大青沟国家级自然保护区旅游生态学研究
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摘要
内蒙古大青沟国家级自然保护区地处干旱半干旱科尔沁沙地腹地,以北方珍贵阔叶林生态系统为保护对象,有“沙地明珠”之称。该保护区的主要矛盾是生态脆弱与生态旅游之间的矛盾,所以对该保护区的生态脆弱性评价及其旅游生态进行研究十分必要,对保护区脆弱生态保护和日益兴旺的生态旅游具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。
本文在对国内外生态旅游研究全面综述的基础上,对该保护区特点和已开展的研究进行了系统阐述。从保护区旅游生态基质背景研究入手,对保护区旅游生态脆弱性进行了系统诊断,进而对保护区的旅游生态评价开展了研究,最后,对保护区的旅游生态进行了应用设计。结论如下：
(1)土壤养分分析表明,有机质、全氮、全磷含量谷底林下>谷坡林下>谷外林下>谷外灌丘>谷外草丘>谷外裸丘,谷底林下有机质、全氮、全磷含量是谷外裸丘的20-60倍。该保护区土壤缺泛有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮,表现为土壤土壤养分生态的脆弱性。
(2)保护区大、小青沟沟内分布植物444种,占总种数(709种)的63%,沟内单位面积分布植物种群数量为56种/km2；沟外单位面积分布植物种群数量为4种／km2。可见,沟内植物种类多,其种群密度远远高于沟外,说明沟内生境质量优于沟外。
(3)在沟底生境中分布的水生植物和湿生植物(草甸湿地、水边沼泽、水中)总计有196种,占总种数的28%。可见该保护区湿地生境的重要性。该保护区保护了湿地,湿地的存在改善了保护区的生态质量。
(4)该保护区绝大多数植物种只分布于特定的某一种生境,说明保护区生境异质性程度高、连通性程度低,植物种群布分呈团块聚集型,种群扩散受生境屏障限制。该保护区面积较小,各生境斑块面积相对更小,从而影响到生境斑块上的植物种群数量低,这种局势就形成了保护区生境与植物种群的高度脆弱性,一旦某一生境及其分布的植物种群遭到破坏,很容易消失且难以恢复,并影响到其它生境和植物种群,产生恶性退化连锁反应。
(5)该保护区地被物特征平均值表明,草本高度和盖度、凋落物厚度和盖度、土壤腐殖层厚与典型干旱草原相似,特别是凋落物层和腐殖质层很薄,沟内坡度陡,风蚀、水蚀或践踏后很容易破坏地被,使沙层裸露产生流沙。所以,该保护区的地被物较脆弱,应在开发中注意保护,防止风蚀、水蚀或践踏。
(6)大青沟旅游践踏实验表明,在谷坡地段,下坡践踏破坏程度重于上坡践踏,下坡践踏破坏面积是上坡践踏的1.5-2倍,下坡践踏破坏深度是上坡践踏的2-4倍。旅游对植物的践踏、辗压、移除冲击很大,调查数据显示,旅游践踏造成林下植物种类、高度、密度、盖度、凋落物和更新等林下植被指标降低40-100%。
(7)通过分析,在大青沟保护区,干旱、风大、降雨集中且强度大、植被覆盖率低、坡度陡、沙土容重大结构差、土壤抗蚀能力弱是产生土壤水蚀的内在因素,而旅游践踏外因更进一步加剧了土壤风蚀和水蚀的程度和过程。从而引起土壤养分的流失、土地的生产力被破坏、易形成溯源侵蚀、植被发育和生长受阻,进一步加剧了土壤和植被的生态脆弱性。
(8)研究发现,小叶锦鸡儿固沙对提高氮含量的影响是差巴嘎蒿、山杏的1.5-2倍。所以,为保护大青沟和小青沟防止沙埋,在保护区外围应大量种植小叶锦鸡儿。提出了沟头沟尾防治防护法、种植固沙能力强且可以提高土壤养分的植物、实施乔灌木配植、提高植被的盖度、充分利用根系发达的植物、沙袋草方防治法、加大植被盖度、防护泉眼、控制旅游、旅游栈道防护等保护对策和措施。
(9)通过旅游对土壤、植物、野生动物、水体等八个方面直接冲击进行整体性考察试验,结果表明,旅游践踏减少雨水渗透,增加径流量,使土壤空隙变小、物理化学性质改变,进入植物根部的水和空气减少,阻碍植物吸收水分和营养,影响植物正常生长,减少土壤微生物的生存空间,因而使物质的分解与循环受阻,改变土壤层生物组成,尤其是微生物组成,影响土壤层内自然进行的各种反应,土壤变硬,容易粒状化,加上风和水等自然力的催化作用,将加速土壤侵蚀作用。
(10)本文针对大青沟保护区目前存在的旅游生态问题进行了脆弱性系统诊断,目的是理清脆弱性影响途径,为保护区改善旅游生态提供解决脆弱性问题思路。通过系统诊断,大青沟保护区旅游生态脆弱性问题系统可划分为6个问题子系统,分别是种群面积限制问题子系统、规划管理控制问题子系统、自然地理限制问题子系统、次生灾害过程问题子系统、控制对象过程问题子系统、控制效果现象问题子系统。
(11)系统诊断查明该保护区旅游生态系统脆弱性程度高主要表现为抵抗灾害性能差、物种扩散能力低、系统生产代谢能力低、系统可恢复性能差等四方面。
(12)系统诊断确诊该保护区的规划管理控制子系统中的问题是控制保护区脆弱性的根子层问题,是解决控制对象过程子系统中各个问题的关键,其中景区保育力度和游客生态教育是解决保护区旅游生态脆弱问题的基本点。
(13)诊断表明,保护区的更新、演替和生长不良是该脆弱生态系统的中心问题,它影响系统脆弱性的物种扩散能力、系统生产代谢能力和系统可恢复性能等三方面,它是过程子系统和效果子系统的中心节点,在保护区经营保育和生态旅游管理中一定要抓住这个中心环节。
(14)大青沟旅游生态系统评价研究表明,保护区栈道旅游方式,其游客日流动量为4000人,年游客容量控制在36万人以下为宜。需要加强保护区外围保护措施,防止流沙风蚀进入保护区沟内。
(15)大青沟保护区综合生态评价研究表明,其植物物种多样性和生态系统地理分布稀有性为主要的保护生态要素,各要素重要值排序为：多样性>稀有性>代表性>稳定性=人类干扰>自然性>面积适宜性。该保护区总体评价为84分,保护区景观生态要素处于良好状态。综合生态评价指数为0.725,生态旅游资源开发潜力评价为81.5分。结果显示,该保护区旅游生态要素处于良好状态,可以开发生态旅游,但微观生态要素脆弱,必须走保护式生态旅游途径。
(16)该保护区具有较好的美学观赏性、资源奇特性、科学考察性和历史文化性。生态旅游开发所涉及的区位条件、客源条件、自然环境条件和经济环境条件较好。对大青沟旅游生态系统进行了应用设计。
The Daqinggou State Natural Reserve in Inner Mongolia lies in the center of the arid and half-arid Kerqin Desert where the precious broad leaved forest in north China is preserved, being nicknamed the Pearl in the Desert. More and more tourists are attracted to this Reserve, threatening the fragile eco-system. It is considered critically important and necessary to evaluate the fragility of the eco-system and the development of the tourism in order to obtain guidelines and principles between the fragile eco-system and the fast development of the tourism.
According to the research on the ecology tourism both domestically and abroad, a detailed study on the Reserve and a systematical analysis of the ecology fragility have been conducted. The evaluation of the eco-tourism has been made in order to design the eco-tourism in the Reserve.
(1) The status of the soil in the Reserve, soil organic matters, total nitrogen, phosphorus in the bottom of the valley) valley slope forest) the forest outside of the valley) bushes hills outside of the valley) grass hills outside of the valley) barren hills.The total nitrogen, phosphorus in the forest at the bottom of the valley is about20to60times than those barren hills outside of the valley. The soil in the Reserve contains less organic matters, total nitrogen, phosphorus and rapid available nitrogen. The soil nutrients are not stable.
(2)444plants grow in the Daqjing Valley and The xiaoqing Valley, amounting to63%of the flora in the Reserve. In the valley there exist56kinds of plants per square km on average. But outside of the valley there grow only4kinds of plants. It indicates that the surroundings for plants growth in the valley are much better than those outside of the valley.
(3) There are196kinds of aquatic plants and bog plants at the bottom of the valley in the wet grassland, marsh and water, taking up28of the total number. The protection of the wet land plays a key role in the quality of the environment for the plants.
(4) It can be noted that most plants grow only at particular growing locations. This indicates the great differences of the growing environment in the Reserves. There exists little connection between different growing environments. The growing spots are small relatively so there grow fewer kinds of plants on each spot. The ecological fragility was caused in this way. Once the enviroment and the flora damaged, it would be difficult to restore and would influence the other plants. A chain of environment would start.
(5) The average trait value of the ground cover illustrates that the thickness and coverage of the herbage, the height and the coverage of the litter, the humas thickness of the soil are all the same as those of the typical arid grassland. The layers of litter and humas are narrow. The slopes are sharp. Wind erosion, water erosion or human stepping will destruct the ground cover, the sand will become shifting sand. Protection of the fragile plants in the area is vital in the development. Wind erosion, water erosion and travellers' stepping have to be avoided.
(6) The tourism experimental results show that on the down slope section of the valley, the downhill is trampled much heavier than the uphill. The down slope trampled area is1.5or2times larger than the up slope. Travelers'stepping on the plant seriously rolls and move the plants with great force. Survey figures showed that tourism trample reduced up to40%to100%of the growth of plant species, height, density, coverage, litter and updating in the forest.
(7) Through the analysis, in the Reserve, drought, strong wind are commonplace. The rainfall concentrates in certain time in large amount. The ground cover is thin, the slopes are steep, the sand structure is not stable, the soil is easy to be destroyed, all the above will increase the degree and speed of the soil wind and water erosion. The nutrition of the soil decreases and the production of the soil have been influenced. The soil erosion resistance is weak, ability produce the internal factors of water erosion of soil, But the travel trample on the external cause further exacerbated the wind erosion and the degree of water erosion and process. Thus cause the loss of soil nutrient, land productivity is destroyed, easy to form the traceability erosion, vegetation development and the growth suffocate suffocate, further intensifies the soil and vegetation ecological vulnerability.
(8) Research reveals that Caragana microphylla Lam is capable of improving nitrogen content to such extent the it is1.5to2times more effective than Artemisia halodendron and wild apricot. To prevent the Daqinggou and the Xiaoqinggou from being buried by sand, an enormous amount of xiaoyujinj have been planted around the Reserve. Arbor and bushes are planted in the mixed intervened way in order to increase the ground cover. The roots of these plants will protect the vulnerable soil from being washed away. Sand bags, grass blocks and tourist plank roads will improve the plant cover.
(9) Through the investigation and observation of the direct impact of tourism on soil, plant, wildlife and water in eight aspects, the results show the tourists' trampling reduces the gaps of the soil and the rain absorption but increases runoff. It also reduces the amount of water and air coming into the roots of the plants. It makes it difficult for the plants to take in nutrition and water. The microbes can not live in the soil. The decomposing and recycling of the plants are obstructed. The microbes in the soil has been changed negatively and the different reactions is influenced. The soil is hardened. The granular wind and water bodies such as the catalysis of soil erosion will accelerate.
(10) In this paper the existing tourism ecological vulnerability has been diagnosed. The purpose is to clear diagnosis system vulnerability processes and to offer solutions to improving the vulnerability problems in the Reserve. Through the system, the diagnosis of the tourism ecological vulnerability system can be divided into six problem subsystems, respectively, restricted area population problem subsystem, planning and management control subsystem, natural geographical limit problem subsystem, secondary disasters process problems subsystem, the control object process problems subsystem, the control effect phenomenon problem subsystem.
(11) It has been found out by the Reserve system diagnostic tourism ecological system that the high vulnerability degree mainly can be classified into the following four categories, the worse performance in the resistance to disasters, low species diffusion capacity, low production ability, low metabolism and the slim possibility of system restoration.
(12) The reserve diagnosis system confirms that the diagnosis of the management control subsystem of the problem indicates that the fundamental control of the reserve vulnerability is to solve the key problem of each subsystem, including conservation efforts and tourist ecological education.
(13) The diagnosis system shows that the renovation, succession and the bad growth is the center of a weak ecological system. It includes the vulnerability of the system, system spread species ability, production ability to metabolize and the system restoration performance. It is the node of the process subsystem and the effect subsystems of conservation. The ecological tourism business reserve management must seize the central node.
(14) The evaluation research on Daqinggou Valley tourism ecological system shows if a planked pathway is paved for the traveling tourists, and4000tourists per day as a control number, the annual tourist capacity should be controlled within480,000. According to the measurement of its seed bank characteristics of Daqinggou Valley, this existing protection area can satisfy the ecological system protection needs. However, we need to take the protective measures to strengthen the protection of its outer areas. Planting cloisonne, the drought tolerance sand-fixation plant, is sure to prevent both quicksand and wind erosion from grooving into the protection area.
(15) The comprehensive ecological evaluation study shows that the plant species diversity (PI) and ecological system distribution eco-system (mp4) for the protection are the main ecological elements. The elements can be placed in the following order according to the importance value:variety (P1)(mp4)>> eco-system representative (P2)> stability (at)=human interference (what do> natural (P3)> area suitability (system). The reserve landscape ecological elements are in good condition. Reserve overall evaluation is79points, the comprehensive ecological index is0.725, the ecological tourism resources development potential evaluation of81.5points. The results show that the reserve macro ecological elements are in good condition and it is feasible to develop ecological tourism, but micro ecological system is in a weak state. The ecological protection tourism type should be adoped.
(16) In this paper, the ecological tourism system application has been designed. The Reserve has good aesthetic appreciation value, peculiar resources, scientific survey value and history culture. Ecological tourism development involves the good location, natural environment and economic environment conditions.
本文在对国内外生态旅游研究全面综述的基础上,对该保护区特点和已开展的研究进行了系统阐述。从保护区旅游生态基质背景研究入手,对保护区旅游生态脆弱性进行了系统诊断,进而对保护区的旅游生态评价开展了研究,最后,对保护区的旅游生态进行了应用设计。结论如下：
(1)土壤养分分析表明,有机质、全氮、全磷含量谷底林下>谷坡林下>谷外林下>谷外灌丘>谷外草丘>谷外裸丘,谷底林下有机质、全氮、全磷含量是谷外裸丘的20-60倍。该保护区土壤缺泛有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮,表现为土壤土壤养分生态的脆弱性。
(2)保护区大、小青沟沟内分布植物444种,占总种数(709种)的63%,沟内单位面积分布植物种群数量为56种/km2；沟外单位面积分布植物种群数量为4种／km2。可见,沟内植物种类多,其种群密度远远高于沟外,说明沟内生境质量优于沟外。
(3)在沟底生境中分布的水生植物和湿生植物(草甸湿地、水边沼泽、水中)总计有196种,占总种数的28%。可见该保护区湿地生境的重要性。该保护区保护了湿地,湿地的存在改善了保护区的生态质量。
(4)该保护区绝大多数植物种只分布于特定的某一种生境,说明保护区生境异质性程度高、连通性程度低,植物种群布分呈团块聚集型,种群扩散受生境屏障限制。该保护区面积较小,各生境斑块面积相对更小,从而影响到生境斑块上的植物种群数量低,这种局势就形成了保护区生境与植物种群的高度脆弱性,一旦某一生境及其分布的植物种群遭到破坏,很容易消失且难以恢复,并影响到其它生境和植物种群,产生恶性退化连锁反应。
(5)该保护区地被物特征平均值表明,草本高度和盖度、凋落物厚度和盖度、土壤腐殖层厚与典型干旱草原相似,特别是凋落物层和腐殖质层很薄,沟内坡度陡,风蚀、水蚀或践踏后很容易破坏地被,使沙层裸露产生流沙。所以,该保护区的地被物较脆弱,应在开发中注意保护,防止风蚀、水蚀或践踏。
(6)大青沟旅游践踏实验表明,在谷坡地段,下坡践踏破坏程度重于上坡践踏,下坡践踏破坏面积是上坡践踏的1.5-2倍,下坡践踏破坏深度是上坡践踏的2-4倍。旅游对植物的践踏、辗压、移除冲击很大,调查数据显示,旅游践踏造成林下植物种类、高度、密度、盖度、凋落物和更新等林下植被指标降低40-100%。
(7)通过分析,在大青沟保护区,干旱、风大、降雨集中且强度大、植被覆盖率低、坡度陡、沙土容重大结构差、土壤抗蚀能力弱是产生土壤水蚀的内在因素,而旅游践踏外因更进一步加剧了土壤风蚀和水蚀的程度和过程。从而引起土壤养分的流失、土地的生产力被破坏、易形成溯源侵蚀、植被发育和生长受阻,进一步加剧了土壤和植被的生态脆弱性。
(8)研究发现,小叶锦鸡儿固沙对提高氮含量的影响是差巴嘎蒿、山杏的1.5-2倍。所以,为保护大青沟和小青沟防止沙埋,在保护区外围应大量种植小叶锦鸡儿。提出了沟头沟尾防治防护法、种植固沙能力强且可以提高土壤养分的植物、实施乔灌木配植、提高植被的盖度、充分利用根系发达的植物、沙袋草方防治法、加大植被盖度、防护泉眼、控制旅游、旅游栈道防护等保护对策和措施。
(9)通过旅游对土壤、植物、野生动物、水体等八个方面直接冲击进行整体性考察试验,结果表明,旅游践踏减少雨水渗透,增加径流量,使土壤空隙变小、物理化学性质改变,进入植物根部的水和空气减少,阻碍植物吸收水分和营养,影响植物正常生长,减少土壤微生物的生存空间,因而使物质的分解与循环受阻,改变土壤层生物组成,尤其是微生物组成,影响土壤层内自然进行的各种反应,土壤变硬,容易粒状化,加上风和水等自然力的催化作用,将加速土壤侵蚀作用。
(10)本文针对大青沟保护区目前存在的旅游生态问题进行了脆弱性系统诊断,目的是理清脆弱性影响途径,为保护区改善旅游生态提供解决脆弱性问题思路。通过系统诊断,大青沟保护区旅游生态脆弱性问题系统可划分为6个问题子系统,分别是种群面积限制问题子系统、规划管理控制问题子系统、自然地理限制问题子系统、次生灾害过程问题子系统、控制对象过程问题子系统、控制效果现象问题子系统。
(11)系统诊断查明该保护区旅游生态系统脆弱性程度高主要表现为抵抗灾害性能差、物种扩散能力低、系统生产代谢能力低、系统可恢复性能差等四方面。
(12)系统诊断确诊该保护区的规划管理控制子系统中的问题是控制保护区脆弱性的根子层问题,是解决控制对象过程子系统中各个问题的关键,其中景区保育力度和游客生态教育是解决保护区旅游生态脆弱问题的基本点。
(13)诊断表明,保护区的更新、演替和生长不良是该脆弱生态系统的中心问题,它影响系统脆弱性的物种扩散能力、系统生产代谢能力和系统可恢复性能等三方面,它是过程子系统和效果子系统的中心节点,在保护区经营保育和生态旅游管理中一定要抓住这个中心环节。
(14)大青沟旅游生态系统评价研究表明,保护区栈道旅游方式,其游客日流动量为4000人,年游客容量控制在36万人以下为宜。需要加强保护区外围保护措施,防止流沙风蚀进入保护区沟内。
(15)大青沟保护区综合生态评价研究表明,其植物物种多样性和生态系统地理分布稀有性为主要的保护生态要素,各要素重要值排序为：多样性>稀有性>代表性>稳定性=人类干扰>自然性>面积适宜性。该保护区总体评价为84分,保护区景观生态要素处于良好状态。综合生态评价指数为0.725,生态旅游资源开发潜力评价为81.5分。结果显示,该保护区旅游生态要素处于良好状态,可以开发生态旅游,但微观生态要素脆弱,必须走保护式生态旅游途径。
(16)该保护区具有较好的美学观赏性、资源奇特性、科学考察性和历史文化性。生态旅游开发所涉及的区位条件、客源条件、自然环境条件和经济环境条件较好。对大青沟旅游生态系统进行了应用设计。
The Daqinggou State Natural Reserve in Inner Mongolia lies in the center of the arid and half-arid Kerqin Desert where the precious broad leaved forest in north China is preserved, being nicknamed the Pearl in the Desert. More and more tourists are attracted to this Reserve, threatening the fragile eco-system. It is considered critically important and necessary to evaluate the fragility of the eco-system and the development of the tourism in order to obtain guidelines and principles between the fragile eco-system and the fast development of the tourism.
According to the research on the ecology tourism both domestically and abroad, a detailed study on the Reserve and a systematical analysis of the ecology fragility have been conducted. The evaluation of the eco-tourism has been made in order to design the eco-tourism in the Reserve.
(1) The status of the soil in the Reserve, soil organic matters, total nitrogen, phosphorus in the bottom of the valley) valley slope forest) the forest outside of the valley) bushes hills outside of the valley) grass hills outside of the valley) barren hills.The total nitrogen, phosphorus in the forest at the bottom of the valley is about20to60times than those barren hills outside of the valley. The soil in the Reserve contains less organic matters, total nitrogen, phosphorus and rapid available nitrogen. The soil nutrients are not stable.
(2)444plants grow in the Daqjing Valley and The xiaoqing Valley, amounting to63%of the flora in the Reserve. In the valley there exist56kinds of plants per square km on average. But outside of the valley there grow only4kinds of plants. It indicates that the surroundings for plants growth in the valley are much better than those outside of the valley.
(3) There are196kinds of aquatic plants and bog plants at the bottom of the valley in the wet grassland, marsh and water, taking up28of the total number. The protection of the wet land plays a key role in the quality of the environment for the plants.
(4) It can be noted that most plants grow only at particular growing locations. This indicates the great differences of the growing environment in the Reserves. There exists little connection between different growing environments. The growing spots are small relatively so there grow fewer kinds of plants on each spot. The ecological fragility was caused in this way. Once the enviroment and the flora damaged, it would be difficult to restore and would influence the other plants. A chain of environment would start.
(5) The average trait value of the ground cover illustrates that the thickness and coverage of the herbage, the height and the coverage of the litter, the humas thickness of the soil are all the same as those of the typical arid grassland. The layers of litter and humas are narrow. The slopes are sharp. Wind erosion, water erosion or human stepping will destruct the ground cover, the sand will become shifting sand. Protection of the fragile plants in the area is vital in the development. Wind erosion, water erosion and travellers' stepping have to be avoided.
(6) The tourism experimental results show that on the down slope section of the valley, the downhill is trampled much heavier than the uphill. The down slope trampled area is1.5or2times larger than the up slope. Travelers'stepping on the plant seriously rolls and move the plants with great force. Survey figures showed that tourism trample reduced up to40%to100%of the growth of plant species, height, density, coverage, litter and updating in the forest.
(7) Through the analysis, in the Reserve, drought, strong wind are commonplace. The rainfall concentrates in certain time in large amount. The ground cover is thin, the slopes are steep, the sand structure is not stable, the soil is easy to be destroyed, all the above will increase the degree and speed of the soil wind and water erosion. The nutrition of the soil decreases and the production of the soil have been influenced. The soil erosion resistance is weak, ability produce the internal factors of water erosion of soil, But the travel trample on the external cause further exacerbated the wind erosion and the degree of water erosion and process. Thus cause the loss of soil nutrient, land productivity is destroyed, easy to form the traceability erosion, vegetation development and the growth suffocate suffocate, further intensifies the soil and vegetation ecological vulnerability.
(8) Research reveals that Caragana microphylla Lam is capable of improving nitrogen content to such extent the it is1.5to2times more effective than Artemisia halodendron and wild apricot. To prevent the Daqinggou and the Xiaoqinggou from being buried by sand, an enormous amount of xiaoyujinj have been planted around the Reserve. Arbor and bushes are planted in the mixed intervened way in order to increase the ground cover. The roots of these plants will protect the vulnerable soil from being washed away. Sand bags, grass blocks and tourist plank roads will improve the plant cover.
(9) Through the investigation and observation of the direct impact of tourism on soil, plant, wildlife and water in eight aspects, the results show the tourists' trampling reduces the gaps of the soil and the rain absorption but increases runoff. It also reduces the amount of water and air coming into the roots of the plants. It makes it difficult for the plants to take in nutrition and water. The microbes can not live in the soil. The decomposing and recycling of the plants are obstructed. The microbes in the soil has been changed negatively and the different reactions is influenced. The soil is hardened. The granular wind and water bodies such as the catalysis of soil erosion will accelerate.
(10) In this paper the existing tourism ecological vulnerability has been diagnosed. The purpose is to clear diagnosis system vulnerability processes and to offer solutions to improving the vulnerability problems in the Reserve. Through the system, the diagnosis of the tourism ecological vulnerability system can be divided into six problem subsystems, respectively, restricted area population problem subsystem, planning and management control subsystem, natural geographical limit problem subsystem, secondary disasters process problems subsystem, the control object process problems subsystem, the control effect phenomenon problem subsystem.
(11) It has been found out by the Reserve system diagnostic tourism ecological system that the high vulnerability degree mainly can be classified into the following four categories, the worse performance in the resistance to disasters, low species diffusion capacity, low production ability, low metabolism and the slim possibility of system restoration.
(12) The reserve diagnosis system confirms that the diagnosis of the management control subsystem of the problem indicates that the fundamental control of the reserve vulnerability is to solve the key problem of each subsystem, including conservation efforts and tourist ecological education.
(13) The diagnosis system shows that the renovation, succession and the bad growth is the center of a weak ecological system. It includes the vulnerability of the system, system spread species ability, production ability to metabolize and the system restoration performance. It is the node of the process subsystem and the effect subsystems of conservation. The ecological tourism business reserve management must seize the central node.
(14) The evaluation research on Daqinggou Valley tourism ecological system shows if a planked pathway is paved for the traveling tourists, and4000tourists per day as a control number, the annual tourist capacity should be controlled within480,000. According to the measurement of its seed bank characteristics of Daqinggou Valley, this existing protection area can satisfy the ecological system protection needs. However, we need to take the protective measures to strengthen the protection of its outer areas. Planting cloisonne, the drought tolerance sand-fixation plant, is sure to prevent both quicksand and wind erosion from grooving into the protection area.
(15) The comprehensive ecological evaluation study shows that the plant species diversity (PI) and ecological system distribution eco-system (mp4) for the protection are the main ecological elements. The elements can be placed in the following order according to the importance value:variety (P1)(mp4)>> eco-system representative (P2)> stability (at)=human interference (what do> natural (P3)> area suitability (system). The reserve landscape ecological elements are in good condition. Reserve overall evaluation is79points, the comprehensive ecological index is0.725, the ecological tourism resources development potential evaluation of81.5points. The results show that the reserve macro ecological elements are in good condition and it is feasible to develop ecological tourism, but micro ecological system is in a weak state. The ecological protection tourism type should be adoped.
(16) In this paper, the ecological tourism system application has been designed. The Reserve has good aesthetic appreciation value, peculiar resources, scientific survey value and history culture. Ecological tourism development involves the good location, natural environment and economic environment conditions.
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