北京山区典型小流域土地利用/森林覆被变化的水文生态响应研究
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摘要
由于气候变化和人类活动的影响,北京地区面临着水资源短缺和水土流失严重等生态问题,北京山区作为北京市的重要生态屏障,在涵养水源和保持水土资源等方面起到非常重要的作用,但是由于山区水源涵养林不合理的配置结构阻碍了当地水源涵养林生态功能的发挥。为了进一步了解森林植被对水资源的调控作用,本论文结合国家“十二五”林业公益性行业科研专项“典型森林植被对水资源形成过程的调控研究”,选择北京山区典型小流域半城子和红门川流域为研究对象,通过两个流域土地利用变化和降水径流变化的趋势分析,阐述土地利用／森林覆被变化和降水变化对径流过程的影响,并利用分布式水文模型WetSpa extension模拟分析流域不同土地利用／森林覆被变化的径流变化情况,以期为北京山区森林植被建设和水资源调控提供理论依据。主要研究成果如下：
(1)研究时段内半城子流域呈阔叶林增加,混交林先增后减小,针叶林、灌木林和水域面积减少的趋势；流域农田和水域分布在250-350m海拔之间的平地或者缓坡地上,各林地主要分布在坡度大于15。的不同海拔和坡向上。结合Fragstats软件分析得知,流域景观和斑块的连通性增加,破碎化程度降低。红门川流域呈阔叶林、针叶林、灌木林和农田增加,混交林和水域减少的趋势；水域和农田分布在550m以下的平地和缓坡地上,林地大多数分布在6。以上的不同海拔和坡向上。景观和斑块的连通性变差,形状变复杂,破碎化程度增大。两个流域的各种土地利用类型间呈双向高速转换的平衡状态。
(2)研究时段内两个流域降水量和径流量都呈下降趋势,但是下降趋势并不一致。利用双累积曲线法将两个流域的研究时段都划分为基准期(1990-1997年)和变化期(1998-2006年)两个阶段,半城子流域变化期径流深较基准期减少了132.6mm,土地利用／森林覆被变化和降水对径流变化的贡献分别为27.9%和72.1%；红门川流域变化期径流深较基准期减少了132.7mm,土地利用／森林覆被变化和降水各自的贡献为44.4%和55.6%。两个流域后期土地利用／森林覆被变化都起到一定的减少径流的作用。
(3)WetSpa extension模型模拟的半城子流域和红门川流域年均径流、月均径流和日均径流都能满足相对误差小于15%,决定系数R2大于0.60,纳什系数Ens值大于0.60的要求,达到乙等水平,模型在北京山区典型小流域具有较好的适用性；并且两个流域的日径流模拟效果要好于年月模拟。通过数字滤波法基流分割与、VetSpa extension模型模拟径流分割对比发现两种方法分割的两个流域基流比例相差不大,均在50%左右,认为用WetSpa extension模型模拟的壤中流和地下径流结果可信。
(4)半城子流域在丰水年下2005年的土地利用结构比1990年土地利用产流明显减少,而平水年和枯水年下,不同土地利用方式产流差别不明显；不同森林植被类型调蓄径流能力不同,产流量的大小依次为灌木林>针叶林>混交林>阔叶林。红门川流域2000年的土地利用结构具有很好的水源涵养功能,在丰水年和平水年水源涵养效果更加显著而在枯水年差异并不明显；不同森林植被类型调蓄径流能力依次为灌木林<针叶林<混交林<阔叶林。两个流域均表现出阔叶林径流组分中壤中流和地下径流所占比例最大,调蓄径流能力最强。两个流域的径流随森林覆被率的增加而减少,当流域森林覆被率增加到超过60%时,总径流量减少幅度明显变小,但是壤中流和地下径流所占比例持续增加。
With the influence of climate change and human activities, Beijing city is facing the eco-environmental problems of less water resource and serious soil erosion, and so on. Beijing mountain area as an important ecological barrier of the city, plays an important role on conserving water resource and maintaining soil and water. But unreasonable configuration and structure of water conservation forest cannot play its role of ecological function. In order to understand the role of forest vegetation on water resources further, the study combined with "Study on effects of typical forest on formation mechanism of water resources" which was supported by "Twelfth Five-Year" National Science and Technology, and took Beijing mountain typical watershed-Banchengzi and Hongmenchuan as study area, analyzed the changing trends of Land use/cover change, precipitation and runoff in two watersheds, and explained the effects of land use change and precipitation on runoff. Afterwards, WetSpa extension model was used to simulate the transport of runoff under different land use/forest vegetation, and offered some supports on vegetation establishment and water resources management. The main conclusions were as follows:
(1)In Banchengzi watershed, the transfer characters of land use/forest vegetation in the study period is that broad-leaved forest land increased, coniferous forest, shrubbery and water decreased, mixed forest first increased and then decreased, and farmland and other land use were irregular. In the basin farmland and water are located in flatland and gentle slope at the altitude of250-350; the forest are located in slope gradient (>15°) at every different altitude and aspect. Fragstats software results show that the Landscape and patch connectivity become better and fragmentation of them become lower. In Hongmenchuan watershed, the transfer characters of land use/forest vegetation in the study period is that broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, shrubbery and farmland increased, mixed forest and water decreased. In the basin farmland and water are located in flatland and gentle slope lower than550m; the forest are located in slope gradient (>6°) at every different altitude and aspect. The Landscape and patch connectivity become lower, shape become complex and fragmentation of them increase. Different land uses in two basins were at the state of the balance of the two-way high-speed conversion.
(2)The mean annual precipitation and runoff in two watersheds presented decrease from1990to2006, but the decrease rate of runoff was much larger than the decrease rate of precipitation. Based on the double mass curve the study periods of two watersheds were divided into two stages-base period (1990-1997) and change period (1998-2006). Compared with base period, runoff of change period in Banchengzi watershed decreased132.6mm. It was estimated that land use/forest vegetation change and precipitation variables accounted for27.9%and72.1%of the reduction in mean annual runoff respectively. Compared with base period, runoff of change period in Hongmenchuan watershed decreased132.7mm. It was estimated that land use/forest vegetation change and precipitation variables accounted for44.4%and55.6%of the reduction in mean annual runoff respectively. Land use in later period played a role in the runoff reduction.
(3)After the WetSpa extension model calibration and validation, the results showed that three hydrological evaluating indexes in two watersheds basically satisfied the simulating needs and reached B level. The relative error in two watersheds was below15%, and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient and coefficient of determination were more than0.6for daily flow, monthly flow and annual flow. On the basis of it, the WetSpa extension modeling baseflow processes were validated by baseflow separation of digital filtering method, and baseflow in two watersheds was at about50%respectively.
(4)WetSpa extension model was used to simulate the impact of land use/forest vegetation change on the flow, and results showed that the simulated runoff of land use in2005was lower than land use in1990in wet year, but there were no difference between different land use in normal and dry years in Banchengzi watershed. The runoff followed the order of shrubbery> coniferous forest> mixed forest> broad-leaved forest under the extreme scenarios of a single type. Land use in2000in Hongmenchuan watershed played a very important role in water conservation in wet and normal year. The capacity of different forest vegetation types in regulation and storage runoff followed the order of shrubbery
(1)研究时段内半城子流域呈阔叶林增加,混交林先增后减小,针叶林、灌木林和水域面积减少的趋势；流域农田和水域分布在250-350m海拔之间的平地或者缓坡地上,各林地主要分布在坡度大于15。的不同海拔和坡向上。结合Fragstats软件分析得知,流域景观和斑块的连通性增加,破碎化程度降低。红门川流域呈阔叶林、针叶林、灌木林和农田增加,混交林和水域减少的趋势；水域和农田分布在550m以下的平地和缓坡地上,林地大多数分布在6。以上的不同海拔和坡向上。景观和斑块的连通性变差,形状变复杂,破碎化程度增大。两个流域的各种土地利用类型间呈双向高速转换的平衡状态。
(2)研究时段内两个流域降水量和径流量都呈下降趋势,但是下降趋势并不一致。利用双累积曲线法将两个流域的研究时段都划分为基准期(1990-1997年)和变化期(1998-2006年)两个阶段,半城子流域变化期径流深较基准期减少了132.6mm,土地利用／森林覆被变化和降水对径流变化的贡献分别为27.9%和72.1%；红门川流域变化期径流深较基准期减少了132.7mm,土地利用／森林覆被变化和降水各自的贡献为44.4%和55.6%。两个流域后期土地利用／森林覆被变化都起到一定的减少径流的作用。
(3)WetSpa extension模型模拟的半城子流域和红门川流域年均径流、月均径流和日均径流都能满足相对误差小于15%,决定系数R2大于0.60,纳什系数Ens值大于0.60的要求,达到乙等水平,模型在北京山区典型小流域具有较好的适用性；并且两个流域的日径流模拟效果要好于年月模拟。通过数字滤波法基流分割与、VetSpa extension模型模拟径流分割对比发现两种方法分割的两个流域基流比例相差不大,均在50%左右,认为用WetSpa extension模型模拟的壤中流和地下径流结果可信。
(4)半城子流域在丰水年下2005年的土地利用结构比1990年土地利用产流明显减少,而平水年和枯水年下,不同土地利用方式产流差别不明显；不同森林植被类型调蓄径流能力不同,产流量的大小依次为灌木林>针叶林>混交林>阔叶林。红门川流域2000年的土地利用结构具有很好的水源涵养功能,在丰水年和平水年水源涵养效果更加显著而在枯水年差异并不明显；不同森林植被类型调蓄径流能力依次为灌木林<针叶林<混交林<阔叶林。两个流域均表现出阔叶林径流组分中壤中流和地下径流所占比例最大,调蓄径流能力最强。两个流域的径流随森林覆被率的增加而减少,当流域森林覆被率增加到超过60%时,总径流量减少幅度明显变小,但是壤中流和地下径流所占比例持续增加。
With the influence of climate change and human activities, Beijing city is facing the eco-environmental problems of less water resource and serious soil erosion, and so on. Beijing mountain area as an important ecological barrier of the city, plays an important role on conserving water resource and maintaining soil and water. But unreasonable configuration and structure of water conservation forest cannot play its role of ecological function. In order to understand the role of forest vegetation on water resources further, the study combined with "Study on effects of typical forest on formation mechanism of water resources" which was supported by "Twelfth Five-Year" National Science and Technology, and took Beijing mountain typical watershed-Banchengzi and Hongmenchuan as study area, analyzed the changing trends of Land use/cover change, precipitation and runoff in two watersheds, and explained the effects of land use change and precipitation on runoff. Afterwards, WetSpa extension model was used to simulate the transport of runoff under different land use/forest vegetation, and offered some supports on vegetation establishment and water resources management. The main conclusions were as follows:
(1)In Banchengzi watershed, the transfer characters of land use/forest vegetation in the study period is that broad-leaved forest land increased, coniferous forest, shrubbery and water decreased, mixed forest first increased and then decreased, and farmland and other land use were irregular. In the basin farmland and water are located in flatland and gentle slope at the altitude of250-350; the forest are located in slope gradient (>15°) at every different altitude and aspect. Fragstats software results show that the Landscape and patch connectivity become better and fragmentation of them become lower. In Hongmenchuan watershed, the transfer characters of land use/forest vegetation in the study period is that broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, shrubbery and farmland increased, mixed forest and water decreased. In the basin farmland and water are located in flatland and gentle slope lower than550m; the forest are located in slope gradient (>6°) at every different altitude and aspect. The Landscape and patch connectivity become lower, shape become complex and fragmentation of them increase. Different land uses in two basins were at the state of the balance of the two-way high-speed conversion.
(2)The mean annual precipitation and runoff in two watersheds presented decrease from1990to2006, but the decrease rate of runoff was much larger than the decrease rate of precipitation. Based on the double mass curve the study periods of two watersheds were divided into two stages-base period (1990-1997) and change period (1998-2006). Compared with base period, runoff of change period in Banchengzi watershed decreased132.6mm. It was estimated that land use/forest vegetation change and precipitation variables accounted for27.9%and72.1%of the reduction in mean annual runoff respectively. Compared with base period, runoff of change period in Hongmenchuan watershed decreased132.7mm. It was estimated that land use/forest vegetation change and precipitation variables accounted for44.4%and55.6%of the reduction in mean annual runoff respectively. Land use in later period played a role in the runoff reduction.
(3)After the WetSpa extension model calibration and validation, the results showed that three hydrological evaluating indexes in two watersheds basically satisfied the simulating needs and reached B level. The relative error in two watersheds was below15%, and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient and coefficient of determination were more than0.6for daily flow, monthly flow and annual flow. On the basis of it, the WetSpa extension modeling baseflow processes were validated by baseflow separation of digital filtering method, and baseflow in two watersheds was at about50%respectively.
(4)WetSpa extension model was used to simulate the impact of land use/forest vegetation change on the flow, and results showed that the simulated runoff of land use in2005was lower than land use in1990in wet year, but there were no difference between different land use in normal and dry years in Banchengzi watershed. The runoff followed the order of shrubbery> coniferous forest> mixed forest> broad-leaved forest under the extreme scenarios of a single type. Land use in2000in Hongmenchuan watershed played a very important role in water conservation in wet and normal year. The capacity of different forest vegetation types in regulation and storage runoff followed the order of shrubbery
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