玉米氮素营养无损诊断及水氮效应
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摘要
氮肥过量施用和水资源缺乏是全球面临的共同问题，而土壤肥力和水分状况是作物生长发育的物质基础，是限制农业可持续发展的主要因素，合理水肥管理是实现农业节能减排的关键。本研究以玉米（Zea mays L.）为材料，利用SPAD-502叶绿素仪、Dualex-3多酚（类黄酮）仪、Dualex-4氮平衡指数仪和Multiplex荧光仪对植株氮素营养状况进行无损诊断，通过分析不同土壤水分、施氮量、生育期及其互作对各诊断指标的影响，根据最佳氮素营养诊断指标筛选标准，即与施氮量有高度相关性、受土壤水分影响较小和整个生育期表现比较稳定原则，挑选玉米较佳氮素营养诊断指标；并对不同生育期各无损诊断指标与籽粒产量、籽粒含氮量和土壤硝态氮含量间的关系进行量化推测，对于补充和完善目前流行的氮素化学诊断方法具有重要的理论和实践意义，为精确农业的发展奠定基础。同时，研究不同水氮处理对玉米光合特性、籽粒产量以及土壤空间硝态氮含量和残留量的影响，为氮肥和水资源的合理利用提供理论基础。本研究主要结果如下：
1.各无损诊断指标值与常规诊断指标（植株生物量、植株含氮量和植株氮素营养指数NNI）值间均有显著相关性；并且，通过比较相关系数，Dualex-3多酚仪参数中1/NSIDualex和Multiplex荧光仪参数中BGF_G、RF_G、RF_R、NSI_RF_G、NSI_RF_R和NSI_BGF_UV不适宜应用于玉米氮素营养状况诊断中。
2.根据最佳氮素营养诊断指标筛选标准，无损诊断指标中NSISPAD/Dualex、NSI_NBI_Dualex-4、RF_UV、FRF_UV、NSI_RF_UV、NSI_FRF_UV、NSI_NBI_G和NSI_NBI_R均符合筛选标准，但不同施氮处理下RF_UV和FRF_UV值范围小于其它指标，而参数NSI_RF_UV和NSI_FRF_UV对玉米籽粒预测潜力较差。因此，本研究中推荐无损诊断指标中氮素平衡指数的氮素饱和指数为玉米最佳氮素营养诊断指标；且当玉米处于V5-VT生育期时，最佳诊断指标达到0.94～0.98时才能获得高产。
3. SPAD-502叶绿素仪和Dualex-3多酚仪参数值与玉米籽粒产量、籽粒氮含量和土壤硝态氮含量间均有极显著线性或非线性相关性。通过比较相关系数，诊断指标Dualex、SPAD/Dualex和NSISPAD/Dualex值能较好预测籽粒产量；Dualex和SPAD/Dualex值能较好预测籽粒含氮量；SPAD/Dualex值能较好预测土壤硝态氮含量。Multiplex参数中SFR_G、FLAV、NBI_G、NBI_R、NSI_SFR_G、1/NSI_BRR_FRF、1/NSI_FLAV、NSI_NBI_G、NSI_NBI_R和1/NSI_ANTH+1值对玉米籽粒产量的预测潜力较大。
4.当追肥处理发生在干旱胁迫之前，增施氮肥有利于改善叶片净光合速率（PN）；相反，当追肥处理发生在干旱胁迫之后，增施氮肥反而使叶片PN下降；且干旱复水后，PN能够快速恢复，甚至高于水分良好条件。同时，叶片叶绿素荧光参数Fv′/Fm′对施氮量和土壤水分敏感性较差，整个生育期无显著性影响。玉米叶面积指数（LAI）和冠层叶绿素密度（SPAD×LAI）随施氮量的增加相应增加，但当施氮量超过180kg ha~(-1)时，二者均呈下降趋势，因而氮肥施用过多（250kg ha~(-1)）或过少（0～60kg ha~(-1)）均加快玉米生长后期LAI和SPAD×LAI的下降进程，使叶片提前衰老。冠层光合特性（PN×LAI）随氮肥施用量的增加相应增加，且整个生育期与籽粒产量具有极显著相关性，表明提高冠层光合能力是籽粒产量提高的关键；然而，施氮量超过180kg ha~(-1)时，对玉米籽粒增产效果不明显。
5.土壤硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加逐渐增加，且同一施氮水平下，土壤硝态氮含量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少。随着土壤水分的增加，0-30cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量相应增加，而30-60cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量无显著性变化。收获后，土壤中硝态氮残留量随施氮量和土壤水分的增加相应增加；然而，施氮量对不同土层中硝态氮残留量的影响不同。当总氮量<140kg ha~(-1)时，硝态氮残留量主要集中于0-60cm土层中；当总氮量>180kg ha~(-1)，硝态氮残留量主要集中于60-90cm土层。
Excessive nitrogen (N) application and water deficit are the major global problems. Theyare the foundation of crop growth and development and become the main factors on limitingagricultural sustainable development. Therefor, the reasonable management of irrigation andfertilizer application is the key to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction inagriculture. In current study, the SPAD-502chlorophyll meter, Dualex-3polyphenol meter,Dualex-4N balance index meter, and Multiplex fluorescence meter were emplyed to assesssthe plant N status in maize (Zea mays L.). The effects of different soil moisture and nitrogenapplication rates on SPAD, Dualex, Multiplex’s parameters readings and their N sufficiencyindex [NSI] of the latest fully leaf were investigated. According to three criterions includinghighly strong relationships with applied N rates, independence from soil water content, andconsistency among growing stages, the corn optimal N diagnosis indicator was selected.Furthmore, the relationships between N assessment indicators, on the one hand, and grain yield,grain NO3-N content, and soil NO3-N content, on the other hand, were analysised. Moreover,the responses of corn leaf phtosyntheis, grain yield, and the soil NO3-N content in differentlays to different soil moisture and N application rates have been studied. It got the mainfindings as follows:
1. The N assessment indicator values of the uppermost fully expanded leaves in cornplants, on the one hand, and plant biomass, tissue N content, and plant N nutrition index (NNI),one the other hand, were highly significant. Compared among N assessment indicators,1/NSIDualex, BGF_G, RF_G, RF_R, NSI_RF_G, NSI_RF_R, and NSI_BGF_UVwere notsuitable to assess N status in corn.
2. According to three criterions including highly strong relationships with applied Nrates, independence from soil water content, and consistency among growing stages,NSISPAD/Dualex, NSI_NBI_Dualex-4, RF_UV, FRF_UV, NSI_RF_UV, NSI_FRF_UV,NSI_NBI_G, and NSI_NBI_R were up to criterions, howerver, the range of RF_UV andRF_UV under different N application rates were less than other N assessment indicators, andNSI_RF_UV and NSI_FRF_UV were bad for predicting grain yield. Therefor, NSISPAD/Dualex,NSI_NBI_Dualex-4, NSI_NBI_G, and NSI_NBI_R were optimal N status diagnosis indicators in cuurent study. Furthermore, the grain yield could achieved the maximum vales as the cornoptimal N diagnosis indicators were reach to0.94-0.98during V5-VT growth stages.
3. The significant linear or non-linear correlation between SPAD, Dualex, SPAD/Dualex,NSISPAD,1/NSIDualex, and NSISPAD/Dualexreadings, one the one hand, and grain yield, grainNO3-N content, and soil NO3-N content, one the other hand, were observed. Compared amongN assessment indicators, Dualex, SPAD/Dualex, and NSISPAD/Dualexreadings could predictepreferably grain yield; Dualex and SPAD/Dualex readings could predicte preferably grainNO3-N content; and SPAD/Dualex readings could predicte preferably soil NO3-N content.Among Multiplex’s parameters, SFR_G, FLAV, NBI_G, NBI_R, NSI_SFR_G,1/NSI_BRR_FRF,1/NSI_FLAV, NSI_NBI_G, NSI_NBI_R, and1/NSI_ANTH+1readingscould predicte preferably grain yield in corn.
4. The N fertilizer topdressing treatments could improve the PNas it was done beforedrought stress, but resulted in reduction after; and the PNin leaves induced drought stressthrough rewatering recovered rapidly and even was higher than rich-watered control. Itindicated that more N supply did not alleviate the effects of drought but aggravated thephoto-damage. Little significant effects of N rates and SWC levels were existent on Fv′/Fm′. Inthe field experiment, LAI and SPAD×LAI increased gradually with increasing N from0to180kg ha~(-1), but decreased as N application rate was higer than180kg ha~(-1). It indicates thatexcessive (250kg ha~(-1)) or less (0-60kg ha~(-1)) N application rates could decreased the LAI andSPAD×LAI process at the end of corn growth stages and the leaf became aged in advance.PN×LAI increased progressively with N rates. The correlation between PN×LAI and corn grainyield was extremly significant, indicating that the improvement of the canopy photosynthesis isthe key to increase grain yield, but there was little value for increasing grain yield as Napplication rates was higher than180kg ha~(-1).
5. Soil NO3-N contents increased with increasing N ferilization rates, but decreased withincreasing the depth of soil layer regardless of N ferilization rates. With increasing soil watercontents, soil NO3-N contents increased in0-30cm soil layer and had a little change in30-60cm soil layer. After harvest, soil residual NO3-N contents increased with N fertilization rates orsoil water contents. Soil residual quantity of NO3-N was highest in0-60cm soil layer whentotal N fertilization rate was below140kg ha~(-1)and was highest in60-90cm soil layer whentotal N fertilization rate was below180kg ha~(-1).
1.各无损诊断指标值与常规诊断指标（植株生物量、植株含氮量和植株氮素营养指数NNI）值间均有显著相关性；并且，通过比较相关系数，Dualex-3多酚仪参数中1/NSIDualex和Multiplex荧光仪参数中BGF_G、RF_G、RF_R、NSI_RF_G、NSI_RF_R和NSI_BGF_UV不适宜应用于玉米氮素营养状况诊断中。
2.根据最佳氮素营养诊断指标筛选标准，无损诊断指标中NSISPAD/Dualex、NSI_NBI_Dualex-4、RF_UV、FRF_UV、NSI_RF_UV、NSI_FRF_UV、NSI_NBI_G和NSI_NBI_R均符合筛选标准，但不同施氮处理下RF_UV和FRF_UV值范围小于其它指标，而参数NSI_RF_UV和NSI_FRF_UV对玉米籽粒预测潜力较差。因此，本研究中推荐无损诊断指标中氮素平衡指数的氮素饱和指数为玉米最佳氮素营养诊断指标；且当玉米处于V5-VT生育期时，最佳诊断指标达到0.94～0.98时才能获得高产。
3. SPAD-502叶绿素仪和Dualex-3多酚仪参数值与玉米籽粒产量、籽粒氮含量和土壤硝态氮含量间均有极显著线性或非线性相关性。通过比较相关系数，诊断指标Dualex、SPAD/Dualex和NSISPAD/Dualex值能较好预测籽粒产量；Dualex和SPAD/Dualex值能较好预测籽粒含氮量；SPAD/Dualex值能较好预测土壤硝态氮含量。Multiplex参数中SFR_G、FLAV、NBI_G、NBI_R、NSI_SFR_G、1/NSI_BRR_FRF、1/NSI_FLAV、NSI_NBI_G、NSI_NBI_R和1/NSI_ANTH+1值对玉米籽粒产量的预测潜力较大。
4.当追肥处理发生在干旱胁迫之前，增施氮肥有利于改善叶片净光合速率（PN）；相反，当追肥处理发生在干旱胁迫之后，增施氮肥反而使叶片PN下降；且干旱复水后，PN能够快速恢复，甚至高于水分良好条件。同时，叶片叶绿素荧光参数Fv′/Fm′对施氮量和土壤水分敏感性较差，整个生育期无显著性影响。玉米叶面积指数（LAI）和冠层叶绿素密度（SPAD×LAI）随施氮量的增加相应增加，但当施氮量超过180kg ha~(-1)时，二者均呈下降趋势，因而氮肥施用过多（250kg ha~(-1)）或过少（0～60kg ha~(-1)）均加快玉米生长后期LAI和SPAD×LAI的下降进程，使叶片提前衰老。冠层光合特性（PN×LAI）随氮肥施用量的增加相应增加，且整个生育期与籽粒产量具有极显著相关性，表明提高冠层光合能力是籽粒产量提高的关键；然而，施氮量超过180kg ha~(-1)时，对玉米籽粒增产效果不明显。
5.土壤硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加逐渐增加，且同一施氮水平下，土壤硝态氮含量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少。随着土壤水分的增加，0-30cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量相应增加，而30-60cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量无显著性变化。收获后，土壤中硝态氮残留量随施氮量和土壤水分的增加相应增加；然而，施氮量对不同土层中硝态氮残留量的影响不同。当总氮量<140kg ha~(-1)时，硝态氮残留量主要集中于0-60cm土层中；当总氮量>180kg ha~(-1)，硝态氮残留量主要集中于60-90cm土层。
Excessive nitrogen (N) application and water deficit are the major global problems. Theyare the foundation of crop growth and development and become the main factors on limitingagricultural sustainable development. Therefor, the reasonable management of irrigation andfertilizer application is the key to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction inagriculture. In current study, the SPAD-502chlorophyll meter, Dualex-3polyphenol meter,Dualex-4N balance index meter, and Multiplex fluorescence meter were emplyed to assesssthe plant N status in maize (Zea mays L.). The effects of different soil moisture and nitrogenapplication rates on SPAD, Dualex, Multiplex’s parameters readings and their N sufficiencyindex [NSI] of the latest fully leaf were investigated. According to three criterions includinghighly strong relationships with applied N rates, independence from soil water content, andconsistency among growing stages, the corn optimal N diagnosis indicator was selected.Furthmore, the relationships between N assessment indicators, on the one hand, and grain yield,grain NO3-N content, and soil NO3-N content, on the other hand, were analysised. Moreover,the responses of corn leaf phtosyntheis, grain yield, and the soil NO3-N content in differentlays to different soil moisture and N application rates have been studied. It got the mainfindings as follows:
1. The N assessment indicator values of the uppermost fully expanded leaves in cornplants, on the one hand, and plant biomass, tissue N content, and plant N nutrition index (NNI),one the other hand, were highly significant. Compared among N assessment indicators,1/NSIDualex, BGF_G, RF_G, RF_R, NSI_RF_G, NSI_RF_R, and NSI_BGF_UVwere notsuitable to assess N status in corn.
2. According to three criterions including highly strong relationships with applied Nrates, independence from soil water content, and consistency among growing stages,NSISPAD/Dualex, NSI_NBI_Dualex-4, RF_UV, FRF_UV, NSI_RF_UV, NSI_FRF_UV,NSI_NBI_G, and NSI_NBI_R were up to criterions, howerver, the range of RF_UV andRF_UV under different N application rates were less than other N assessment indicators, andNSI_RF_UV and NSI_FRF_UV were bad for predicting grain yield. Therefor, NSISPAD/Dualex,NSI_NBI_Dualex-4, NSI_NBI_G, and NSI_NBI_R were optimal N status diagnosis indicators in cuurent study. Furthermore, the grain yield could achieved the maximum vales as the cornoptimal N diagnosis indicators were reach to0.94-0.98during V5-VT growth stages.
3. The significant linear or non-linear correlation between SPAD, Dualex, SPAD/Dualex,NSISPAD,1/NSIDualex, and NSISPAD/Dualexreadings, one the one hand, and grain yield, grainNO3-N content, and soil NO3-N content, one the other hand, were observed. Compared amongN assessment indicators, Dualex, SPAD/Dualex, and NSISPAD/Dualexreadings could predictepreferably grain yield; Dualex and SPAD/Dualex readings could predicte preferably grainNO3-N content; and SPAD/Dualex readings could predicte preferably soil NO3-N content.Among Multiplex’s parameters, SFR_G, FLAV, NBI_G, NBI_R, NSI_SFR_G,1/NSI_BRR_FRF,1/NSI_FLAV, NSI_NBI_G, NSI_NBI_R, and1/NSI_ANTH+1readingscould predicte preferably grain yield in corn.
4. The N fertilizer topdressing treatments could improve the PNas it was done beforedrought stress, but resulted in reduction after; and the PNin leaves induced drought stressthrough rewatering recovered rapidly and even was higher than rich-watered control. Itindicated that more N supply did not alleviate the effects of drought but aggravated thephoto-damage. Little significant effects of N rates and SWC levels were existent on Fv′/Fm′. Inthe field experiment, LAI and SPAD×LAI increased gradually with increasing N from0to180kg ha~(-1), but decreased as N application rate was higer than180kg ha~(-1). It indicates thatexcessive (250kg ha~(-1)) or less (0-60kg ha~(-1)) N application rates could decreased the LAI andSPAD×LAI process at the end of corn growth stages and the leaf became aged in advance.PN×LAI increased progressively with N rates. The correlation between PN×LAI and corn grainyield was extremly significant, indicating that the improvement of the canopy photosynthesis isthe key to increase grain yield, but there was little value for increasing grain yield as Napplication rates was higher than180kg ha~(-1).
5. Soil NO3-N contents increased with increasing N ferilization rates, but decreased withincreasing the depth of soil layer regardless of N ferilization rates. With increasing soil watercontents, soil NO3-N contents increased in0-30cm soil layer and had a little change in30-60cm soil layer. After harvest, soil residual NO3-N contents increased with N fertilization rates orsoil water contents. Soil residual quantity of NO3-N was highest in0-60cm soil layer whentotal N fertilization rate was below140kg ha~(-1)and was highest in60-90cm soil layer whentotal N fertilization rate was below180kg ha~(-1).
引文
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