氮钾肥对啤酒大麦籽粒产量和蛋白质形成的影响及其生理机制
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摘要
本文在大田环境下通过两年的施氮量、基追比试验和两年的氮钾肥配施试验,较系统地研究了氮钾肥对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响,探讨了施氮量、氮肥基追比和氮钾肥配施下啤酒大麦产量和蛋白质形成的生理机制。主要研究结果如下：
1氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响
啤酒大麦籽粒产量与施氮量、氮肥基追比均呈二次曲线关系,随施氮量增加和拔节期追氮比例增大而先上升后下降,而在225kg ha-1和300kg ha-1氮素水平下配施钾肥,籽粒产量随施钾量的提高呈先上升后下降趋势。增加施氮量和提高拔节期追肥比例,提高了蛋白质和清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量,对醇溶蛋白含量的提高最为显著,同时降低了千粒重和总淀粉含量,使得啤麦品质下降或完全不符合啤酒大麦品质的要求。氮钾肥配施下,千粒重和蛋白质含量与产量变化趋势一致,但醇溶蛋白含量明显下降,总淀粉含量上升,有利于改善啤酒大麦酿造品质。
2氮钾肥对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响
施氮量对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响两地点两个大麦品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)均随着施氮量的增加而提高,施氮量增至300kg ha-1,上述参数又呈下降趋势；叶面积指数(LAI)和消光系数(K)则随施氮量增加而一直提高,在300kg ha-1处理达到最高。花后大麦籽粒淀粉含量随施氮量的增加而下降,淀粉积累量、淀粉积累速率和淀粉产量对施氮量响应变化趋势与籽粒产量保持一致。适量增施氮肥还提高了提高了灌浆期茎中蔗糖果糖基转移酶(SST)和果聚糖、果聚糖果糖基转移酶(FFT)活性,促进了果聚糖积累,从而提高了茎中可溶性碳水化合物的积累,进而提高了大麦花前营养器官花前贮存碳水化合物的转运量及其对大麦淀粉产量的贡献率。
氮肥基追比对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响灌浆前中期苏啤3和单2两个大麦品种花后叶片净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)均随追氮比例的增大先增大后减小,以FTN30处理最大；在灌浆后期随追氮比例的增大而增大。叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)在整个灌浆期随着追氮比例的增大而提高。叶面积指数(LAI)和消光系数(K)则随追氮比例的增大而先增大后减小,以FTN30处理最大。适当的氮肥基追比例同时也提高了大麦花前营养器官花前贮存碳水化合物的转运量及其对大麦淀粉产量的贡献率。花后茎中果聚糖(DP=3和DP>3)和蔗糖含量随氮肥基追比增大先增高后减小,均以FTN30处理为最高；蔗糖果糖基转移酶(SST)和果聚糖、果聚糖果糖基转移酶(FFT)和果聚糖外水解酶(FEH)活性随氮肥基追比变化趋势与果聚糖含量一致。茎中可溶性糖含量(WSC)和向籽粒的转运量也随氮肥基追比增大先增高后减小,均以FTN30处理为最高。因此,氮肥适当后移可以提高大麦花后叶片光合能力,进而为籽粒淀粉合成提供更多的底物,提高籽粒淀粉产量和籽粒产量。
氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响适当增施钾肥明显提高了大麦花前营养器官花前茎鞘中可溶性糖(WSC)积累量,施钾150kg ha-1处理WSC积累量显著高于其它两钾肥处理,且300kg ha-1氮水平下各处理WSC积累量均低于225kgha-1氮水平下相应的各处理。施钾150kg ha-1处理茎鞘及营养器官总的为可溶性糖转运量(SRQ)和可溶性糖转运率(SRR)也显著高于其它两施钾处理,而300kg ha-1氮水平下各处理也均低于225kg ha-1氮水平下相应的各处理。表明适宜的氮钾肥配比可促进WSC的积累和转运,进而有利于提高籽粒淀粉积累量和产量。
3氮钾肥对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响
施氮量对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响啤酒大麦花前植株营养器官贮藏氮素积累量及其向籽粒的转运量在0～225kg ha-1施氮量范围内,随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势,但施氮量提高至300kg ha-1后,植株开花前氮素积累量及其转运量提高幅度变小；而花前氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率随施氮水平提高呈单峰曲线。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)活性也随着施氮水平的提高而上升,促进了蛋白质积累,提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。此外,适量提高施氮量有利于氮肥回收效率(NRE)与氮肥农学效率(AE)的提高,而提高施氮水平显著降低了大麦氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。
氮肥基追比对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响两个啤酒大麦品种花前、花后植株氮素积累量均随氮肥基追比的增大而先增大后减小,以FTN30处理为最大；花前氮素转运量和转运效率对氮肥基追比的响应与氮素积累量一致,但花前转运氮对最终籽粒氮的贡献率随追氮比例的增大而下降,以氮肥全部基施处理(FTN0)最大。籽粒蛋白质产量也随追氮比例增大先上升后下降,以FTN30处理为最高。但籽粒蛋白质含量及其组分清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随拔节期追氮比例的增大而增高。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷.丙转氨酶(GPT)活性也随追氮比例的提高而上升,促进了蛋白质积累,提高了籽粒蛋白质含量。本研究还发现,随追氮比例的提高,氮肥回收效率(NRE)、氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮肥农学效率(AE)均先增高后下降。表明适当的氮肥基追比有利于氮肥回收和提高氮素利用效率。
氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响在两高氮水平下,花后氮素积累量随施钾量呈先增大后减小趋势,花前氮素转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率也随增施钾肥先增大后减小。灌浆中期和成熟期籽粒蛋白质积累量及最终籽粒蛋白质产量与花前氮素转运变化趋势一致,两高氮水平下施钾150kg ha-1处理均显著高于其它两处理。因此,在高氮水平下可以通过高施钾量来控制啤酒大麦籽粒蛋白质的积累量。此外,两高氮水平下,随施钾量的提高,氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均先增高后下降,施钾150kg ha-1处理显著高于其它两处理,但氮收获指数随施钾量的提高而显著下降。
Based on field experiments in two sequential growth seasons in two eco-sties, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application and combined potassium fertilizer application on grain yield, protein and their mechanism were studied. Here are the main results:
1. Effects of nitrogen and potassium on grain yield and quality in malting barley
Grain yield of malting barley increased and then decreased with increasing N fertilizer rate and fraction of topdress N (FTN), showed a conic curve with N rate and FTN; and under225kg hm-2N level and300kg hm-2N level, grain yield were increased and then decreased with increasing K fertilizer rate. Increasing N rate and FTN improved contents of protein, albumin, gliadin and glutinin, and especially for gliadin content.1000kernels weight and starch content decreased by N. Thus, quality of malting barley was declined by N fertilization. Under N and K fertilizer application, thousand kernel weight and protein content followed the same change tendency with grain yield, but decreased gliadin content, and increased starch content, which could improve malting quality.
2Effect of nitrogen and potassium on carbon metabolism in malting barley
Effect of nitrogen rate on carbon metabolism in malting barley Photosynthetic rate (Pn), the maximum photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm) and quanta yield (Φ PSⅡ) of the photosynthetic system Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD value) increased with raised N rate. However, these parameters decreased at further N fertilizer enhancement of300kg ha-1. Starch content decreased with raised N fertilizer rate. However, grain starch accumulation, accumulation rate and yield showed the same tendency with grain yield in response to varying N level. Moderae N rate application also improved activities of SST (sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase) and FFT (fructan:fructan fruc-tosyltransferase) to benefit accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), so as to increase amount of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) stored in vegetative organs before anthesis and the PSGS (percentage of total soluble sugar remobilization quantity to grain starch yield).
Effect of fraction of topdressed nitrogen (FTN) on carbon metabolism in malting barley Pn, Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ increased with raising FTN from FTNo to FTN30, and then decreased with further topdressed N fertilizer fraction of40%and50%at the front and middle grain filling stage; but increased with raising FTN from0to50%of FTN at the later grain filling stage. Chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) decreased by raising FTN in the whole grain filling stage. Leaf area index (LAI) and light extinction coefficient (K) followed the same tendency with Pn, were highest at FTN30. proper FTN improved the quantity of carbohydrate stored in vegetative organs of barely before anthesis, and increased the PSGS (percentage of total soluble sugar remobilization quantity to grain starch yield). Post-anthesis fructan (DP=3and DP>3) content and sucrose content in stem and sheath increased with raising FTN from0to30%of FTN, then decreased from30to50%of FTN. Activities of SST (sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase), FFT (fructan: fructan fruc-tosyltransferase) and FEH (fructan exohydrolase) were followed the same changing tendency with fructan content. More, WSC content and translation were higher at proper FTN (FTN30). Consequently, proper FTN could improve Pn of leaves to offer more substrates for starch synthesis at grain filling process, which increased grain starch yield and grain yield.
Effect of nitrogen combined with potassium on carbon metabolism in malting barley Proper potassium fertilizer improved water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) accumulation in stem and sheath, and the WSC accumulation was higher at150kg ha-1K than another two treatments, and all treatments at225kg ha-1N level were higher than the corresponding treatments at300kg ha-1N level. More, the WSC redistribution quantity and rate were higher at150kg ha-1K than than another two treatments at two N levels, and all treatments at300kg ha-1N level also were higher than the corresponding treatments at300kg ha-1N level. So, proper nitrogen and potassium could increase WSC accumulation and redistribution to improve grain starch accumulation and yield.
3Effect of nitrogen and potassium on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley
Effect of nitrogen rate on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley Within N fertilizer rate range of0to225kg hm-2, N accumulation in plants before anthesis, and remobilization of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen to grain increased with N fertilizer rates, however, the increasing extent shrinked at a further N fertilizer rate of300kg hm-2. Remobilization efficiency of pre-anthesis store N and its contribution to grain protein showed a single peak curve with increasing N fertilizer rate. Acitivities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in grain also increased with increasing N fertilizer rates, and subsequently improved grain protein content and yield. In addition, proper N rate was beneficial to improvement of N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N agronomic efficiency (AE), while N fertilizer redueced N physiological use efficiency (PE) and N harvest index (NHI).
Effect of FTN on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley N accumulation in two malting barley before anthesis and after anthesis increased with raising FTN from0to30%of FTN, decreased from30to50%of FTN. Remobilization amount of N accumulated before anthesis (RNA) and remobilization efficiency of N accumulated before anthesis (REN) showed the same changing tendency under FTN, but RNA contribution to grain N (NCG) decreased with raising FTN, and was the highest at FTNo. Grain protein yield also first increased, then decreased, and was the highest at FTN30. But grain protein content and albumin, gliadin, glutinin content all increased with raising FTN. Moreover, Grain glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity increased with raising FTN, and subsequently improved grain protein content and yield. In addition, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological use efficiency (PE) and N agronomic efficiency (AE) also first increased, then decreased. So, proper FTN was beneficial to improvement of N fertilizer recovery and use efficiency.
Effect of nitrogen combined with potassium on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley At two high N levels, N accumulation in plants before anthesis and after anthesis of all treatments at300kg ha-1N level were higher than the corresponding treatments at225kg ha-1N level, and increased with from0to150kg ha-1K level, then decreased from150kg ha-1K level, to300kg ha-1K level, at both two N levels. Remobilization amount of N accumulated before anthesis (RNA), remobilization efficiency of N accumulated before anthesis (REN) and RNA contribution to grain N (NCG) showed the same tendency with N accumulation. Grain protein accumulation at middle filling stage and maturity and Grain protein yield at maturity followed the same change tendency with N remobilization with the highest value at150kg ha-1K level at both N levels. Thus, grain protein accumulation could be controlled by increasing potassium fertilizer at high N level. In addition, N physiological use efficiency (PE) and Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP) were higher at150kg ha-1K level than at another two K levels at both two N levels, but N harvest index (NHI) was decreased with raising potassium fertilizer.
1氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响
啤酒大麦籽粒产量与施氮量、氮肥基追比均呈二次曲线关系,随施氮量增加和拔节期追氮比例增大而先上升后下降,而在225kg ha-1和300kg ha-1氮素水平下配施钾肥,籽粒产量随施钾量的提高呈先上升后下降趋势。增加施氮量和提高拔节期追肥比例,提高了蛋白质和清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量,对醇溶蛋白含量的提高最为显著,同时降低了千粒重和总淀粉含量,使得啤麦品质下降或完全不符合啤酒大麦品质的要求。氮钾肥配施下,千粒重和蛋白质含量与产量变化趋势一致,但醇溶蛋白含量明显下降,总淀粉含量上升,有利于改善啤酒大麦酿造品质。
2氮钾肥对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响
施氮量对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响两地点两个大麦品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)均随着施氮量的增加而提高,施氮量增至300kg ha-1,上述参数又呈下降趋势；叶面积指数(LAI)和消光系数(K)则随施氮量增加而一直提高,在300kg ha-1处理达到最高。花后大麦籽粒淀粉含量随施氮量的增加而下降,淀粉积累量、淀粉积累速率和淀粉产量对施氮量响应变化趋势与籽粒产量保持一致。适量增施氮肥还提高了提高了灌浆期茎中蔗糖果糖基转移酶(SST)和果聚糖、果聚糖果糖基转移酶(FFT)活性,促进了果聚糖积累,从而提高了茎中可溶性碳水化合物的积累,进而提高了大麦花前营养器官花前贮存碳水化合物的转运量及其对大麦淀粉产量的贡献率。
氮肥基追比对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响灌浆前中期苏啤3和单2两个大麦品种花后叶片净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)均随追氮比例的增大先增大后减小,以FTN30处理最大；在灌浆后期随追氮比例的增大而增大。叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)在整个灌浆期随着追氮比例的增大而提高。叶面积指数(LAI)和消光系数(K)则随追氮比例的增大而先增大后减小,以FTN30处理最大。适当的氮肥基追比例同时也提高了大麦花前营养器官花前贮存碳水化合物的转运量及其对大麦淀粉产量的贡献率。花后茎中果聚糖(DP=3和DP>3)和蔗糖含量随氮肥基追比增大先增高后减小,均以FTN30处理为最高；蔗糖果糖基转移酶(SST)和果聚糖、果聚糖果糖基转移酶(FFT)和果聚糖外水解酶(FEH)活性随氮肥基追比变化趋势与果聚糖含量一致。茎中可溶性糖含量(WSC)和向籽粒的转运量也随氮肥基追比增大先增高后减小,均以FTN30处理为最高。因此,氮肥适当后移可以提高大麦花后叶片光合能力,进而为籽粒淀粉合成提供更多的底物,提高籽粒淀粉产量和籽粒产量。
氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦花后碳素代谢的影响适当增施钾肥明显提高了大麦花前营养器官花前茎鞘中可溶性糖(WSC)积累量,施钾150kg ha-1处理WSC积累量显著高于其它两钾肥处理,且300kg ha-1氮水平下各处理WSC积累量均低于225kgha-1氮水平下相应的各处理。施钾150kg ha-1处理茎鞘及营养器官总的为可溶性糖转运量(SRQ)和可溶性糖转运率(SRR)也显著高于其它两施钾处理,而300kg ha-1氮水平下各处理也均低于225kg ha-1氮水平下相应的各处理。表明适宜的氮钾肥配比可促进WSC的积累和转运,进而有利于提高籽粒淀粉积累量和产量。
3氮钾肥对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响
施氮量对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响啤酒大麦花前植株营养器官贮藏氮素积累量及其向籽粒的转运量在0～225kg ha-1施氮量范围内,随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势,但施氮量提高至300kg ha-1后,植株开花前氮素积累量及其转运量提高幅度变小；而花前氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率随施氮水平提高呈单峰曲线。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)活性也随着施氮水平的提高而上升,促进了蛋白质积累,提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。此外,适量提高施氮量有利于氮肥回收效率(NRE)与氮肥农学效率(AE)的提高,而提高施氮水平显著降低了大麦氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。
氮肥基追比对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响两个啤酒大麦品种花前、花后植株氮素积累量均随氮肥基追比的增大而先增大后减小,以FTN30处理为最大；花前氮素转运量和转运效率对氮肥基追比的响应与氮素积累量一致,但花前转运氮对最终籽粒氮的贡献率随追氮比例的增大而下降,以氮肥全部基施处理(FTN0)最大。籽粒蛋白质产量也随追氮比例增大先上升后下降,以FTN30处理为最高。但籽粒蛋白质含量及其组分清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随拔节期追氮比例的增大而增高。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷.丙转氨酶(GPT)活性也随追氮比例的提高而上升,促进了蛋白质积累,提高了籽粒蛋白质含量。本研究还发现,随追氮比例的提高,氮肥回收效率(NRE)、氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮肥农学效率(AE)均先增高后下降。表明适当的氮肥基追比有利于氮肥回收和提高氮素利用效率。
氮钾肥配施对啤酒大麦花后氮素代谢的影响在两高氮水平下,花后氮素积累量随施钾量呈先增大后减小趋势,花前氮素转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率也随增施钾肥先增大后减小。灌浆中期和成熟期籽粒蛋白质积累量及最终籽粒蛋白质产量与花前氮素转运变化趋势一致,两高氮水平下施钾150kg ha-1处理均显著高于其它两处理。因此,在高氮水平下可以通过高施钾量来控制啤酒大麦籽粒蛋白质的积累量。此外,两高氮水平下,随施钾量的提高,氮素生理利用效率(PE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均先增高后下降,施钾150kg ha-1处理显著高于其它两处理,但氮收获指数随施钾量的提高而显著下降。
Based on field experiments in two sequential growth seasons in two eco-sties, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application and combined potassium fertilizer application on grain yield, protein and their mechanism were studied. Here are the main results:
1. Effects of nitrogen and potassium on grain yield and quality in malting barley
Grain yield of malting barley increased and then decreased with increasing N fertilizer rate and fraction of topdress N (FTN), showed a conic curve with N rate and FTN; and under225kg hm-2N level and300kg hm-2N level, grain yield were increased and then decreased with increasing K fertilizer rate. Increasing N rate and FTN improved contents of protein, albumin, gliadin and glutinin, and especially for gliadin content.1000kernels weight and starch content decreased by N. Thus, quality of malting barley was declined by N fertilization. Under N and K fertilizer application, thousand kernel weight and protein content followed the same change tendency with grain yield, but decreased gliadin content, and increased starch content, which could improve malting quality.
2Effect of nitrogen and potassium on carbon metabolism in malting barley
Effect of nitrogen rate on carbon metabolism in malting barley Photosynthetic rate (Pn), the maximum photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm) and quanta yield (Φ PSⅡ) of the photosynthetic system Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD value) increased with raised N rate. However, these parameters decreased at further N fertilizer enhancement of300kg ha-1. Starch content decreased with raised N fertilizer rate. However, grain starch accumulation, accumulation rate and yield showed the same tendency with grain yield in response to varying N level. Moderae N rate application also improved activities of SST (sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase) and FFT (fructan:fructan fruc-tosyltransferase) to benefit accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), so as to increase amount of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) stored in vegetative organs before anthesis and the PSGS (percentage of total soluble sugar remobilization quantity to grain starch yield).
Effect of fraction of topdressed nitrogen (FTN) on carbon metabolism in malting barley Pn, Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ increased with raising FTN from FTNo to FTN30, and then decreased with further topdressed N fertilizer fraction of40%and50%at the front and middle grain filling stage; but increased with raising FTN from0to50%of FTN at the later grain filling stage. Chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) decreased by raising FTN in the whole grain filling stage. Leaf area index (LAI) and light extinction coefficient (K) followed the same tendency with Pn, were highest at FTN30. proper FTN improved the quantity of carbohydrate stored in vegetative organs of barely before anthesis, and increased the PSGS (percentage of total soluble sugar remobilization quantity to grain starch yield). Post-anthesis fructan (DP=3and DP>3) content and sucrose content in stem and sheath increased with raising FTN from0to30%of FTN, then decreased from30to50%of FTN. Activities of SST (sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase), FFT (fructan: fructan fruc-tosyltransferase) and FEH (fructan exohydrolase) were followed the same changing tendency with fructan content. More, WSC content and translation were higher at proper FTN (FTN30). Consequently, proper FTN could improve Pn of leaves to offer more substrates for starch synthesis at grain filling process, which increased grain starch yield and grain yield.
Effect of nitrogen combined with potassium on carbon metabolism in malting barley Proper potassium fertilizer improved water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) accumulation in stem and sheath, and the WSC accumulation was higher at150kg ha-1K than another two treatments, and all treatments at225kg ha-1N level were higher than the corresponding treatments at300kg ha-1N level. More, the WSC redistribution quantity and rate were higher at150kg ha-1K than than another two treatments at two N levels, and all treatments at300kg ha-1N level also were higher than the corresponding treatments at300kg ha-1N level. So, proper nitrogen and potassium could increase WSC accumulation and redistribution to improve grain starch accumulation and yield.
3Effect of nitrogen and potassium on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley
Effect of nitrogen rate on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley Within N fertilizer rate range of0to225kg hm-2, N accumulation in plants before anthesis, and remobilization of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen to grain increased with N fertilizer rates, however, the increasing extent shrinked at a further N fertilizer rate of300kg hm-2. Remobilization efficiency of pre-anthesis store N and its contribution to grain protein showed a single peak curve with increasing N fertilizer rate. Acitivities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in grain also increased with increasing N fertilizer rates, and subsequently improved grain protein content and yield. In addition, proper N rate was beneficial to improvement of N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N agronomic efficiency (AE), while N fertilizer redueced N physiological use efficiency (PE) and N harvest index (NHI).
Effect of FTN on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley N accumulation in two malting barley before anthesis and after anthesis increased with raising FTN from0to30%of FTN, decreased from30to50%of FTN. Remobilization amount of N accumulated before anthesis (RNA) and remobilization efficiency of N accumulated before anthesis (REN) showed the same changing tendency under FTN, but RNA contribution to grain N (NCG) decreased with raising FTN, and was the highest at FTNo. Grain protein yield also first increased, then decreased, and was the highest at FTN30. But grain protein content and albumin, gliadin, glutinin content all increased with raising FTN. Moreover, Grain glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity increased with raising FTN, and subsequently improved grain protein content and yield. In addition, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological use efficiency (PE) and N agronomic efficiency (AE) also first increased, then decreased. So, proper FTN was beneficial to improvement of N fertilizer recovery and use efficiency.
Effect of nitrogen combined with potassium on nitrogen metabolism in malting barley At two high N levels, N accumulation in plants before anthesis and after anthesis of all treatments at300kg ha-1N level were higher than the corresponding treatments at225kg ha-1N level, and increased with from0to150kg ha-1K level, then decreased from150kg ha-1K level, to300kg ha-1K level, at both two N levels. Remobilization amount of N accumulated before anthesis (RNA), remobilization efficiency of N accumulated before anthesis (REN) and RNA contribution to grain N (NCG) showed the same tendency with N accumulation. Grain protein accumulation at middle filling stage and maturity and Grain protein yield at maturity followed the same change tendency with N remobilization with the highest value at150kg ha-1K level at both N levels. Thus, grain protein accumulation could be controlled by increasing potassium fertilizer at high N level. In addition, N physiological use efficiency (PE) and Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP) were higher at150kg ha-1K level than at another two K levels at both two N levels, but N harvest index (NHI) was decreased with raising potassium fertilizer.
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