额济纳胡杨物候节律及生理生态特性研究
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摘要
胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)是干旱荒漠区额济纳绿洲内唯一可以天然更新形成森林的乔木树种,对该地区的环境保护以及生态和经济建设有着不可替代的作用。胡杨生长在极端的荒漠环境中,其物候特征、生理生态特性和种群结构及变化特点是长期与环境相互适应的结果,具有了耐受荒漠环境因子的特质。本文从林分结构、物候和生理生态学角度对额济纳胡杨进行了研究,旨在探讨荒漠胡杨生存生长策略以及环境对其的影响。主要研究结果为：1.由于胡杨为进化异叶型植物,叶片形状包括披针形、矩圆形、菱形、扇形、卵形、肾形和阔卵形等多种形状,根据叶片的长度和宽度比值将胡杨叶片分为狭叶和阔叶,狭叶宽/长比值<1,阔叶宽/长比值≥1：由于胡杨不同生长时期其叶形变化和分布特征变化极为明显,依据胡杨叶形及分布特征结合胸径生长量和结实情况将胡杨生长期分为：幼苗、幼树、成熟木和过熟木4个阶段。在此基础上根据林分主要年龄组成将天然胡杨林划分为幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林。2.通过对胡杨林林分调查发现,幼龄林林分密度最高,成熟林密度次之,过熟林密度最低。应用-3/2自疏定律研究胡杨天然林更新的情况是过熟林的D和D2H密度曲线高于最大密度曲线,林内存在自疏现象,幼龄林D和D2H密度曲线低于最大密度曲线,林木生长没有受到限制,幼龄林冠幅CPA密度曲线高于最在大密度曲线,林内存在着激烈的空间竞争；过熟林CPA密度曲线低于最在大密度曲线,树冠破坏严重,郁闭度低。胡杨异速生长曲线表明胡杨胸径小于20cm为异速生长期,树高生长没有受到抑制。因此额济纳胡杨的生存策略是将资源分配到萌蘖新苗进行林木更新再生,而舍弃林木冠层复壮。3.通过双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)研究河岸到戈壁胡杨林林下植被分布变化,结果表明随着与河岸距离的增加植被群落由耐盐碱耐瘠薄植物演变为超旱生植物；使用除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)胡杨林林下植被分布与环境因子关系,结果表明地下水位对胡杨林下植物群落分布起决定性作用。4.不同树龄胡杨物候研究观测发现胡杨阔叶和狭叶物候期存在差异,表现为阔叶芽大于狭叶芽,阔叶萌芽、展叶、叶变色和落叶时间较狭叶早5-10天左右,但阔叶落叶周期长；阔叶展叶方式为齐次展叶型,狭叶为顺次展叶型。单个阔叶叶片干重大于狭叶,单叶建构成本高于狭叶；单枝上阔叶数量比狭叶少,所以胡杨不同生长时期为适应环境变化采取了不同的应对方式。5.不同树龄胡杨生理生态测定的结果表明：狭叶的光补偿点和光饱和点分别比阔叶低于14.5%和42.9%,在光饱和点时的最大净光合速率比阔叶低69.5%,光合作用的水分利用率比狭叶高；阔叶对强光的利用和适应能力显著强于狭叶,两种形态叶的光合特性具有互补作用。胡杨幼树平均蒸腾速率高于成熟木,狭叶蒸腾速率均高于阔叶。6.胡杨狭叶、阔叶主要水分散失形式为气孔蒸腾。胡杨成熟木、幼树阔叶的(?)π0分别比狭叶的低约26.1%、11.9%, Va%分别比狭叶的高约39.1%、16.7%,阔叶的耐旱能力要强于狭叶；阔叶耐旱主要通过叶片细胞的高溶质浓度或是溶质的积累来维持细胞膨压提高耐旱能力；狭叶维持膨压主要是依靠较高的细胞壁弹性和较强的储水能力来增加耐旱能力。
Populus euphratica (Populus euphratica Oliv.) is the only tree species in dry desert in Ejna Banner that can replace and form forests naturally, which is very important in ecological and economical construction in the area. In order to fully understanding the living and growing feature of the Populus euphratica, we have studied P. euphratica from phenology and physiological ecology in Ejina Banner. The results were showed:1. Underground the adverse growing environment in this area, the height growth of P. euphratica has been inhibited obviously. So we depend on the leaf shape and distribution characteristics, DBH and if stoutly,but not the height of the P. euphratica, as the primary index, the age levels of the matural P. euphratica tree can be divided as:Four age levels of seedling, young tree, mature tree and overmature tree. Based on the main composition of the forest, the different forest stand have been divided3ages of young, mature and overmature growth.2.According to the study of the forest stand, we understood that the main growing strategies is that to distribute the resource to sprout tillers for regeneration, and to give up the rejuvenation of the canopy.3. By two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the distended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), we know that the level of underground water is the main environment factor of all for the distribution of the phytocoenosis which underground of the P. euphratica trees. The river is main effect factor for the vegetative cover in the P. euphratica trees which growing on the river bank.4. P. euphratica tree is a kind of heterophyll trees, according to the proportion of length and wide of the leaves, can be divided into broad leaves and narrow leaves. The time for sprouting, expansion, discolour and defoliation of broad leaf is about5～10days earlier than narrow leaf., only the defoliation cycle is longer. The leaves expansion method is different, for the narrow leaf be expansion in order, the two peak expansion times will appear in April and June; and the broad leaf the peak expansion time only appears in April. The amount of leaves on single branch of narrow leaf is more than the amount of leaves on broad leaf. The construction cost for the single leaf of the broad leaf is more than narrow leaf.5. The optical compensation point and saturation point of the narrow leaf of P. euphratica are lower than those of broad leaf for14.5%and42.9%respectively, and when at the optical saturation pint, the maximum net photosynthesis speed is lower than that of the broad leaf for69.5%. The transpiration rate of narrow leaf is higher than broad leaf and yang tree same as..6. The main moisture losing method for either narrow or broad leaf of P. euphratica is stomatal transpiration.Ψπ0of mature tree and immature broad leaf of P. euphratica are lower than those of narrow leaf for about26.1%and11.9%respectively, and Va%s are higher than those of narrow leaf for about39.1%and16.7%. The narrow leaf is higher than the broad leaf, so the drought-enduring capacity of broad leaf is better than narrow leaf, only the drought-enduring method is different, which reflects that the broad leaf maintains the expansion pressure of cells mainly through the high concentration of solute or the solute accumulation, and the abilities to bear the drought and keep the moisture and narrow leaf mainly depend on the resilience and the water store ability of the cell wall.
Populus euphratica (Populus euphratica Oliv.) is the only tree species in dry desert in Ejna Banner that can replace and form forests naturally, which is very important in ecological and economical construction in the area. In order to fully understanding the living and growing feature of the Populus euphratica, we have studied P. euphratica from phenology and physiological ecology in Ejina Banner. The results were showed:1. Underground the adverse growing environment in this area, the height growth of P. euphratica has been inhibited obviously. So we depend on the leaf shape and distribution characteristics, DBH and if stoutly,but not the height of the P. euphratica, as the primary index, the age levels of the matural P. euphratica tree can be divided as:Four age levels of seedling, young tree, mature tree and overmature tree. Based on the main composition of the forest, the different forest stand have been divided3ages of young, mature and overmature growth.2.According to the study of the forest stand, we understood that the main growing strategies is that to distribute the resource to sprout tillers for regeneration, and to give up the rejuvenation of the canopy.3. By two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the distended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), we know that the level of underground water is the main environment factor of all for the distribution of the phytocoenosis which underground of the P. euphratica trees. The river is main effect factor for the vegetative cover in the P. euphratica trees which growing on the river bank.4. P. euphratica tree is a kind of heterophyll trees, according to the proportion of length and wide of the leaves, can be divided into broad leaves and narrow leaves. The time for sprouting, expansion, discolour and defoliation of broad leaf is about5～10days earlier than narrow leaf., only the defoliation cycle is longer. The leaves expansion method is different, for the narrow leaf be expansion in order, the two peak expansion times will appear in April and June; and the broad leaf the peak expansion time only appears in April. The amount of leaves on single branch of narrow leaf is more than the amount of leaves on broad leaf. The construction cost for the single leaf of the broad leaf is more than narrow leaf.5. The optical compensation point and saturation point of the narrow leaf of P. euphratica are lower than those of broad leaf for14.5%and42.9%respectively, and when at the optical saturation pint, the maximum net photosynthesis speed is lower than that of the broad leaf for69.5%. The transpiration rate of narrow leaf is higher than broad leaf and yang tree same as..6. The main moisture losing method for either narrow or broad leaf of P. euphratica is stomatal transpiration.Ψπ0of mature tree and immature broad leaf of P. euphratica are lower than those of narrow leaf for about26.1%and11.9%respectively, and Va%s are higher than those of narrow leaf for about39.1%and16.7%. The narrow leaf is higher than the broad leaf, so the drought-enduring capacity of broad leaf is better than narrow leaf, only the drought-enduring method is different, which reflects that the broad leaf maintains the expansion pressure of cells mainly through the high concentration of solute or the solute accumulation, and the abilities to bear the drought and keep the moisture and narrow leaf mainly depend on the resilience and the water store ability of the cell wall.
引文
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