极端干旱区成龄葡萄需水规律及微灌节水技术研究
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摘要
吐哈地区葡萄举世闻名,为我国著名的葡萄生产基地,同时也是我国资源性严重缺水的地区之一。目前当地葡萄灌溉方式落后,大部分地区采用传统的地面灌灌水方法,部分区域灌溉定额高达1800m3／亩。虽然当地早在80年代就开始葡萄微灌技术的引进与应用,但均未取得较为成功的范式。因此,本研究针对成龄葡萄微灌技术应用中存在的问题,开展了需水规律及耗水特征、微灌灌水技术筛选与优化、农艺节水综合调控技术的田间试验研究。通过3年的试验研究得到如下结论：
(1)通过吐哈地区近45年气候要素及参考蒸散年际变化特征的分析,表明吐哈地区气温、降水呈增加趋势,风速呈显著减小趋势,参考蒸散发呈现波动下降趋势。通过关联度分析,无论是在季节尺度上还是在年际尺度上,风速与参考蒸散发量的关联度均为最大。
(2)基于吐哈地区气候环境,对目前常用的蒸散计算模型进行分析评价,研究表明Blany-Criddle模型不仅所用参数最少,便于数据的采集和整理,同时计算精度高,与FA056-PM模型的计算结果达到极显著相关关系。因此,在气象参数不全的情况下,可采用Blany-Criddle模型作为吐鲁番地区参考作物蒸散量的计算模型。
(3)基于Penman-Monteith公式与吐鲁番地区的气候特征,对Penman-Monteith公式进行了简化,略去了饱和差项。通过建立Penman-Monteith公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量ETO(PM)与简化公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量ETO之间的关系,两者之间具有良好的线性关系。通过简化后的Penman-Monteith公式不仅减少了公式所需的监测项目,便于计算,同时因监测项目的减少大大减少了费用和人力。
(4)在晴朗无云的天气条件下,葡萄园水热平衡各分量的日变化呈典型的单峰曲线。潜热、感热和土壤热通量都是随着净辐射的增减而增减,但峰值出现的时间各异,并潜热通量占净辐射能量支出的大部分,其变化规律与净辐射的日变化规律一致性最好,土壤热通量变化很平缓,趋势与净辐射基本相同,但滞后净辐射2-3h。
(5)在晴朗无云的条件下,葡萄日间蒸散速率变化呈单峰型。蒸散从早晨8：00以后开始迅速增加,到中午13：00-14：00达到峰值,随后蒸散速率迅速下降。葡萄在整个生长期内耗水呈先增长后减小的单峰曲线,总耗水量为1200mm左右,日均耗水强度为5.0mm/d左右,高峰期(果实膨大期)可达8.78mm/d。葡萄需水敏感期为果实膨大期,其次为展叶期、萌芽期、果粒成熟期与枝蔓成熟期。
(6)葡萄整个生长期内戈壁砾石区域灌溉定额较壤土区域要高,稳产条件下的灌溉定额为765m3／亩左右,灌水定额35m3／亩,灌水周期根据葡萄需水关键期与非需水关键期确定,非需水关键期灌水周期7-9天,需水关键期灌水周期3-5天；壤土区的灌溉定额为670m3／亩左右,灌水定额30m3／亩,非需水关键期灌水周期9-13天,需水关键期灌水周期5-7天。
(7)对于极端干旱区的吐哈地区,在传统农业耕作区的壤土类型区,成龄葡萄根系分布范围相对较小,田间滴灌毛管布设宜采用一沟两管的布置方式；在砂砾石土壤改良利用区,成龄葡萄根系分布范围相对较广,田间滴灌布设宜采用一沟三管的布置方式。
(8)针对吐哈地区干旱恶劣环境条件,研发了葡萄园冠层弥雾微环境调控技术,增强了葡萄抵抗恶劣环境的能力,达到增产、调质效果。与常规微灌技术相比,葡萄在果粒膨大期喷水7-8m3/次,喷4-5次能显著降低葡萄棚架下的日最高温度3～8℃,防止高温对葡萄的灼伤,提高葡萄的产量17%,商品率提高20%。
(9)通过喷施抗旱蒸腾剂的应用研究,表明喷施抗旱蒸腾剂可有效抑制葡萄蒸腾,降低叶片蒸腾速率,显著提高叶片光合作用和水分利用效率,同时提高葡萄产量20%左右。喷施抗旱蒸腾剂的有效周期大致在9日左右,不同抗蒸腾剂的有效期周稍有差异。
(10)采用塑料薄膜与草帘子进行了覆盖保墒措施的研究,研究发现采用保墒措施后,表层覆盖减少了土壤表层与空气的接触面,从而减少了土壤水分的散失,减少了土面蒸发,明显增加土壤的蓄水保墒能力和土壤温度。覆盖保墒措施处理在葡萄新梢生长量,平均果粒重,产量等方面均优于无覆盖措施对照处理。
(11)针对吐哈地区部分高含砾土壤地区,土壤保水性差,深层渗漏严重的问题。通过在高含砾石土壤中施用保水剂的试验研究,研究发现现施用保水剂能有效保留灌溉水分,提高水分利用效率,促进植株生长,提高葡萄品质及产量
(12)以全面调控系统水分消耗进而提高农田水分利用效率为根本目的,将减少植株奢侈蒸腾的冠层环境调控、喷施抗旱蒸腾剂等技术措施,降低土面无效蒸发的覆盖保墒等技术措施,以及避免根层水分深层渗漏损失的蓄水保墒、精量控制灌溉等技术措施组装集成,提出了干旱区成龄果树植株冠层与大气界面、土壤与大气界面、根系与土壤界面的水肥综合调控立体节水农业技术应用模式。
Turpan and Kumul, famous for their grapes in the world, serve as renowned grape production base and at the same time they are also located in the region where water resource is severely short. At present backward grape irrigation mode is still practised there and the majority of this region still keeps the traditional ground irrigation method, so that irrigation quotas can reach as much as1800m3per mu. Though grape micro-irrigation technique was introduced and practised in this area since the1980s, successful mode of irrigation hasn't been obtained so far. Therefore, this research and study is aimed at the problems existing in the application of microirrigation technique in grown-up grapes and a series of investigations were carried out to find out the rules of water requirement, features of water consumption, screening and optimization of microirrigation technique, field experiment study on comprehensive regulation and control techniques of agricultural water saving. The following are experimental results of research and study in three years:
(1) Analysis was made on near45years'interannual change features of every climatic change factors, the results of which showed that the temperature and rainfall in Turpan and Kumul were on the rise while wind speed was in the trend of notable decrease. There were dramatic changes in temperature and wind speed in the middle of1980s.The reference evaporation in Turpan and Kumul was in the trend of fluctuating decrease and dramatic changes occurred in1986. Correlation degree analysis showed that there was biggest correlation between wind speed and reference evaporation in both seasonal climate variables and yearly climate variables.
(2) Based on climate environment in Turpan and Kumul, analysis and evaluation was made on the transpiration calculation model that is frequently used at present, the results of which showed that model of Blany-Criddle was characterized with the least parameters, convenience in data collection and classification and high computational accuracy, which showed notable correlationship with the computational results through model FAO56-PM. Therefore, Blany-Criddle model can be adopted to calculate evapotranspiration quantity of reference crop in Turpan region.
(3) Based on formula Penman-Monteith and climatic features in Turpan region, formula Penman-Monteith had been simplified, leaving out parameter saturation deficiency. The relations between potential evapotranspiration of reference crop ETO(PM) through formula Penman-Monteith and potential evapotranspiration of reference crop ETO through simplified formula showed that there was favorable linear relationship. Simplified formula Penman-Monteith not only required less monitoring items to make computation easier, but also much less expenses and human resources were required because of decrease in monitoring items.
(4) In cloudless and fine days, daily change of every component of water and heat balance in the vineyard was in typical unimodal curve. Latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat flux increased and decreased corresponding to the increase and decrease of net radiation, but the peak value appeared in different times. Latent heat flux took up the majority of the expenditure of net radiation, whose changing rules showed the best consistency with the daily changing rules of net radiation. Mild changes showed in soil heat flux and its trend was almost the same with that of net radiation, but behind the trend of net radiation2-3h.
(5)In cloudless and fine days, the change of daytime evapotranspiration rate of grapes was in unimodal pattern. Evapotranspiration appeared after8:00in the morning with rapid increase afterwards and reached peak value at13:00-14:00at noon with rapid decrease corresponding to evapotranspiration rate. Water consumption by grapes in the whole growing period was in unimodal curve which was on the rise first and on the fall then. The total water consumption by grapes was about1200mm and its daily average water consumption intensity was about5.0mm/d, which could reach as much as8.78mm/d in fruit swelling period. Sensitive period of grape's water consumption is fruit swelling period, followed by budding leaves, burgeoning period and fruit maturity period and maturity period of branches and tendrils.
(6) In the whole growing period, the irrigation quotas in gobi gravel area was higher than that of loam area. In gobi gravel area, the irrigation quotas in the condition of dependable crop is765m3per mu a year and irrigation quotas was35m3per mu at one time. The irrigation period is determined by water need critical and uncritical period, the latter of which lasts7to9days while the former of which lasts3to5days. In loam area, the irrigation quotas are670m3per mu a year and irrigation quotas is30m3at one time. In this area, critical irrigation period lasts9to13days while uncritical irrigation period lasts5to7days.
(7) In loam area in Turpan and Kumul basin with extreme arid weather, where traditional farming practice has been adopted, the distribution range of grown-up grape's root system is comparatively smaller, so it would be better to adopt arrangement mode of one-ditch with two pipes; while in gravel land which is under improvement, the distribution range of grown-up grape's root system is comparatively larger, so it would be better to adopt arrangement mode of one-ditch with three pipes.
(8) In accordance of the arid and severe environmental conditions in Turpan and Kumul region, mist microenvironmental monitoring technology in vineyard crown were developed, through which grapes were strengthened to struggle against severe environment and through which the purpose of production increase and quality improvement could be realized. Compared with conventional microirrigation technology, grapes were sprayed7～8m3at each time for4to5times and the daytime highest temperature under grape arbor could be notably lowered by3to8℃, which could stop high temperature from scorching grapes, enabling grapes' yield to increase by17%and its commodity rate to increase by20%.
(9) Application of antitranspirant in the vineyard showed that spray of antitranspirant could effectively prevent transpiration in the vineyard and lower transpiration rate on grapes leaves, that the application could notably improve photosynthesis in grape leaves and water use efficiency, that more importantly grape yield could be raised by as much as20%, that the period of validity of using antitranspirant could last about9days, and that there were slight differences in period of validity among different antitranspirants.
(10) Research and study also involved the measure of soil moisture conservation through the use of plastic film and straw curtain. The results showed that because of the measures to preserve soil moisture, contact surface between soil surface and air had been decreased so that soil moisture was obviously stopped from being evaporated, that the measure could sharply enable soil to retain water and preserve soil moisture and that the measure of soil moisture conservation was advantageous in growth of new shoots, average weight of fruit grain, yield and other aspects over the contrast group where no such measure was adopted.
(11) The research also involved soil conditions in Turpan and Kumul where the soil is rich in gravels in some area, and the soil is poor in retaining water and where deep percolation has been serious. Research was conducted in using water-retaining agents in the soil rich in gravels. The result showed that the use of water-retaining agents could effectively retain water from irrigation, that water use efficiency was raised sharply, and that grape plants were strengthened so that quality of grapes and its yield were improved at the same time.
(12) This research and study have been conducted on comprehensive monitoring water consumption to further improve water use efficiency in farmland. The research and study involved a series of measures and techniques, such as the technique of crown layer's environmental regulation and control to decrease large quantity of transpiration, application of antitranspirants and the measure to cover the surface soil to decrease useless evaporation and to preserve soil moisture, and the technique that combined water-retaining and soil moisture conservation to prevent water in root system from leakage loss with fine-tuning dripping irrigation technique, thus forming a comprehensive mode to monitor and control the use of water and fertilizer, in which water-saving agricultural technology was made use of in the interface between grown-up grape's crown layer and air, the interface between soil and air, and the interface between root system and soil.
(1)通过吐哈地区近45年气候要素及参考蒸散年际变化特征的分析,表明吐哈地区气温、降水呈增加趋势,风速呈显著减小趋势,参考蒸散发呈现波动下降趋势。通过关联度分析,无论是在季节尺度上还是在年际尺度上,风速与参考蒸散发量的关联度均为最大。
(2)基于吐哈地区气候环境,对目前常用的蒸散计算模型进行分析评价,研究表明Blany-Criddle模型不仅所用参数最少,便于数据的采集和整理,同时计算精度高,与FA056-PM模型的计算结果达到极显著相关关系。因此,在气象参数不全的情况下,可采用Blany-Criddle模型作为吐鲁番地区参考作物蒸散量的计算模型。
(3)基于Penman-Monteith公式与吐鲁番地区的气候特征,对Penman-Monteith公式进行了简化,略去了饱和差项。通过建立Penman-Monteith公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量ETO(PM)与简化公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量ETO之间的关系,两者之间具有良好的线性关系。通过简化后的Penman-Monteith公式不仅减少了公式所需的监测项目,便于计算,同时因监测项目的减少大大减少了费用和人力。
(4)在晴朗无云的天气条件下,葡萄园水热平衡各分量的日变化呈典型的单峰曲线。潜热、感热和土壤热通量都是随着净辐射的增减而增减,但峰值出现的时间各异,并潜热通量占净辐射能量支出的大部分,其变化规律与净辐射的日变化规律一致性最好,土壤热通量变化很平缓,趋势与净辐射基本相同,但滞后净辐射2-3h。
(5)在晴朗无云的条件下,葡萄日间蒸散速率变化呈单峰型。蒸散从早晨8：00以后开始迅速增加,到中午13：00-14：00达到峰值,随后蒸散速率迅速下降。葡萄在整个生长期内耗水呈先增长后减小的单峰曲线,总耗水量为1200mm左右,日均耗水强度为5.0mm/d左右,高峰期(果实膨大期)可达8.78mm/d。葡萄需水敏感期为果实膨大期,其次为展叶期、萌芽期、果粒成熟期与枝蔓成熟期。
(6)葡萄整个生长期内戈壁砾石区域灌溉定额较壤土区域要高,稳产条件下的灌溉定额为765m3／亩左右,灌水定额35m3／亩,灌水周期根据葡萄需水关键期与非需水关键期确定,非需水关键期灌水周期7-9天,需水关键期灌水周期3-5天；壤土区的灌溉定额为670m3／亩左右,灌水定额30m3／亩,非需水关键期灌水周期9-13天,需水关键期灌水周期5-7天。
(7)对于极端干旱区的吐哈地区,在传统农业耕作区的壤土类型区,成龄葡萄根系分布范围相对较小,田间滴灌毛管布设宜采用一沟两管的布置方式；在砂砾石土壤改良利用区,成龄葡萄根系分布范围相对较广,田间滴灌布设宜采用一沟三管的布置方式。
(8)针对吐哈地区干旱恶劣环境条件,研发了葡萄园冠层弥雾微环境调控技术,增强了葡萄抵抗恶劣环境的能力,达到增产、调质效果。与常规微灌技术相比,葡萄在果粒膨大期喷水7-8m3/次,喷4-5次能显著降低葡萄棚架下的日最高温度3～8℃,防止高温对葡萄的灼伤,提高葡萄的产量17%,商品率提高20%。
(9)通过喷施抗旱蒸腾剂的应用研究,表明喷施抗旱蒸腾剂可有效抑制葡萄蒸腾,降低叶片蒸腾速率,显著提高叶片光合作用和水分利用效率,同时提高葡萄产量20%左右。喷施抗旱蒸腾剂的有效周期大致在9日左右,不同抗蒸腾剂的有效期周稍有差异。
(10)采用塑料薄膜与草帘子进行了覆盖保墒措施的研究,研究发现采用保墒措施后,表层覆盖减少了土壤表层与空气的接触面,从而减少了土壤水分的散失,减少了土面蒸发,明显增加土壤的蓄水保墒能力和土壤温度。覆盖保墒措施处理在葡萄新梢生长量,平均果粒重,产量等方面均优于无覆盖措施对照处理。
(11)针对吐哈地区部分高含砾土壤地区,土壤保水性差,深层渗漏严重的问题。通过在高含砾石土壤中施用保水剂的试验研究,研究发现现施用保水剂能有效保留灌溉水分,提高水分利用效率,促进植株生长,提高葡萄品质及产量
(12)以全面调控系统水分消耗进而提高农田水分利用效率为根本目的,将减少植株奢侈蒸腾的冠层环境调控、喷施抗旱蒸腾剂等技术措施,降低土面无效蒸发的覆盖保墒等技术措施,以及避免根层水分深层渗漏损失的蓄水保墒、精量控制灌溉等技术措施组装集成,提出了干旱区成龄果树植株冠层与大气界面、土壤与大气界面、根系与土壤界面的水肥综合调控立体节水农业技术应用模式。
Turpan and Kumul, famous for their grapes in the world, serve as renowned grape production base and at the same time they are also located in the region where water resource is severely short. At present backward grape irrigation mode is still practised there and the majority of this region still keeps the traditional ground irrigation method, so that irrigation quotas can reach as much as1800m3per mu. Though grape micro-irrigation technique was introduced and practised in this area since the1980s, successful mode of irrigation hasn't been obtained so far. Therefore, this research and study is aimed at the problems existing in the application of microirrigation technique in grown-up grapes and a series of investigations were carried out to find out the rules of water requirement, features of water consumption, screening and optimization of microirrigation technique, field experiment study on comprehensive regulation and control techniques of agricultural water saving. The following are experimental results of research and study in three years:
(1) Analysis was made on near45years'interannual change features of every climatic change factors, the results of which showed that the temperature and rainfall in Turpan and Kumul were on the rise while wind speed was in the trend of notable decrease. There were dramatic changes in temperature and wind speed in the middle of1980s.The reference evaporation in Turpan and Kumul was in the trend of fluctuating decrease and dramatic changes occurred in1986. Correlation degree analysis showed that there was biggest correlation between wind speed and reference evaporation in both seasonal climate variables and yearly climate variables.
(2) Based on climate environment in Turpan and Kumul, analysis and evaluation was made on the transpiration calculation model that is frequently used at present, the results of which showed that model of Blany-Criddle was characterized with the least parameters, convenience in data collection and classification and high computational accuracy, which showed notable correlationship with the computational results through model FAO56-PM. Therefore, Blany-Criddle model can be adopted to calculate evapotranspiration quantity of reference crop in Turpan region.
(3) Based on formula Penman-Monteith and climatic features in Turpan region, formula Penman-Monteith had been simplified, leaving out parameter saturation deficiency. The relations between potential evapotranspiration of reference crop ETO(PM) through formula Penman-Monteith and potential evapotranspiration of reference crop ETO through simplified formula showed that there was favorable linear relationship. Simplified formula Penman-Monteith not only required less monitoring items to make computation easier, but also much less expenses and human resources were required because of decrease in monitoring items.
(4) In cloudless and fine days, daily change of every component of water and heat balance in the vineyard was in typical unimodal curve. Latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat flux increased and decreased corresponding to the increase and decrease of net radiation, but the peak value appeared in different times. Latent heat flux took up the majority of the expenditure of net radiation, whose changing rules showed the best consistency with the daily changing rules of net radiation. Mild changes showed in soil heat flux and its trend was almost the same with that of net radiation, but behind the trend of net radiation2-3h.
(5)In cloudless and fine days, the change of daytime evapotranspiration rate of grapes was in unimodal pattern. Evapotranspiration appeared after8:00in the morning with rapid increase afterwards and reached peak value at13:00-14:00at noon with rapid decrease corresponding to evapotranspiration rate. Water consumption by grapes in the whole growing period was in unimodal curve which was on the rise first and on the fall then. The total water consumption by grapes was about1200mm and its daily average water consumption intensity was about5.0mm/d, which could reach as much as8.78mm/d in fruit swelling period. Sensitive period of grape's water consumption is fruit swelling period, followed by budding leaves, burgeoning period and fruit maturity period and maturity period of branches and tendrils.
(6) In the whole growing period, the irrigation quotas in gobi gravel area was higher than that of loam area. In gobi gravel area, the irrigation quotas in the condition of dependable crop is765m3per mu a year and irrigation quotas was35m3per mu at one time. The irrigation period is determined by water need critical and uncritical period, the latter of which lasts7to9days while the former of which lasts3to5days. In loam area, the irrigation quotas are670m3per mu a year and irrigation quotas is30m3at one time. In this area, critical irrigation period lasts9to13days while uncritical irrigation period lasts5to7days.
(7) In loam area in Turpan and Kumul basin with extreme arid weather, where traditional farming practice has been adopted, the distribution range of grown-up grape's root system is comparatively smaller, so it would be better to adopt arrangement mode of one-ditch with two pipes; while in gravel land which is under improvement, the distribution range of grown-up grape's root system is comparatively larger, so it would be better to adopt arrangement mode of one-ditch with three pipes.
(8) In accordance of the arid and severe environmental conditions in Turpan and Kumul region, mist microenvironmental monitoring technology in vineyard crown were developed, through which grapes were strengthened to struggle against severe environment and through which the purpose of production increase and quality improvement could be realized. Compared with conventional microirrigation technology, grapes were sprayed7～8m3at each time for4to5times and the daytime highest temperature under grape arbor could be notably lowered by3to8℃, which could stop high temperature from scorching grapes, enabling grapes' yield to increase by17%and its commodity rate to increase by20%.
(9) Application of antitranspirant in the vineyard showed that spray of antitranspirant could effectively prevent transpiration in the vineyard and lower transpiration rate on grapes leaves, that the application could notably improve photosynthesis in grape leaves and water use efficiency, that more importantly grape yield could be raised by as much as20%, that the period of validity of using antitranspirant could last about9days, and that there were slight differences in period of validity among different antitranspirants.
(10) Research and study also involved the measure of soil moisture conservation through the use of plastic film and straw curtain. The results showed that because of the measures to preserve soil moisture, contact surface between soil surface and air had been decreased so that soil moisture was obviously stopped from being evaporated, that the measure could sharply enable soil to retain water and preserve soil moisture and that the measure of soil moisture conservation was advantageous in growth of new shoots, average weight of fruit grain, yield and other aspects over the contrast group where no such measure was adopted.
(11) The research also involved soil conditions in Turpan and Kumul where the soil is rich in gravels in some area, and the soil is poor in retaining water and where deep percolation has been serious. Research was conducted in using water-retaining agents in the soil rich in gravels. The result showed that the use of water-retaining agents could effectively retain water from irrigation, that water use efficiency was raised sharply, and that grape plants were strengthened so that quality of grapes and its yield were improved at the same time.
(12) This research and study have been conducted on comprehensive monitoring water consumption to further improve water use efficiency in farmland. The research and study involved a series of measures and techniques, such as the technique of crown layer's environmental regulation and control to decrease large quantity of transpiration, application of antitranspirants and the measure to cover the surface soil to decrease useless evaporation and to preserve soil moisture, and the technique that combined water-retaining and soil moisture conservation to prevent water in root system from leakage loss with fine-tuning dripping irrigation technique, thus forming a comprehensive mode to monitor and control the use of water and fertilizer, in which water-saving agricultural technology was made use of in the interface between grown-up grape's crown layer and air, the interface between soil and air, and the interface between root system and soil.
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