坡地茶园集水区地表径流氮磷流失及其生态综合控制研究
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摘要
近年来,浙江苕溪流域内茶叶种植面积迅速增加,大部分茶园分布在红壤丘陵坡地,种植过程中氮(N)、磷(P)营养随地表径流流失现象较为突出,加大了苕溪流域水体富营养化风险。因此,系统的研究坡地茶园地表径流氮磷流失机理,并有针对性的提出有效的控制措施,对削减茶园氮磷营养流失负荷,减少对水体环境的污染,具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本研究从2010年到2012年在杭州余杭区杭州茶叶试验场典型茶园集水区采取野外监测分析、径流小区及人工模拟降雨试验等方法,在分析坡地茶园地表径流氮磷输出机制的基础上,深入探讨了降雨、施肥、种植模式、地表覆盖等因素对茶园地表径流氮磷流失的影响,同时开展了茶树氮素营养快速诊断研究以及多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对氮磷污染物的净化作用研究,进而提出了坡地茶园集水区氮磷流失控制及水肥管理策略。主要研究结论如下：
研究区域茶园土壤pH平均值为4.5,主要分布在3.2-6.6,存在着酸化的现象。土壤氮磷养分的总体供应能力较好,总氮(TN)含量范围在1.31g/kg-6.39g/kg,平均为2.92g/kg,总磷(TP)含量范围在0.31g/kg～2.87g/kg,平均为1.09g/kg,大部分土壤样品达到土壤养分1级标准。茶园集水区氮磷养分流失严重,作为集水区氮磷养分输出通道的沟渠,水样中的总氮、总磷含量均值都超出《地表水环境质量标准》中V类标准限值。茶园、水塘、沟渠水样中的氮素存在形态以硝态氮为主,稻田氮素的流失形态以氨氮为主,所有“源-汇”类型中,颗粒态磷是水样中磷素的主要存在形态。
通过2年(2010-2011)的小区监测试验探讨降雨与肥料类型对茶园地表径流氮磷流失的影响。试验处理包括不施肥处理、茶树专用有机肥处理、缓释肥处理以及常规化肥处理,3个施肥处理每年施用等量的N和P。结果表明,3个施肥处理径流中的TN和TP浓度都与降雨量呈显著线性关系,其中有机肥处理相关性最强,而对照处理径流中的TN和TP浓度与降雨量之间不存在显著相关。有机肥处理径流中平均TN浓度在2010年和20]1年都显著低于常规施肥处理,2010年,缓释肥处理径流中的TP和颗粒态磷浓度显著低于其他施肥处理,然而,2011年,3种施肥处理径流中各种形态磷的浓度均不存在显著差异。尽管施用有机肥和缓释肥有利于降低茶园径流水中的氮磷浓度,但与常规易溶性氮肥相比,并没有显示出增加茶叶产量的作用。
2012年在坡地茶园进行野外人工模拟降雨试验研究,通过在施肥后不同时间间隔(第5d,第27d,第49d)分别进行不同降雨强度(80mm/h,120mm/h,160mm/h)的模拟降雨,探讨了径流量、氮磷流失量与降雨量及前期土壤含水量之间的关系,评估了肥料类型对坡地茶园氮磷流失量的影响。结果表明,径流量、径流中总氮、总磷的流失量与降雨量、前期土壤含水量均呈显著线性正相关。在施肥后第49d进行的模拟降雨中,施用缓释肥和茶树专用有机肥的处理,其TN的流失量分别为52.07g/hm、45.23g/hm2,显著低于施用常规化肥的处理(73.47g/hm2),但在研究期间,3种施肥处理的TP流失量不存在显著差异。
在等高种植和顺坡种植的茶园进行对比试验,施肥量及其他管理措施相同,分析了两种种植模式的茶园径流水中的氮磷元素的含量、形态特征及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明：在整个监测时期内,等高种植茶园径流中总氮、硝氮、氨氮含量分别比顺坡种植茶园低8.54%-43.01%,4.05%-46.70%,5.92%-33.19%,但两种种植模式之间不存在显著差异；等高种植茶园径流水中总磷、可溶态总磷、颗粒态磷的含量分别比顺坡种植低8.51%-31.07%,0.39%-17.91%,8.45%-36.86%,两种种植模式之间径流水中总磷、颗粒态磷含量存在极显著差异,可溶态磷含量不存在显著差异。总的来说,等高种植模式能更好地截留茶园氮磷营养元素,防止其随地表径流流失。
通过小区尺度(100m2)和田间尺度(32hm2)的茶园试验,探讨了在田间尺度利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)开展田间氮素诊断施肥的可行性,研究了茶叶氮素及SPAD值的时空变异情况,分析了时空变化对茶叶氮素含量与SPAD值相关关系的影响。结果表明,使用SPAD值直接评估茶树叶片氮素含量,应该考虑时空变异对其适用性的影响。茶叶氮含量与SPAD值在8月份小区尺度下呈显著正相关,但在11月份时相关不显著。田间尺度下,未发现茶叶氮含量与SPAD值呈显著相关关系。未来还需要深入研究来确定SPAD值与茶叶氮含量之间稳定的相关关系,这将有利于实现茶树实时实地优化施肥。
通过研究在茶园间种白三叶草、覆盖稻壳+液体生态地膜两种地表覆盖措施,探讨了生态覆盖措施对茶园地表径流氮磷流失特征的影响。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,间种白三叶草处理径流中的总氮浓度降低24.2%,总磷浓度降低44.5%；稻壳+液体生态地膜覆盖处理径流中的总氮浓度降低42.7%,总磷浓度降低50.5%,间种白三叶草与稻壳+液体生态地膜2种地表覆盖措施都能显著降低径流中的氮磷污染物浓度。
在自然多水塘—沟渠湿地系统的基础上,通过在水塘种植多种水生植物进行生物强化处理,探讨了多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对茶园径流氮磷污染物的削减能力,分析了茶园集水区氮磷污染物浓度沿水的流程的变化趋势。结果表明,多水塘—沟渠湿地系统有效降低了茶园集水区出水口氮磷污染物的浓度,与茶园径流中的平均浓度相比,出水口水样中总氮浓度降低32.3%,硝态氮浓度降低24.3%,氨氮浓度降低48.9%,总磷浓度降低48.9%,可溶态磷浓度降低74.1%,颗粒态磷浓度降低83.7%。总的来说,多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对颗粒态磷的去除效果最好,其次是可溶态磷、氨氮,氮磷污染物浓度沿水的流程呈下降趋势。
综上所述,在坡地茶园减少化肥的使用,以环境友好型肥料替代常规化肥,避免雨前施肥及雨季耕作,并在茶树行间进行间种绿肥或铺放生物质废弃物等覆盖处理,加强多水塘—沟渠湿地系统的缓冲、拦截、吸收作用,截留氮磷污染物,是控制坡地茶园地表径流氮磷流失的关键所在。
As one of the major tea production areas, the Tiaoxi watershed in northern Zhejiang Province has been characterized as one of the most intensively managed tea-growing regions in China. The cultivated area increased fast in recent years in this region. Most of tea plantations in Tiaoxi watershed are located in hilly areas where the fertilization practices have potential risk to contaminate surface water because of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses in surface runoff. In order to reduce the loads of nitrogen and phosphorus losses and risk of water body pollution, it is very important to make clear the mechanism of N and phosphorus P losses in surface runoff from hilly tea fields and propose effective control measures.
Field monitoring, runoff plots and simulated rainfall trials were conducted from2010to2012at Hangzhou experimental tea farm, Yuhang district, Hangzhou. On the basis of analyzing the export mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff from tea fields, the effects of rainfall, fertilization, planting pattern, mulching on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff were discussed, the researches of rapid diagnosis of nitrogen status of tea plant, as well as the cleaning effects of multi-pond-ditch wetland system to the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution were carried out. The main research conclusions were:
The results indicated that soil pH of the studied tea field ranged from3.2to6.6, with mean of4.5, showing that the soil acidification was existed. Generally speaking, the soil has good supply capability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil total nitrogen (TN) content was from1.31g/kg to6.39g/kg, with mean of2.92g/kg, the soil total phosphorus (TP) content was from0.31g/kg to2.87g/kg, with mean of1.09g/kg. Most of the soil samples achieved the grade1of Soil Nutrients Standard of China. The losses of N and P from researched tea field watershed were serious. As the export channel of N and P of the watershed, the quality of ditch water was out of the V grade of National Water Quality Standards. Nitrate nitrogen was the major form of N existing in water samples of tea field runoff, ponds and ditch. Ammonia nitrogen was the major form of N existing in surface water samples of rice field. Particulate phosphorus was the major form of P existing in water samples of all these land use types.
A plot study was conducted over a2-year period (2010-2011) to evaluate the effects of rainfall and fertilizer types on N and phosphorus P concentrations in surface runoff from tea fields. Organic (OF), slow-release (SRF), and conventional chemical (CF) fertilizers were applied to different plots at the same rates each year. Rainfall amounts showed statistically significant correlations with concentrations of TN and TP in runoff water from all fertilized treatments, and the OF treatment has the greatest correlation. Although equivalent N and P were applied in each fertilized treatment, the OF treatment had the lowest annual mean concentration of TN in runoff in2010and was amongst the lowest in2011with concentration statistically similar to SRF. The SRF treatment had the lowest annual mean concentration of TP in runoff in2010, while few differences were observed in concentration of TP between fertilized treatments in2011.The research results suggested that replacement of conventional chemical fertilizers with organic or slow-release fertilizers in tea fields could reduce N and P losses while maintaining tea yields.
The experiments of simulated rainfall event and amount were conducted in2012to determine N and P losses in runoff from tea fields. Rainfall simulations were performed at5,27and49days after fertilization with intensity of80,120,160mm/h, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between runoff volume, runoff N and P losses and rainfall amount. Similarly, a very strong positive correlation between runoff volume, runoff nitrogen and phosphorus losses and antecedent soil moisture existed. Fertilizer types had significant effects on the loads of TN loss. In rainfall events of49-d, the mean load of TN in surface runoff from SRF (52.07g/hm2) and OF (45.23g/hm2) treatments were both significantly lower than that from CF treatments (73.47g/hm2). However, TP load in surface runoff showed no significant differences among CF, SRF and OF across the study period. The results indicated that the fertilization in tea field should be avoided before heavy rain especially when soil water content is very high.
In order to explore the characteristics of N and P losses with surface runoff in tea fields under different planting patterns, the runoff water samples were sampled and determined from contour planting and straight row planting tea field respectively. The contents, form and temporal changing pattern of N and P were analyzed. The results showed that, in the total monitoring period, the TN, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents in runoff water samples from contour planting tea field were8.54%-43.01%,4.05%-46.70%,5.92%-33.19%lower than that from straight row planting tea field, respectively. But there were no significant differences between the two planting patterns. The TP, total dissolvable phosphorus, particulate phosphorus contents in runoff water samples from contour planting tea field were8.51%-31.07%,0.39%-17.91%,8.45%-36.86%lower than that from straight row planting tea field, respectively. There were extremely significant differences between the two planting patterns for TP and particulate phosphorus, but not for total dissolvable phosphorus. Generally speaking, the contour planting pattern could prevent the N and P losses with surface runoff in tea field effectively.
In order to evaluate the utility of Chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) to inform nitrogen fertilization rates of tea(Camellia sinensis L.), plot-scale (5×20m) experiments and field-scale (32ha) experiment, with the same fertilization rate, were conducted. The results indicated that, space and time must be considered when using SPAD readings to estimate the nitrogen content of tea leaves. Nitrogen contents of tea leaves were significantly positively correlated with SPAD readings in the plots in August but not in November. Foliar N content and SPAD readings were not significantly correlated at the field scale. Additional research will be required to clarify how the relationship between N content and SPAD readings of tea leaves changes in space and time.
To investigate the effects of eco-mulching measures on N and P losses in surface runoff from tea fields, surface mulching treatments of interplanting white clover (Trifolium repens)(TR) and rice hull+liquid eco-membrane (MR) were compared with conventional till. The results showed that, both these two kinds of eco-mulching treatments could significant reduce the concentration of N and P in runoff. Compared with conventional till, the concentration of TN in runoff from TR treatment reduced 24.2%and TP reduced44.5%, the concentration of TN in runoff from MR treatment reduced42.7%and TP reduced44.5%.
On the basis of natural multi-pond-ditch wetland system, various aquatic plants were planted in the ponds to enhance the effects. The N and P reduction capacity of multi-pond-ditch wetland system and the variation trends of N and P concentrations along the flow path were analyzed. The results showed that, the N and P concentrations in the outlet of watershed were reduced by multi-pond-ditch wetland system effectively. Compared with the mean concentration of runoff from tea fields, the concentration of TN, nitrate N, ammonia N, TP, total dissolved P and particulate P reduced by32.3%,24.3%,48.9%,48.9%,74.1%and83.7%, respectively. In general, the multi-pond-ditch wetland system was most effective in removing particulate P, follows by total dissolved P and ammonia N. The concentrations of N and P pollutants were generally declined along the flow path.
In conclusion, reducing the usage of chemical fertilizers and replacing by environmental friendly fertilizers, avoiding apply fertilizer before rain and till in wet season, mulching with green manure or crop residue between the tea plants lines, making use of or strengthening the effects of buffer zones (ponds, ditch) to intercept runoff, absorb nutrients, would be helpful to control N and P losses in surface runoff from hilly tea fields.
本研究从2010年到2012年在杭州余杭区杭州茶叶试验场典型茶园集水区采取野外监测分析、径流小区及人工模拟降雨试验等方法,在分析坡地茶园地表径流氮磷输出机制的基础上,深入探讨了降雨、施肥、种植模式、地表覆盖等因素对茶园地表径流氮磷流失的影响,同时开展了茶树氮素营养快速诊断研究以及多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对氮磷污染物的净化作用研究,进而提出了坡地茶园集水区氮磷流失控制及水肥管理策略。主要研究结论如下：
研究区域茶园土壤pH平均值为4.5,主要分布在3.2-6.6,存在着酸化的现象。土壤氮磷养分的总体供应能力较好,总氮(TN)含量范围在1.31g/kg-6.39g/kg,平均为2.92g/kg,总磷(TP)含量范围在0.31g/kg～2.87g/kg,平均为1.09g/kg,大部分土壤样品达到土壤养分1级标准。茶园集水区氮磷养分流失严重,作为集水区氮磷养分输出通道的沟渠,水样中的总氮、总磷含量均值都超出《地表水环境质量标准》中V类标准限值。茶园、水塘、沟渠水样中的氮素存在形态以硝态氮为主,稻田氮素的流失形态以氨氮为主,所有“源-汇”类型中,颗粒态磷是水样中磷素的主要存在形态。
通过2年(2010-2011)的小区监测试验探讨降雨与肥料类型对茶园地表径流氮磷流失的影响。试验处理包括不施肥处理、茶树专用有机肥处理、缓释肥处理以及常规化肥处理,3个施肥处理每年施用等量的N和P。结果表明,3个施肥处理径流中的TN和TP浓度都与降雨量呈显著线性关系,其中有机肥处理相关性最强,而对照处理径流中的TN和TP浓度与降雨量之间不存在显著相关。有机肥处理径流中平均TN浓度在2010年和20]1年都显著低于常规施肥处理,2010年,缓释肥处理径流中的TP和颗粒态磷浓度显著低于其他施肥处理,然而,2011年,3种施肥处理径流中各种形态磷的浓度均不存在显著差异。尽管施用有机肥和缓释肥有利于降低茶园径流水中的氮磷浓度,但与常规易溶性氮肥相比,并没有显示出增加茶叶产量的作用。
2012年在坡地茶园进行野外人工模拟降雨试验研究,通过在施肥后不同时间间隔(第5d,第27d,第49d)分别进行不同降雨强度(80mm/h,120mm/h,160mm/h)的模拟降雨,探讨了径流量、氮磷流失量与降雨量及前期土壤含水量之间的关系,评估了肥料类型对坡地茶园氮磷流失量的影响。结果表明,径流量、径流中总氮、总磷的流失量与降雨量、前期土壤含水量均呈显著线性正相关。在施肥后第49d进行的模拟降雨中,施用缓释肥和茶树专用有机肥的处理,其TN的流失量分别为52.07g/hm、45.23g/hm2,显著低于施用常规化肥的处理(73.47g/hm2),但在研究期间,3种施肥处理的TP流失量不存在显著差异。
在等高种植和顺坡种植的茶园进行对比试验,施肥量及其他管理措施相同,分析了两种种植模式的茶园径流水中的氮磷元素的含量、形态特征及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明：在整个监测时期内,等高种植茶园径流中总氮、硝氮、氨氮含量分别比顺坡种植茶园低8.54%-43.01%,4.05%-46.70%,5.92%-33.19%,但两种种植模式之间不存在显著差异；等高种植茶园径流水中总磷、可溶态总磷、颗粒态磷的含量分别比顺坡种植低8.51%-31.07%,0.39%-17.91%,8.45%-36.86%,两种种植模式之间径流水中总磷、颗粒态磷含量存在极显著差异,可溶态磷含量不存在显著差异。总的来说,等高种植模式能更好地截留茶园氮磷营养元素,防止其随地表径流流失。
通过小区尺度(100m2)和田间尺度(32hm2)的茶园试验,探讨了在田间尺度利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)开展田间氮素诊断施肥的可行性,研究了茶叶氮素及SPAD值的时空变异情况,分析了时空变化对茶叶氮素含量与SPAD值相关关系的影响。结果表明,使用SPAD值直接评估茶树叶片氮素含量,应该考虑时空变异对其适用性的影响。茶叶氮含量与SPAD值在8月份小区尺度下呈显著正相关,但在11月份时相关不显著。田间尺度下,未发现茶叶氮含量与SPAD值呈显著相关关系。未来还需要深入研究来确定SPAD值与茶叶氮含量之间稳定的相关关系,这将有利于实现茶树实时实地优化施肥。
通过研究在茶园间种白三叶草、覆盖稻壳+液体生态地膜两种地表覆盖措施,探讨了生态覆盖措施对茶园地表径流氮磷流失特征的影响。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,间种白三叶草处理径流中的总氮浓度降低24.2%,总磷浓度降低44.5%；稻壳+液体生态地膜覆盖处理径流中的总氮浓度降低42.7%,总磷浓度降低50.5%,间种白三叶草与稻壳+液体生态地膜2种地表覆盖措施都能显著降低径流中的氮磷污染物浓度。
在自然多水塘—沟渠湿地系统的基础上,通过在水塘种植多种水生植物进行生物强化处理,探讨了多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对茶园径流氮磷污染物的削减能力,分析了茶园集水区氮磷污染物浓度沿水的流程的变化趋势。结果表明,多水塘—沟渠湿地系统有效降低了茶园集水区出水口氮磷污染物的浓度,与茶园径流中的平均浓度相比,出水口水样中总氮浓度降低32.3%,硝态氮浓度降低24.3%,氨氮浓度降低48.9%,总磷浓度降低48.9%,可溶态磷浓度降低74.1%,颗粒态磷浓度降低83.7%。总的来说,多水塘—沟渠湿地系统对颗粒态磷的去除效果最好,其次是可溶态磷、氨氮,氮磷污染物浓度沿水的流程呈下降趋势。
综上所述,在坡地茶园减少化肥的使用,以环境友好型肥料替代常规化肥,避免雨前施肥及雨季耕作,并在茶树行间进行间种绿肥或铺放生物质废弃物等覆盖处理,加强多水塘—沟渠湿地系统的缓冲、拦截、吸收作用,截留氮磷污染物,是控制坡地茶园地表径流氮磷流失的关键所在。
As one of the major tea production areas, the Tiaoxi watershed in northern Zhejiang Province has been characterized as one of the most intensively managed tea-growing regions in China. The cultivated area increased fast in recent years in this region. Most of tea plantations in Tiaoxi watershed are located in hilly areas where the fertilization practices have potential risk to contaminate surface water because of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses in surface runoff. In order to reduce the loads of nitrogen and phosphorus losses and risk of water body pollution, it is very important to make clear the mechanism of N and phosphorus P losses in surface runoff from hilly tea fields and propose effective control measures.
Field monitoring, runoff plots and simulated rainfall trials were conducted from2010to2012at Hangzhou experimental tea farm, Yuhang district, Hangzhou. On the basis of analyzing the export mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff from tea fields, the effects of rainfall, fertilization, planting pattern, mulching on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff were discussed, the researches of rapid diagnosis of nitrogen status of tea plant, as well as the cleaning effects of multi-pond-ditch wetland system to the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution were carried out. The main research conclusions were:
The results indicated that soil pH of the studied tea field ranged from3.2to6.6, with mean of4.5, showing that the soil acidification was existed. Generally speaking, the soil has good supply capability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil total nitrogen (TN) content was from1.31g/kg to6.39g/kg, with mean of2.92g/kg, the soil total phosphorus (TP) content was from0.31g/kg to2.87g/kg, with mean of1.09g/kg. Most of the soil samples achieved the grade1of Soil Nutrients Standard of China. The losses of N and P from researched tea field watershed were serious. As the export channel of N and P of the watershed, the quality of ditch water was out of the V grade of National Water Quality Standards. Nitrate nitrogen was the major form of N existing in water samples of tea field runoff, ponds and ditch. Ammonia nitrogen was the major form of N existing in surface water samples of rice field. Particulate phosphorus was the major form of P existing in water samples of all these land use types.
A plot study was conducted over a2-year period (2010-2011) to evaluate the effects of rainfall and fertilizer types on N and phosphorus P concentrations in surface runoff from tea fields. Organic (OF), slow-release (SRF), and conventional chemical (CF) fertilizers were applied to different plots at the same rates each year. Rainfall amounts showed statistically significant correlations with concentrations of TN and TP in runoff water from all fertilized treatments, and the OF treatment has the greatest correlation. Although equivalent N and P were applied in each fertilized treatment, the OF treatment had the lowest annual mean concentration of TN in runoff in2010and was amongst the lowest in2011with concentration statistically similar to SRF. The SRF treatment had the lowest annual mean concentration of TP in runoff in2010, while few differences were observed in concentration of TP between fertilized treatments in2011.The research results suggested that replacement of conventional chemical fertilizers with organic or slow-release fertilizers in tea fields could reduce N and P losses while maintaining tea yields.
The experiments of simulated rainfall event and amount were conducted in2012to determine N and P losses in runoff from tea fields. Rainfall simulations were performed at5,27and49days after fertilization with intensity of80,120,160mm/h, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between runoff volume, runoff N and P losses and rainfall amount. Similarly, a very strong positive correlation between runoff volume, runoff nitrogen and phosphorus losses and antecedent soil moisture existed. Fertilizer types had significant effects on the loads of TN loss. In rainfall events of49-d, the mean load of TN in surface runoff from SRF (52.07g/hm2) and OF (45.23g/hm2) treatments were both significantly lower than that from CF treatments (73.47g/hm2). However, TP load in surface runoff showed no significant differences among CF, SRF and OF across the study period. The results indicated that the fertilization in tea field should be avoided before heavy rain especially when soil water content is very high.
In order to explore the characteristics of N and P losses with surface runoff in tea fields under different planting patterns, the runoff water samples were sampled and determined from contour planting and straight row planting tea field respectively. The contents, form and temporal changing pattern of N and P were analyzed. The results showed that, in the total monitoring period, the TN, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents in runoff water samples from contour planting tea field were8.54%-43.01%,4.05%-46.70%,5.92%-33.19%lower than that from straight row planting tea field, respectively. But there were no significant differences between the two planting patterns. The TP, total dissolvable phosphorus, particulate phosphorus contents in runoff water samples from contour planting tea field were8.51%-31.07%,0.39%-17.91%,8.45%-36.86%lower than that from straight row planting tea field, respectively. There were extremely significant differences between the two planting patterns for TP and particulate phosphorus, but not for total dissolvable phosphorus. Generally speaking, the contour planting pattern could prevent the N and P losses with surface runoff in tea field effectively.
In order to evaluate the utility of Chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) to inform nitrogen fertilization rates of tea(Camellia sinensis L.), plot-scale (5×20m) experiments and field-scale (32ha) experiment, with the same fertilization rate, were conducted. The results indicated that, space and time must be considered when using SPAD readings to estimate the nitrogen content of tea leaves. Nitrogen contents of tea leaves were significantly positively correlated with SPAD readings in the plots in August but not in November. Foliar N content and SPAD readings were not significantly correlated at the field scale. Additional research will be required to clarify how the relationship between N content and SPAD readings of tea leaves changes in space and time.
To investigate the effects of eco-mulching measures on N and P losses in surface runoff from tea fields, surface mulching treatments of interplanting white clover (Trifolium repens)(TR) and rice hull+liquid eco-membrane (MR) were compared with conventional till. The results showed that, both these two kinds of eco-mulching treatments could significant reduce the concentration of N and P in runoff. Compared with conventional till, the concentration of TN in runoff from TR treatment reduced 24.2%and TP reduced44.5%, the concentration of TN in runoff from MR treatment reduced42.7%and TP reduced44.5%.
On the basis of natural multi-pond-ditch wetland system, various aquatic plants were planted in the ponds to enhance the effects. The N and P reduction capacity of multi-pond-ditch wetland system and the variation trends of N and P concentrations along the flow path were analyzed. The results showed that, the N and P concentrations in the outlet of watershed were reduced by multi-pond-ditch wetland system effectively. Compared with the mean concentration of runoff from tea fields, the concentration of TN, nitrate N, ammonia N, TP, total dissolved P and particulate P reduced by32.3%,24.3%,48.9%,48.9%,74.1%and83.7%, respectively. In general, the multi-pond-ditch wetland system was most effective in removing particulate P, follows by total dissolved P and ammonia N. The concentrations of N and P pollutants were generally declined along the flow path.
In conclusion, reducing the usage of chemical fertilizers and replacing by environmental friendly fertilizers, avoiding apply fertilizer before rain and till in wet season, mulching with green manure or crop residue between the tea plants lines, making use of or strengthening the effects of buffer zones (ponds, ditch) to intercept runoff, absorb nutrients, would be helpful to control N and P losses in surface runoff from hilly tea fields.
引文
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