SensorNetworks Using Isolines,The Second Annual International Conference onMobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services.325–332.
[60] X. Meng, T. Nandagopal, L. Li and S. Lu,"Contour Maps: Monitoring andDiagnosis in Sensor Networks," Computer Networks,2006,24-29.
[61] Y. J. Zhao, R. Govindan and D. Estrin,"Residual Energy Scan for MonitoringSensor Networks," in Proceedings of WCNC,2002,356-362.
[62] W. Xue, Q. Luo, L. Chen and Y. Liu,"Contour Map Matching For EventDetection in Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD,2006,212-220.
[63] A. Silberstein,R. Braynard,and J.Yang. Constraint chaining: on energy-efficientcontinous monitoring in sensor networks. In Proc. of the2006ACM SIGMODIntl. Conf. on Management of Data,2006,157-168.
[64] Mo Li, Yunhao Liu,"Iso-Map: Energy-Efficient Contour Mapping in WirelessSensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,vol.22, no.5,2010,699-710.
[65] Jaehoon Jeong, Taehyun Hwang, Tian He, and David Du，MCTA-targettracking algorithm based on contour in wsn，INFOCOM2007.
[66]赵湘宁，无线传感器网络中地理信息路由算法的研究。中南大学，2008。
[67] J.N. Al-karaki and A.E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks: A Survey.
[68] C. Schurgers and M. B. Srivastava,“Energy Efficient Routing in WirelessSensor Networks”, in MILCOM Proceedings on Communications forNetwork-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force, McLean, VA,USA, October2001.
[69] WR Heinzelman, J Kulik, H Balakrishnan, Adaptive protocols for informationdissemination in wireless sensor networks. International Conference on MobileComputing and Networking Proceedings of the5th annual ACM/IEEEinternational conference on Mobile computing and networking174-185.
[70] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, JohnHeidemann, and Fabio Silva, Directed Diffusion for Wireless SensorNetworking. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking,11(1),2002,2-16.
[71] Petrovic D, Shah R C,Ramchandran K, et al. Data Funneling：Routing withAggregation and Compression for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. SensorNetwork Protocol and Applications (SNPA’03),2003,222-230.
[72] Ye Fan,Chen A, Lu Songwu, et al. A scalable solution to minimum costforwarding in large sensor networks [A]. The10thInternational Conference onComputer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)2001,304-309.
[73]彭伟,叶嘉.无线传感器网络平面路由协议综述,2006年全国第六届嵌入式系统学术年会论文集.249-254.
[74] Heinzelman W R, Chandrasan A, Balakrishnan H. Application-specificprotocol architecture for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[75] S. Lindsey and C.Raghavendra, PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensorinformation systems, IEEE Aerospace Conference, March2002,21-29.
[76] A. Manjeshwar, D.P.grawal. TEEN: a routing Protocol for enhanced efficientyin wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of15thparallel and DistributedProcessing Symposium,San Francisco, USA,IEEE Computer Society,2001:2009-2015.
[77] Al-Karaki J N and Kamal A E. Routing Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks; A Survey. IEEE Wireless Communications,2004,11(6):6-28.
[78] Seada K, Helmy A, Govindan R. On the Effect of Location Errors OnGeographic Face Routing in Sensor Networks[c]//Proc. InformationProcessoing in Sensor Networks2004:71-80.
[79] Aslam J, Bulter Z, Crespi V, and Cybenko G. Tracking a Moving Object with aBinary Sensor Network. Proc. ACM International Conference on EmbeddedNetworked Sensor Systems,2003:150-161.
[80] Heidemann J,Silva F and Intanagonwiwat C. Building Efficient Wirelss SensorNetworks with Low-Level Naming.Proc. ACM Symposium On OperatingSystems Principles,Chateau Lake Louise, Banff,Alberta,Canada,October,20-01,146-159.
[81]罗坤，王建新，赵湘宁，无线传感器网络的地理路由算法综述。计算机科学2008vol35No.1028－36。
[82] Karp B，Kung H T, GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wirelessnetworks, Proceedings of the6th annual international conference on Mobilecomputing and networking, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,2000，243-254.
[83] Kuhn F，wattenhofer R，zollinger A. Asymptotically optimal geometric mobilead-hoc routing∥Proceedings of the of the6th International WorkshoponDiscrete Agorithms and Methods for MobiIe Computing andCommnunacations (Dial-M)．ACM Press，September2002：24-33.
[84] Bose P，Morin P，Stojmenovic I，et a1．Routing with guaranteed Deliv-ery in ad hoc wireless networks．Wireless Networks，2001，7(6)：609-616.
[85] Kuhn F，Wattenhofer R，Zhang Yan，et al．Geometric ad hoc routing：Of theoryand practice//Proceedings of PODC2003．Boston：ACM Press，2003:63-72.
[86]田乐，谢东亮，任彪，张雷，程时端，无线传感器网络贪婪转发策略中的路由空洞问题，《电子与信息学报》，2007，29(12)。
[87]贺鹏，李建东，陈彦辉，等。基于Delaunay三角剖分的Ad Hoc网络路由算法。软件学报，2006:49-54。
[88] Fang Q，Gao J，Guibas L，et al GLIDER：Gradient landmark_based distributedrouting for sensor networks,Proc. of the24th Conference of the IEEEComunication Society(INFOCOM)．Volume1, March2005:339-350
[89] Fang Qing，Gao Jie，Guibas L J．Landmark-based Information Storage andRetrieval in Sensor Networks,Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE InternationalConference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),2006，110-119.
[90] Nguyen A，Milosavlijevic N，Fang Qing，et a1．Guibas．LandmarkSelection and Greedy Landrmark-descent Routing for sensor Networks,Proceedings of the26th Conference of the IEEE ConununicationSociety(INFOCOM).2007,120-128.
[91] Funke S, Milosavljevi’c N. Guaranteed-delivery Geographic Routing UnderUncertain Node Locations,Proceeding of the26thConference of the IEEECommunication Society (INFOCOM).2007,98-105.
[92] Yu Y,Estrin D,Govindan R.Geographical and energy-aware routing; Arecursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R].UCLAComputer Science Department,2001,234-245.
[93] Pei Huang, Hongyang Chen, Guoliang Xing, Yongdong Tan. SGF-A a statefree gradent-based forwarding protocol fir wireless sensor networks. ACMTransaction on Sensor Networks(TOSN),Volume5, issue2,2009,244-251.
[94] F. Ye, G. Zhong, S. Lu, and L. Zhang,“GRAdient broadcast: a robust datadelivery protocol for large scale sensor networks,” ACM Wireless Networks,2005, vol.11, no.3, pp.285–298.
[95] Lovell B C, Biswas S. Bezier and splines in image processing and machinevision. Berlin, Germany: Springer,2008.
[96]孙家广.计算机图形学.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,410-413.
[97]李善仓,傅鹏,张德运.无线传感器网络中的分布式定位方法.西按交通大学学报,2007,41(12):1418-1422.
[98] M.Sarfraz,M.A.Khan. Automatic outline capture of Arabic fonts.Volume140,Issue3, Special issue: Software engineering: System and tools,2002,269-281.
[99] Koichi Itoh And and Koichi Itoh and Yoshio Ohno.A curve fitting algorithmfor character fonts, Electronic Publishing63(1993),195–198.
[100] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser. Embedding the internet: wirelessintegrated network sensors. Communications of the ACM,43(5):200051–58.
[101] The Network Simulator–ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns,2009-09-01.
[102] Cubic function: Cardano.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_function.
[103]王缉华，曲面构造法自动生成等值线，冶金地质动态.1998,Volume2,4-7.
[104] Karl H., Willig A. Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks.England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd,2005.
[105] K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie,"Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensornetwork", IEEE Personal Communications,2000, Volume7, Issue5,16-27.
[106] Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, The cougar approach to in-network query processing insensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September2002,210-216.
[107] M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, Scalable Information-Driven SensorQuerying and Routing for ad hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," TheInternational Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,2002Vol.16, No.3,37-42,.
[108] F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu, L. Zhang, A Two-tier data dissemination modelfor large-scale wireless sensor networks",proceedings of ACM/IEEEMOBICOM,2002,40-46.
[109] L. Li, and J. Y. Halpern, Minimum-Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksRevisited", IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)2001.Vol.1,278-283.
[110] S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, P. Havinga, Trade-Off between TrafficOverhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks",WCNC Workshop, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March2003,189-194.
[111] Q. Fang, F. Zhao, and L. Guibas,\Lightweight Sensing and CommunicationProtocols for Target Enumeration and Aggregation", Proceedings of the4thACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing(MOBIHOC),2003,165-176.
[112] Rabiner, W., Chandrakasan, A., Balakrishnan, H.,“Energy-EfficientCommunication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” HawaiiInternational Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI,2000,10-19.
[113] Dattatreya, G.R., Kulkarni, S.S.,“Simulation of Adaptive StatisticallyMultiplexed Routing in Ad Hoc Networks,” WCNC’99, New Orleans, LA,1999,931-935,.
[114] Jai-jin Lim,Kang G.Shin,”Gradinet-Asending Routing via Footprints inWireless Sensor Networks,”rtss.26th IEEE International Real-Time SystemsSymposium (RTSS’05),2005,298-307.
[115] D. E. Vaillancourt, M. M. Sturman, L. Verhagen Metman, R. A.Bakay, and D.M. Corcos,"Deep brain stimulation of the VIM thalamic nucleus modifiesseveral features ofessential tremor," Neurology,2003, vol.61,919-925.
[116] Roozbeh Jafari, Ruzena Bajcsy, Steven Glaser, Bruce Gnade, Marco Sgroi,Shankar Sastry, Platform Design for Health-care Monitoring Applications,Joint Workshop on High Confidence Medical Devices, Software, andSystems(HCMDSS) and Medical Device Plug-and-Play (MD PnP)Interoperability,2007,210-218.
[117] Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Eric Guenterberg, Katherine Gilani, Roozbeh Jafari,Action Coverage Formulation for Power Optimization in Body SensorNetworks, ACM/IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference(ASP-DAC), January2008,62-70.
[118]诸燕平,黄大庆。基于线性规划的无线传感器网络定位算法,华中科技大学学报,2009(12),28-35。
[119]冯秀芳，曹美丽，孙超。无线传感器网络基于APIT的混合定位算法,微电子学与计算机，2009(06),61-69。
[120] Hui Qu;Stephen B Wicker.Codesigned anchorfree local-ization andlocation-based routing algorithmfor rapidly-deployed wireless sensor networks.InformationFusion,2007,9(3),425-439.
[121]程真;李腊元。一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络服务质量路由算法，上海交通大学学报，2010(03),39-45.
[122] Yao-Chung Chang;Zhi-Sheng Lin;and Jiann-Liang Chen.Cluster Based Self-Organization Management Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10651/33618/01598439.pdf?arnumber=1598439.
[123] Zheng Jing;LU Xi-Cheng;WANG Yi-Jie.A clustering-Based Data ReplicationAlgorithm in Mobile Ad Hoe Networks for Improving Data Availability[J].Journal of Software,2005,16(8):1474-1483.
[124] Nardone S C, Lindgren A G, Gong K F.Fundamental properties and performance of conventional bearings-only target motion analysis.IEEE Transactions onAutomatic Control,1984,29(9):775-787.
[125] Chu,;Haussecker H;Zhao F.Scalable information-driven sensor querying and routing for ad hoc heterogeneous sensor networks[J].The Int’l Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,2002,16(3):293-313.
[126] Gedik B., Liu L., Yu P. S. ASAP: An adaptive sampling approach to datacollection in sensor networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and DistributedSystems,2007, V18(12):1766-1783
[127] Cao Q., Abdelzaher T., He T., et al. Cluster-based forwarding for reliableend-to-end delivery in wireless sensor networks [A]. The26th IEEEInternational Conference on Computer Communications (Infocom)[C].Piscataway: IEEE,2007:6-12.
[128] Zhao J., Govindan R. Understanding packet delivery performance in densewireless sensor networks. The1st International Conference on EmbeddedNetworked Sensor Systems. Piscataway: IEEE,2003:1-13
[129] Oshman Y,Davidson P.Optimization of observer trajectories for bearings-only target localization.IEEE Trans on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1999,35:892-902.
[130] Ye F., Chen A., Lu S. W., et al. A scalable solution to minimum costforwarding in large sensor networks. The10thInternational Conference onComputer Communications and Networks (ICCCN). Piscataway: IEEE,2001:304-309.
[131] TinyOS Homepage, http://www.tinyos.net,2009-09-01.
[132] Deb B., Bhatnagar S., Nath B. Reinform: reliable information forwarding usingmulitple paths in sensor networks. The28th IEEE International Conference onLocal Computer Networks (LCN). Piscataway: IEEE,2003:406-415.
[133] R. Stoleru, T. He, J. A. Stankovic and D. Luebke,"High-Accuracy, Low-CostLocalization System for Wireless Sensor Network" in Proceedings of ACMSenSys,2005.
[134] J. Polastre, J. Hill and D. Culler,"Versatile Low Power Media Access forWireless Sensor Networks" in Proceedings of ACM SenSys,2004,321-329.
[135] A. Woo, T. Tong and D. Culler,"Taming the Underlying challenges of ReliableMultihop Routing in Sensor Networks" in Proceedings of ACM SenSys,2003,222-230.
[136] M. Li and Y. Liu,"Underground Structure Monitoring with Wireless SensorNetworks[C]" in Proceedings of IPSN,2007,21-29.
[137]杨靖,陈树.熊伟丽,徐保国。一种基于分簇及蚁群算法的分布式能量高效路由算法。系统仿真学报，2009(23)，。
[138] Gunes M;Sorges U;Bouazizi I.ARA-the ant-colony based routing algorithm forMANETs.Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops(ICPPW02).Vancouver,BC,Canada.USA:IEEE Computer Society,2002:79-85.
[139] Se-young Lee;Hyeong Soo Chang.An ant system based multicasting in mobileAd Hoc network.Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.IEEE Press,2005,2:1583-1588.
[140]罗红，无线传感器网络数据汇聚路由问题的研究。北京邮电大学，2008。
[141]于振华;刘宇;纪明;蔡远利。无线传感器网络中一种能量高效的分布式分簇算法，控制与决策，2009（09）,13－16.
[142] WR Heinzel man;A Chandrakasan;H Balakrishnan.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor net-works.The33rd Hawaii Int’l Conf on System Sciences.2000,175-181.
[143] Handy, M.J.;Haase, M.;Timmermann, D.Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection.Mobile and Wireless Communications Network2002,368-372.
[144]朱兴国,李士宁,谷建华,刘刚,李雪。EERP:一种能源有效的无线传感器网络路由协议[J]，微电子学与计算机，2007(08),30-25.
[145]朱剑,赵海,孙佩刚,毕远国.基于RSSI均值的等边三角形定位算法[J],东北大学学报，2007（08）,26-31.
[146] IEEE.wireless medium access control(MAC)and physical layer(PHY)specifications for low-ratewireless personal area networks(LR-WPANs).IEEE Std802.15.4.NewYork:IEEE Press,2003:
[147] Bahl P,Padmanabhan V N.RADAR:an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system.Proceeding of theIEEE INFOCOM,2000.New York:IEEE Computer andCommunications Society,2000:775-784.
[148] Niculescu D;Nath B.Ad hoc positioning system(APS)usingAoA.Proceedings ofthe IEEE INFOCOM,2003.NewYork:IEEE Computer and Communications Society,2003:1734-1743.
[149]殷新春,徐力杰。WSN中一种基于数据融合的能量高效分簇路由协议，微电子学与计算机。2007（09）45－51。
[150] Ye M,;Li CF;Chen GH,et al.EECS:an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks[C].Proc.of the IEEE Int’l Performance Computing and Communi-cations Conf.New York:IEEE Press,2005:535-540.
[151] Cam H;Ozdemir S;Nair P,et al.ESPDA:energy effici ent and secure pattern based data aggregation for wireless sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the SecondIEEE Con-ference on Sensors.New York:IEEE Societyress,2003:732-736.
[152] Younis O;Fahmy S.Heed:a hybrid,energy-efficient,distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans.On Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
[153]姚仲欢;王高才;孙野;邱军林.传感器网络中基于最短路径树的低延时节能路由算法,微电子学与计算机，2007（09）57－62.
[154]李秉智;赵娜。基于无线传感器网络的LEACH算法的改进，微计算机信息，2007（22）,30-36。
[155] Younis O,Fahmy S.HEED:a hybrid,energy-eficient,distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor network[J]s.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.2004,3(4):366-379.
[156] Jichuan Zhao;Ahmet T.Erdogan.”A Novel Self-organizing Hybrid Network Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”[C].IEEE.Proceedings of the First NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems.2006,333-338.
[157]薛锋;刘忠;曲毅.无线传感器网络中的分布式目标被动跟踪算法[J],系统仿真学报，2007(15),67-73。
[158] Wendi B Heinzelman;Anantha P Chandrakasan;Hari Balakrish-nan.An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks[J].IEEE Trans on Wireless Comm,2002:1-4.
[159] Jane Y Yu;and Peter H.J.Chong.A Survey of Clustering Schemes for Ad HocNetworks.IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials,2000,7(1):32-48.
[160] Ioan Raicu;Loren Schwiebet,etc.e3D:An Energy-Efficient Rout-ing Algorithmfor Wireless Sensor Networks.International Confer-ence on Communications.2002.
[161] He T;Krishnamurthy S;Luo L,et al.An integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance.ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks,2006(1):1-38.
[162] Cao Q;Avdelazaher T;He T.Towards optimal sleep scheduling in sensor networks for rare event detection.IPSN’05.Los Angeles,California.2005:17-24.
[2]任丰原，黄海宁，林闯，无线传感器网络。软件学报。2003，14(7)；1282-1291。
[3]李建中，李金宝，石胜飞，传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展。软件学报，2003，14(10)；1717-1727。
[4]10emerging technologies that will change the world.TechnologyReview2003,106(1):22-49. http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/13060/
[5] Wireless Sensor Network R&D Investment to Top$1Billion in2012.Technology Report2009. http://www.onworld.com/html/newsresearch.htm.
[6] Wireless Sensor Networks. http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/W ireless_sensor_networks.
[7] M．Ilyas，I．Mahgoub．Handbook of Sensor Networks：Compact of wirelessand wired sensing systems．CCR Press LLC,2005．
[8] I. F. Akyildiz, Su Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. E. Cayirci. Asurvey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102--114.
[9] Ilker Demirkol, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alag z, MAC Protocols for WirelessSensor Networks: a Survey. IEEE Communications Magazine,2006:100-104.
[10] Juang P, Oki H, Wang Y, Martonosi M, Peh LS, Rubenstein D.Energy-Efficient computing for wildlife tracking: Design tradeoffs and earlyexperiences with ZebraNet. In: Proc. of the10th Int’l Conf. on ArchitecturalSupport for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York: ACM,2002.96107.
[11] Small T, Haas ZJ. The shared wireless infostation model: A new ad hocnetworking paradigm (or where there is a whale, there is a way). In: Proc. ofthe4th ACM Int’l Symp. On Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Annapolis: ACM,2003.233244.
[12] Allan Beaufour, Martin Leopold,Philippe Bonnet,Smart-tag based datadissemination. In: Proc. Of International Workshop on Wireless SensorNetworks and Applications.2002,68-77.
[13] Mani Srivastava, Mark Hansen, Jeff Burke, Andrew Parker, Sasank Reddy,Ganeriwal Saurabh, Mark Allman, Vern Paxson, Deborah Estrin. WirelessUrban Sensing Systems, CENS Technical Report#65(pdf), April2006.
[14] CarTel: A Distributed Mobile Sensor Computing System. Bret Hull, VladimirBychkovsky, Kevin Chen, Michel Goraczko, Allen Miu, Eugene Shih, YangZhang, Hari Balakrishnan, and Samuel Madden, in Proc. ACM SenSys,2006.
[15] ISSS overview. http://dpi.projectforum.com/isss/admin/downloa d.html?attachid=3540.
[16] MID sweden university wireless sensor network Project.http://www.miun.se/stc/Projects/Wireless-Sensor-Systems/Environmental-monitoring-/Wireless-sensor-network-for-CO2-measurement/
[17] Emil Jovanov，Aleksandar Milenkovic，Chris Otto，and Piet C de Groen，A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computerassisted physical rehabilitation，Neuroengineering Rehabil.2005;2-6.
[18] Guang-Zhong Yang, Body Sensor Networks, Springer-Verlag, London,2006,3-4.
[19] An Yuan, Liu Yan, Ma Cai-wen, Sun Li-min, Xiao Zhi-feng,"SENS-U:Remote Human in Loop Health-Monitoring System at Home," PACIIA, vol.1,pp.441-445,2008IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligenceand Industrial Application,2008.
[20] CodeBlue:Wireless Sensors for Medical Care. http://fiji.eecs.harvard.edu/CodeBlue.
[21] Mica2. www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICA2.pdf.
[22] MicaZ. www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICAz.pdf
[23] Telos. www.telos-systems.com/.
[24] EKG. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography.
[25] ECG. www.ecglibrary.com/.
[26] WHMS (wearable health monitoring systems).http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/.
[27] GE wireless medical monitoring solution. http://www.gereports.com/vital-signs-to-go-wireless-with-ges-body-sensors/.
[28] Telemedicine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicine.
[29] M-health. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth.
[30] Echare. www.ecare.com.
[31] CardioNet http://www.cardionet.com/.
[32]北京海利赢医疗科技。www.hlmedicals.com/。
[33]李大成，张京，龚茗茗,无线传感器网络及其应用综述。成都电子机械高等专科学校学报。2007.40(1):11-12.
[34] TATRC-Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center.www.tatrc.org/.
[35]智慧的地球，IBM,http://www-900.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/cn/smarterplanet/20081106/index.shtml
[36]李晓维，徐勇军，任丰原，无线传感器网络技术。北京理工大学出版社，2007。
[37] Ad hoc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc.
[38] SensIT (Sensor Information Technology), http://www.saine.com/sensit.
[39] University of California at Berkeley．Smart Dust．http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmaItDuSt/.2001．
[40] Massachusetts Institute of Technology．u-Adaptive Multi-domain Power awareSensors．http://mtlweb.mit.edu/researchgroups/icsystEms/uamps/.2004．
[41] University of California at Los Angeles．WINS：Wireless integrated networksensors．http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/biblio.htm.2003．
[42] MICA: The Commercialization of Micro sensor Motes.http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/papers/mica-sensors.pdf
[43] MICA2.www.xbow.com.cn/wsn/pdf/MICA2.pdf.
[44] R. Kling. Intel research mote. http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/retreat-1-03/slides/imote-nest-q103-03-dist.pdf.
[45] O. Kasten and J. Beutel. BTnode rev2.2. http://www.inf.ethz.ch/vs/res/proj/smartits/btnode.html.
[46] TinyOS. http://www.tinyos.net.2007
[47] Mantis. http://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki.2007.
[48] SOS. http://nesl.ee.edu/projects/SOS.2007.
[49]宋文，王兵，周应宾，无线传感器网络技术与应用，电子工业出版社。2007，98-99。
[50]王海涛，分簇结构在Ad Hoc网络中的应用综述，重庆邮电大学学报，200315(4)，43-45。
[51] Shoudong Zou, Ioanis Nikolaidis, and Janelle Harms,Routing and AggregationStrategies for Contour Map Applications in Sensor Networks, Lecture Notes inComputer Science, Volume5546/2009,36-47.
[52]等值线的定义。http://baike.baidu.com/view/1957943.htm?fr=ala0_1.
[53] Pei-KaiLiao,Min-Kuan Chang, and C.-C. JayKuo. Contour line extraction withwireless sensor networks, IEEE GLOBECOM2005,1309-1313.
[54] Hellerstein, J. M., Hong, W., Madden, S., and Stanek, K.Beyond average:Towards sophisticated sensing withqueries. IPSN,2003.
[55] Rahimi, M., Pon, R., Kaiser, W., Sukhatme, G., Estrin, D.,and Srivastava, M.Adaptive sampling for environmental robotics. ICRA,2004，345-351.
[56] Mitali Singh, Amol Bakshi, and Viktor K. Prasanna. Constructing TopographicMaps in Networked Sensor Systems，ASWAN2004,234-239.
[57] Sorabh Gandhi，John Hershberger，Subhash Suri。Approximate Isocontours andSpatial Summaries for Sensor Networks. in Proc.6th Internat. Symposium onInformation Processing in Sensor Networks,2007.400-409.
[58] Rik Sarkar, Xianjin Zhu, Jie Gao, Leonidas J. Guibas, Joseph S. B.Mitchell. Iso-Contour Queries and Gradient Descent with Guaranteed Deliveryin Sensor Networks. To appear in27th Annual IEEE Conference on ComputerCommunications (INFOCOM'08), May,2008.960-967.
[59] Ignacio Solis and Katia Obraczka，Efficient Continuous Mapping in SensorNetworks Using Isolines,The Second Annual International Conference onMobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services.325–332.
[60] X. Meng, T. Nandagopal, L. Li and S. Lu,"Contour Maps: Monitoring andDiagnosis in Sensor Networks," Computer Networks,2006,24-29.
[61] Y. J. Zhao, R. Govindan and D. Estrin,"Residual Energy Scan for MonitoringSensor Networks," in Proceedings of WCNC,2002,356-362.
[62] W. Xue, Q. Luo, L. Chen and Y. Liu,"Contour Map Matching For EventDetection in Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD,2006,212-220.
[63] A. Silberstein,R. Braynard,and J.Yang. Constraint chaining: on energy-efficientcontinous monitoring in sensor networks. In Proc. of the2006ACM SIGMODIntl. Conf. on Management of Data,2006,157-168.
[64] Mo Li, Yunhao Liu,"Iso-Map: Energy-Efficient Contour Mapping in WirelessSensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,vol.22, no.5,2010,699-710.
[65] Jaehoon Jeong, Taehyun Hwang, Tian He, and David Du，MCTA-targettracking algorithm based on contour in wsn，INFOCOM2007.
[66]赵湘宁，无线传感器网络中地理信息路由算法的研究。中南大学，2008。
[67] J.N. Al-karaki and A.E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks: A Survey.
[68] C. Schurgers and M. B. Srivastava,“Energy Efficient Routing in WirelessSensor Networks”, in MILCOM Proceedings on Communications forNetwork-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force, McLean, VA,USA, October2001.
[69] WR Heinzelman, J Kulik, H Balakrishnan, Adaptive protocols for informationdissemination in wireless sensor networks. International Conference on MobileComputing and Networking Proceedings of the5th annual ACM/IEEEinternational conference on Mobile computing and networking174-185.
[70] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, JohnHeidemann, and Fabio Silva, Directed Diffusion for Wireless SensorNetworking. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking,11(1),2002,2-16.
[71] Petrovic D, Shah R C,Ramchandran K, et al. Data Funneling：Routing withAggregation and Compression for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. SensorNetwork Protocol and Applications (SNPA’03),2003,222-230.
[72] Ye Fan,Chen A, Lu Songwu, et al. A scalable solution to minimum costforwarding in large sensor networks [A]. The10thInternational Conference onComputer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)2001,304-309.
[73]彭伟,叶嘉.无线传感器网络平面路由协议综述,2006年全国第六届嵌入式系统学术年会论文集.249-254.
[74] Heinzelman W R, Chandrasan A, Balakrishnan H. Application-specificprotocol architecture for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[75] S. Lindsey and C.Raghavendra, PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensorinformation systems, IEEE Aerospace Conference, March2002,21-29.
[76] A. Manjeshwar, D.P.grawal. TEEN: a routing Protocol for enhanced efficientyin wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of15thparallel and DistributedProcessing Symposium,San Francisco, USA,IEEE Computer Society,2001:2009-2015.
[77] Al-Karaki J N and Kamal A E. Routing Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks; A Survey. IEEE Wireless Communications,2004,11(6):6-28.
[78] Seada K, Helmy A, Govindan R. On the Effect of Location Errors OnGeographic Face Routing in Sensor Networks[c]//Proc. InformationProcessoing in Sensor Networks2004:71-80.
[79] Aslam J, Bulter Z, Crespi V, and Cybenko G. Tracking a Moving Object with aBinary Sensor Network. Proc. ACM International Conference on EmbeddedNetworked Sensor Systems,2003:150-161.
[80] Heidemann J,Silva F and Intanagonwiwat C. Building Efficient Wirelss SensorNetworks with Low-Level Naming.Proc. ACM Symposium On OperatingSystems Principles,Chateau Lake Louise, Banff,Alberta,Canada,October,20-01,146-159.
[81]罗坤，王建新，赵湘宁，无线传感器网络的地理路由算法综述。计算机科学2008vol35No.1028－36。
[82] Karp B，Kung H T, GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wirelessnetworks, Proceedings of the6th annual international conference on Mobilecomputing and networking, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,2000，243-254.
[83] Kuhn F，wattenhofer R，zollinger A. Asymptotically optimal geometric mobilead-hoc routing∥Proceedings of the of the6th International WorkshoponDiscrete Agorithms and Methods for MobiIe Computing andCommnunacations (Dial-M)．ACM Press，September2002：24-33.
[84] Bose P，Morin P，Stojmenovic I，et a1．Routing with guaranteed Deliv-ery in ad hoc wireless networks．Wireless Networks，2001，7(6)：609-616.
[85] Kuhn F，Wattenhofer R，Zhang Yan，et al．Geometric ad hoc routing：Of theoryand practice//Proceedings of PODC2003．Boston：ACM Press，2003:63-72.
[86]田乐，谢东亮，任彪，张雷，程时端，无线传感器网络贪婪转发策略中的路由空洞问题，《电子与信息学报》，2007，29(12)。
[87]贺鹏，李建东，陈彦辉，等。基于Delaunay三角剖分的Ad Hoc网络路由算法。软件学报，2006:49-54。
[88] Fang Q，Gao J，Guibas L，et al GLIDER：Gradient landmark_based distributedrouting for sensor networks,Proc. of the24th Conference of the IEEEComunication Society(INFOCOM)．Volume1, March2005:339-350
[89] Fang Qing，Gao Jie，Guibas L J．Landmark-based Information Storage andRetrieval in Sensor Networks,Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE InternationalConference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),2006，110-119.
[90] Nguyen A，Milosavlijevic N，Fang Qing，et a1．Guibas．LandmarkSelection and Greedy Landrmark-descent Routing for sensor Networks,Proceedings of the26th Conference of the IEEE ConununicationSociety(INFOCOM).2007,120-128.
[91] Funke S, Milosavljevi’c N. Guaranteed-delivery Geographic Routing UnderUncertain Node Locations,Proceeding of the26thConference of the IEEECommunication Society (INFOCOM).2007,98-105.
[92] Yu Y,Estrin D,Govindan R.Geographical and energy-aware routing; Arecursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R].UCLAComputer Science Department,2001,234-245.
[93] Pei Huang, Hongyang Chen, Guoliang Xing, Yongdong Tan. SGF-A a statefree gradent-based forwarding protocol fir wireless sensor networks. ACMTransaction on Sensor Networks(TOSN),Volume5, issue2,2009,244-251.
[94] F. Ye, G. Zhong, S. Lu, and L. Zhang,“GRAdient broadcast: a robust datadelivery protocol for large scale sensor networks,” ACM Wireless Networks,2005, vol.11, no.3, pp.285–298.
[95] Lovell B C, Biswas S. Bezier and splines in image processing and machinevision. Berlin, Germany: Springer,2008.
[96]孙家广.计算机图形学.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,410-413.
[97]李善仓,傅鹏,张德运.无线传感器网络中的分布式定位方法.西按交通大学学报,2007,41(12):1418-1422.
[98] M.Sarfraz,M.A.Khan. Automatic outline capture of Arabic fonts.Volume140,Issue3, Special issue: Software engineering: System and tools,2002,269-281.
[99] Koichi Itoh And and Koichi Itoh and Yoshio Ohno.A curve fitting algorithmfor character fonts, Electronic Publishing63(1993),195–198.
[100] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser. Embedding the internet: wirelessintegrated network sensors. Communications of the ACM,43(5):200051–58.
[101] The Network Simulator–ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns,2009-09-01.
[102] Cubic function: Cardano.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_function.
[103]王缉华，曲面构造法自动生成等值线，冶金地质动态.1998,Volume2,4-7.
[104] Karl H., Willig A. Protocols and architectures for wireless sensor networks.England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd,2005.
[105] K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie,"Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensornetwork", IEEE Personal Communications,2000, Volume7, Issue5,16-27.
[106] Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, The cougar approach to in-network query processing insensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September2002,210-216.
[107] M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, Scalable Information-Driven SensorQuerying and Routing for ad hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," TheInternational Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,2002Vol.16, No.3,37-42,.
[108] F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu, L. Zhang, A Two-tier data dissemination modelfor large-scale wireless sensor networks",proceedings of ACM/IEEEMOBICOM,2002,40-46.
[109] L. Li, and J. Y. Halpern, Minimum-Energy Mobile Wireless NetworksRevisited", IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)2001.Vol.1,278-283.
[110] S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, P. Havinga, Trade-Off between TrafficOverhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks",WCNC Workshop, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March2003,189-194.
[111] Q. Fang, F. Zhao, and L. Guibas,\Lightweight Sensing and CommunicationProtocols for Target Enumeration and Aggregation", Proceedings of the4thACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing(MOBIHOC),2003,165-176.
[112] Rabiner, W., Chandrakasan, A., Balakrishnan, H.,“Energy-EfficientCommunication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” HawaiiInternational Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI,2000,10-19.
[113] Dattatreya, G.R., Kulkarni, S.S.,“Simulation of Adaptive StatisticallyMultiplexed Routing in Ad Hoc Networks,” WCNC’99, New Orleans, LA,1999,931-935,.
[114] Jai-jin Lim,Kang G.Shin,”Gradinet-Asending Routing via Footprints inWireless Sensor Networks,”rtss.26th IEEE International Real-Time SystemsSymposium (RTSS’05),2005,298-307.
[115] D. E. Vaillancourt, M. M. Sturman, L. Verhagen Metman, R. A.Bakay, and D.M. Corcos,"Deep brain stimulation of the VIM thalamic nucleus modifiesseveral features ofessential tremor," Neurology,2003, vol.61,919-925.
[116] Roozbeh Jafari, Ruzena Bajcsy, Steven Glaser, Bruce Gnade, Marco Sgroi,Shankar Sastry, Platform Design for Health-care Monitoring Applications,Joint Workshop on High Confidence Medical Devices, Software, andSystems(HCMDSS) and Medical Device Plug-and-Play (MD PnP)Interoperability,2007,210-218.
[117] Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Eric Guenterberg, Katherine Gilani, Roozbeh Jafari,Action Coverage Formulation for Power Optimization in Body SensorNetworks, ACM/IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference(ASP-DAC), January2008,62-70.
[118]诸燕平,黄大庆。基于线性规划的无线传感器网络定位算法,华中科技大学学报,2009(12),28-35。
[119]冯秀芳，曹美丽，孙超。无线传感器网络基于APIT的混合定位算法,微电子学与计算机，2009(06),61-69。
[120] Hui Qu;Stephen B Wicker.Codesigned anchorfree local-ization andlocation-based routing algorithmfor rapidly-deployed wireless sensor networks.InformationFusion,2007,9(3),425-439.
[121]程真;李腊元。一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络服务质量路由算法，上海交通大学学报，2010(03),39-45.
[122] Yao-Chung Chang;Zhi-Sheng Lin;and Jiann-Liang Chen.Cluster Based Self-Organization Management Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10651/33618/01598439.pdf?arnumber=1598439.
[123] Zheng Jing;LU Xi-Cheng;WANG Yi-Jie.A clustering-Based Data ReplicationAlgorithm in Mobile Ad Hoe Networks for Improving Data Availability[J].Journal of Software,2005,16(8):1474-1483.
[124] Nardone S C, Lindgren A G, Gong K F.Fundamental properties and performance of conventional bearings-only target motion analysis.IEEE Transactions onAutomatic Control,1984,29(9):775-787.
[125] Chu,;Haussecker H;Zhao F.Scalable information-driven sensor querying and routing for ad hoc heterogeneous sensor networks[J].The Int’l Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,2002,16(3):293-313.
[126] Gedik B., Liu L., Yu P. S. ASAP: An adaptive sampling approach to datacollection in sensor networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and DistributedSystems,2007, V18(12):1766-1783
[127] Cao Q., Abdelzaher T., He T., et al. Cluster-based forwarding for reliableend-to-end delivery in wireless sensor networks [A]. The26th IEEEInternational Conference on Computer Communications (Infocom)[C].Piscataway: IEEE,2007:6-12.
[128] Zhao J., Govindan R. Understanding packet delivery performance in densewireless sensor networks. The1st International Conference on EmbeddedNetworked Sensor Systems. Piscataway: IEEE,2003:1-13
[129] Oshman Y,Davidson P.Optimization of observer trajectories for bearings-only target localization.IEEE Trans on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1999,35:892-902.
[130] Ye F., Chen A., Lu S. W., et al. A scalable solution to minimum costforwarding in large sensor networks. The10thInternational Conference onComputer Communications and Networks (ICCCN). Piscataway: IEEE,2001:304-309.
[131] TinyOS Homepage, http://www.tinyos.net,2009-09-01.
[132] Deb B., Bhatnagar S., Nath B. Reinform: reliable information forwarding usingmulitple paths in sensor networks. The28th IEEE International Conference onLocal Computer Networks (LCN). Piscataway: IEEE,2003:406-415.
[133] R. Stoleru, T. He, J. A. Stankovic and D. Luebke,"High-Accuracy, Low-CostLocalization System for Wireless Sensor Network" in Proceedings of ACMSenSys,2005.
[134] J. Polastre, J. Hill and D. Culler,"Versatile Low Power Media Access forWireless Sensor Networks" in Proceedings of ACM SenSys,2004,321-329.
[135] A. Woo, T. Tong and D. Culler,"Taming the Underlying challenges of ReliableMultihop Routing in Sensor Networks" in Proceedings of ACM SenSys,2003,222-230.
[136] M. Li and Y. Liu,"Underground Structure Monitoring with Wireless SensorNetworks[C]" in Proceedings of IPSN,2007,21-29.
[137]杨靖,陈树.熊伟丽,徐保国。一种基于分簇及蚁群算法的分布式能量高效路由算法。系统仿真学报，2009(23)，。
[138] Gunes M;Sorges U;Bouazizi I.ARA-the ant-colony based routing algorithm forMANETs.Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops(ICPPW02).Vancouver,BC,Canada.USA:IEEE Computer Society,2002:79-85.
[139] Se-young Lee;Hyeong Soo Chang.An ant system based multicasting in mobileAd Hoc network.Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.IEEE Press,2005,2:1583-1588.
[140]罗红，无线传感器网络数据汇聚路由问题的研究。北京邮电大学，2008。
[141]于振华;刘宇;纪明;蔡远利。无线传感器网络中一种能量高效的分布式分簇算法，控制与决策，2009（09）,13－16.
[142] WR Heinzel man;A Chandrakasan;H Balakrishnan.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor net-works.The33rd Hawaii Int’l Conf on System Sciences.2000,175-181.
[143] Handy, M.J.;Haase, M.;Timmermann, D.Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection.Mobile and Wireless Communications Network2002,368-372.
[144]朱兴国,李士宁,谷建华,刘刚,李雪。EERP:一种能源有效的无线传感器网络路由协议[J]，微电子学与计算机，2007(08),30-25.
[145]朱剑,赵海,孙佩刚,毕远国.基于RSSI均值的等边三角形定位算法[J],东北大学学报，2007（08）,26-31.
[146] IEEE.wireless medium access control(MAC)and physical layer(PHY)specifications for low-ratewireless personal area networks(LR-WPANs).IEEE Std802.15.4.NewYork:IEEE Press,2003:
[147] Bahl P,Padmanabhan V N.RADAR:an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system.Proceeding of theIEEE INFOCOM,2000.New York:IEEE Computer andCommunications Society,2000:775-784.
[148] Niculescu D;Nath B.Ad hoc positioning system(APS)usingAoA.Proceedings ofthe IEEE INFOCOM,2003.NewYork:IEEE Computer and Communications Society,2003:1734-1743.
[149]殷新春,徐力杰。WSN中一种基于数据融合的能量高效分簇路由协议，微电子学与计算机。2007（09）45－51。
[150] Ye M,;Li CF;Chen GH,et al.EECS:an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks[C].Proc.of the IEEE Int’l Performance Computing and Communi-cations Conf.New York:IEEE Press,2005:535-540.
[151] Cam H;Ozdemir S;Nair P,et al.ESPDA:energy effici ent and secure pattern based data aggregation for wireless sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the SecondIEEE Con-ference on Sensors.New York:IEEE Societyress,2003:732-736.
[152] Younis O;Fahmy S.Heed:a hybrid,energy-efficient,distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans.On Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):660-669.
[153]姚仲欢;王高才;孙野;邱军林.传感器网络中基于最短路径树的低延时节能路由算法,微电子学与计算机，2007（09）57－62.
[154]李秉智;赵娜。基于无线传感器网络的LEACH算法的改进，微计算机信息，2007（22）,30-36。
[155] Younis O,Fahmy S.HEED:a hybrid,energy-eficient,distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor network[J]s.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.2004,3(4):366-379.
[156] Jichuan Zhao;Ahmet T.Erdogan.”A Novel Self-organizing Hybrid Network Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”[C].IEEE.Proceedings of the First NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems.2006,333-338.
[157]薛锋;刘忠;曲毅.无线传感器网络中的分布式目标被动跟踪算法[J],系统仿真学报，2007(15),67-73。
[158] Wendi B Heinzelman;Anantha P Chandrakasan;Hari Balakrish-nan.An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks[J].IEEE Trans on Wireless Comm,2002:1-4.
[159] Jane Y Yu;and Peter H.J.Chong.A Survey of Clustering Schemes for Ad HocNetworks.IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials,2000,7(1):32-48.
[160] Ioan Raicu;Loren Schwiebet,etc.e3D:An Energy-Efficient Rout-ing Algorithmfor Wireless Sensor Networks.International Confer-ence on Communications.2002.
[161] He T;Krishnamurthy S;Luo L,et al.An integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance.ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks,2006(1):1-38.
[162] Cao Q;Avdelazaher T;He T.Towards optimal sleep scheduling in sensor networks for rare event detection.IPSN’05.Los Angeles,California.2005:17-24.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |