城市生活污泥的蚯蚓堆肥特性及其对植物生长的影响
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摘要
城市生活污泥的管理已成为一个世界性的难题。传统的污泥处置方法包括土地填埋、焚烧和农业利用等。近年来,许多国家包括我国颁布了一系列法规禁止土地填埋,原因是土地填埋浪费土地；填埋场容易产生渗滤液污染；污泥焚烧过程中消耗了大量能源并能导致空气污染。因此,污泥处置的最有效方法是土地利用。然而,污泥不加任何处置农用将对土壤及其微生物产生不利影响,进而影响植物的生长。所以污泥农用前有必要进行稳定化处理。蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中占有非常重要的地位,可以利用蚯蚓进行污泥的稳定化处理。利用蚯蚓处理污泥通常称为蚯蚓堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥是基于蚯蚓和其中微生物的共同作用,使污泥中的营养物质生成更利于植物吸收的形态。
本文通过利用大平2号蚯蚓(即赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia faetida)处理污泥,研究蚯蚓对污泥理化性质、营养成分、酶活性、重金属及其形态的影响,同时进行淋溶试验,研究污泥和蚓粪施用土壤后其营养物质及重金属在不同土壤的垂直分布。利用盆栽试验,研究不同比例污泥蚓粪施用后植物酶、叶绿素等植物生理特性的变化,探讨污泥蚓粪对植物重金属积累的影响,揭示各种变化规律,分析其形成机理。研究蚓粪作为育苗基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响。主要研究结果如下：
蚯蚓处理使污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和电导率等都有不同程度的降低。污泥经蚯蚓处理后,NH4+-N和N03--N的含量有一个消长的过程,N03--N的含量随处理时间的延长而上升,NH4+-N随处理时间的延长而下降,两者随后趋于稳定；污泥经蚯蚓处理后TP总体呈下降趋势,而速效P则总体呈上升趋势；速效钾含量的变化是先上升而后下降。
污泥经蚯蚓处理后,相关酶的活性发生了较大的变化,污泥酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性先升高而后下降,中性磷酸酶的活性则持续下降；污泥脲酶的活性先升高后下降；蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性则持续下降。总体来说,所研究的四种酶随着时间的延长酶的活性有下降的趋势,其中污泥蛋白酶的活性下降最为显著,其他相对较小
蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力；蚯蚓对Cd的生物富集系数高于其他重金属。蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属的量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少28.0%、31.5%、32.8%、13.9%、23.9%和22.9%。目前的研究表明,蚯蚓能改变污泥中重金属的生物有效性。除了重金属Pb,其他重金属生物有效性最高的形态(交换态重金属)经蚯蚓处理后占整个重金属形态的比例显著下降,Cr存在较高的残渣态和氧化态比例,表明重金属Cr生物有效性较低。因此,蚯蚓堆肥是污泥重金属修复的一种可行方法。
和对照相比,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物的含量和小分子有机物的比例增加,小分子物质含量增加12%。红外光谱和荧光光谱的结果表明：污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物中羧基和多糖类物质增加,产生了更多的结构稳定的芳香族类物质,产生了少量的蛋白质类物质。同时发现,蚯蚓的处理使污泥水溶性有机物不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度变小,水溶性有机物的结构变得更加简单,形成了更多的小分子有机物。试验结果说明DOM的存在能明显抑制土壤对重金属Pb的吸附；根据不同处理的1/n和k的大小关系,发现随着DOM浓度的升高,DOM抑制土壤吸附重金属的能力增强；另外,在DOM浓度相同的情况下,源自蚯蚓处理后污泥(蚓粪)的DOM更能抑制土壤对重金属Pb的吸附。
污泥和蚓粪在淋溶作用下,不同的土壤硝态氮的含量均有不同程度的增加,其中蚓粪的淋溶作用增加的更为显著；酸性土最易导致N03--N的淋溶。污泥经过淋溶作用,所有的土壤从上至下均表现为NH4+-N含量下降；对于蚓粪来说,酸性土表现为从上至下NH4+-N含量下降,而中性土和碱性土中层NH4+-N含量稍高。总体来看,污泥施用的淋溶土层中NH4+-N的含量远远高于蚓粪处理,无论污泥还是蚓粪,NH4+-N的累积淋溶量从大到小均为：酸性土>中性土>碱性土。污泥施入土壤后NH4+-N的淋溶水平高于蚓粪施用。经过淋溶作用,所有处理土壤磷的含量升高,且所有土壤上层磷的含量均高于中层和下层。无论污泥还是蚓粪,磷的累积淋溶量从大到小均为：酸性土<中性土<碱性土。在雨水的淋溶作用下,土壤各层的Cd含量差别不大,且均高于淋溶前各自土壤Cd的含量。其他重金属Pb和Cr在土壤各层的分布没有规律,但淋溶后土壤重金属含量高于淋溶前。
施用污泥和蚓粪,都能使植物体内叶绿素的总含量增加。相同比例下,蚓粪的施用使叶绿素的含量增加更为显著。污泥和蚓粪的施用随着比例的增加过氧化物酶的活性呈下降趋势,和对照相比,除了10%的污泥和10%的蚓粪处理过氧化物酶的活性稍有增加外,其他处理过氧化物酶的活性均有不同程度的下降。施用污泥和蚓粪后,生菜体内硝态氮的含量大幅度增加,蚓粪施入后,生菜体内硝态氮含量低于污泥处理中生菜硝态氮含量；生菜体内硝态氮的含量在20%的污泥或蚓粪处理均低于其他处理(10%和30%污泥蚓粪处理)。重金属在生菜体内的含量从大到小依次为：Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd；不同比例的污泥和蚓粪施用对生菜吸收积累重金属的影响是不相同的,污泥和蚓粪的施用将对植物的生物富集系数产生影响,污泥和蚓粪的比例为20%左右时能有效提高大多数重金属的生物富集系数。
蚓粪复合基质各处理促进辣椒幼苗成长的效果不同程度优于对照市售基质。污泥蚓粪与蛭石按8：1的体积比混合后作为辣椒育苗基质,其对幼苗生长促进效果显著好于其他配比处理及对照市售基质。
Management of sewage sludge has become a worldwide problem. The traditional method of sludge disposal, including landfill, incineration and agricultural use and so on. Recently, many countries including China have developed a series of regulations to forbid the land filling practices due to land consumption and landfilling leachate pollution. Incineration can cause air pollution due to emissions and requires high energy. Therefore, the most effective way of sludge disposal is land use. However, land use without any disposal will adversely affect the soil and its microorganisms, thereby affecting plant growth. It is necessary for sewage sludge to undergo an additional stabilization treatment. Earthworms in terrestrial ecosystems plays a very important position to the stability of the sludge by the earthworm treatment. The use of earthworm in sludge management has been termed as vermistabilization. Vermicomposting is a decomposition process involving interactions between earthworms and microorganisms. During vermicomposting process, important plant nutrients are much more soluble and available to plants than those in the primary sewage sludge.
In this paper, investigations were made to explore the effect on sludge physicochemical properties, nutrient content, enzyme activity, heavy metal and its forms after treatment by earthworms (ie, earthworm Eisenia faetida). while the leaching and pot experiments, of sludge and vermicompost applied after the soil nutrients and heavy metals in the soil of the vertical distribution of different proportions after applying sewage sludge vermicompost plant enzymes, chlorophyll and other plant physiological characteristics of the changes of sludge vermicompost on plant accumulation of heavy metals the impact of the changes revealed law of its formation mechanism. Effects of vermicompost substrate on capsicum seedlings was also studied. The main results are as follows:
The parameters such as pH, organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and conductivity decreased after vermicomposting. The contents of NO3--N increased with the time after vermicomposting, while the contents of NH4+-N decreased, both then stabilized. On the whole, TP decreased after vermicomposting, while the available P increased. Potassium change was first increased and then decreased.
The results showed that the activities of sludge enzyme had much change after treated by earthworms. The activities of acidic phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased in the early stage of vermicomposting whereas decreased in the late stage, while the activity of neutral phosphatase kept decrease in the whole stage. The other enzyme activities in sewage sludge had also changed after vermicomposting. The activities of urease increased in the early stage of vermicomposting process whereas decreased in the late stage, while the activity of protease and invertase kept decrease in the whole stage. As a whole, with time, the activities of these enzyme decreased as organic matter contents decreased. A significant decrease of the activity of protease was observed as compared to the other enzyme.
The final result indicated the total concentration of heavy metals decreased after vermicomposting. It shows that Cd could be strongly accumulated by earthworm Eisenia faetida. Earthworms can accumulate heavy metals of sewage sludge. The bio-concentration factor of Cd in earthworm was higher than other heavy metals. The reduction in metal content (as compared to initial level) was in the order:32.8%(Pb)>31.5%(Zn)>28.0%(Cr)>23.9%(Cu)>22.9%(Ni)>13.9%(Cd). It is clear that heavy metal loss was caused by the presence of earthworms. The present study showed earthworms can change the bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge. In most of the heavy metals except Pb, the most bioavailable fraction (exchangeable metal) have a significant decrease in the proportion of heavy metal fractions after vermicomposting. Hence, on the basis of present study, vermicomposting may be an appropriate technology for heavy metal remediation from municipal sewage sludge.
It was found that the content and low molecular size fraction of DOM in sewage sludge increased after vermicomposting, and the fraction of relative low molecular weight in DOM increased by12%. The FT-IR and fluorescence spectra showed that after vermicomposting, the contents of carboxyl, polysaccharide and aromatic compounds in DOM increased. Furthermore, a few protein-like matter was found in DOM after vermicomposting. The changes in FT-IR and fluorescence spectra for DOM indicated that polycondensation and conjugation unsaturated structures decreased after vermicomposting, and simple organic molecular fraction increased.
Under the leaching of sewage sludge, the content of nitrate in different soils were increased in varying degrees, the same as the casts. The application of casts increased more significantly than the application of sewage sludge. The leaching of NO3--N was most likely to result in acid soil. Sludge after leaching, the soil from top to bottom are all expressed as NH4+-N content decreased; for vermicompost, the acid soil from top to bottom performance of NH4+-N content decreased, while NH4+-N contents in middle of the neutral and alkaline were higher than in top and bottom. Overall, the leaching of sludge application in soil NH4+-N content was much higher than the vermicompost treatment, regardless of the sludge or vermicompost, NH4+-N leaching amounts of accumulation are descending:acid soil> neutral soil> alkaline soil. Sludge applied to soil after the leaching of NH4+-N was higher than that of vermicompost application. After leaching, all the phosphorus content of soil increased, and the content of phosphorus in the upper horizons in all the soil was greater than in middle and lower horizons. Whether sludge or cast, the cumulative leaching of phosphorus are descending:acid soil Sewage sludge and vermicompost amended soil, can make the total chlorophyll increased. Under the same proportion, the application of vermicompost increased the chlorophyll content more significant. Peroxidase activity decreased with the proportion of sludge and vermicompost. Comparing the peroxidase activity in the control, it was increased slightly in10%of the sludge and10%vermicompost amended soil, while decreased in varying degrees in other proportion. Application of sewage sludge and vermicompost caused the nitrate content of lettuce increased significantly.The lettuce nitrate content in vermicompost treatment is lower than in sludge treatment. Nitrate content in the20%of the sludge or vermicompost treatments than other treatments. Content of heavy metal in lettuce was in the order:Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> Cr> Cd. The heavy metal content can affect heavy metals uptake and accumulation of lettuce. The bio-concentration factors for heavy metals were different in the sludge or vermicompost treatments. The application of sludge and vermicompost about20%proportion would improve the BCF of most heavy metals.
Vermicompost mixed with vermiculite (8:1, v:v) could be used as substrate in nursery bed to raise capsicum seedlings and its promotive effect on seedling growth was better than the commercial substrate which is usually made from chicken feces and peat.
本文通过利用大平2号蚯蚓(即赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia faetida)处理污泥,研究蚯蚓对污泥理化性质、营养成分、酶活性、重金属及其形态的影响,同时进行淋溶试验,研究污泥和蚓粪施用土壤后其营养物质及重金属在不同土壤的垂直分布。利用盆栽试验,研究不同比例污泥蚓粪施用后植物酶、叶绿素等植物生理特性的变化,探讨污泥蚓粪对植物重金属积累的影响,揭示各种变化规律,分析其形成机理。研究蚓粪作为育苗基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响。主要研究结果如下：
蚯蚓处理使污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和电导率等都有不同程度的降低。污泥经蚯蚓处理后,NH4+-N和N03--N的含量有一个消长的过程,N03--N的含量随处理时间的延长而上升,NH4+-N随处理时间的延长而下降,两者随后趋于稳定；污泥经蚯蚓处理后TP总体呈下降趋势,而速效P则总体呈上升趋势；速效钾含量的变化是先上升而后下降。
污泥经蚯蚓处理后,相关酶的活性发生了较大的变化,污泥酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性先升高而后下降,中性磷酸酶的活性则持续下降；污泥脲酶的活性先升高后下降；蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性则持续下降。总体来说,所研究的四种酶随着时间的延长酶的活性有下降的趋势,其中污泥蛋白酶的活性下降最为显著,其他相对较小
蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力；蚯蚓对Cd的生物富集系数高于其他重金属。蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属的量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少28.0%、31.5%、32.8%、13.9%、23.9%和22.9%。目前的研究表明,蚯蚓能改变污泥中重金属的生物有效性。除了重金属Pb,其他重金属生物有效性最高的形态(交换态重金属)经蚯蚓处理后占整个重金属形态的比例显著下降,Cr存在较高的残渣态和氧化态比例,表明重金属Cr生物有效性较低。因此,蚯蚓堆肥是污泥重金属修复的一种可行方法。
和对照相比,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物的含量和小分子有机物的比例增加,小分子物质含量增加12%。红外光谱和荧光光谱的结果表明：污泥经蚯蚓处理后,水溶性有机物中羧基和多糖类物质增加,产生了更多的结构稳定的芳香族类物质,产生了少量的蛋白质类物质。同时发现,蚯蚓的处理使污泥水溶性有机物不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度变小,水溶性有机物的结构变得更加简单,形成了更多的小分子有机物。试验结果说明DOM的存在能明显抑制土壤对重金属Pb的吸附；根据不同处理的1/n和k的大小关系,发现随着DOM浓度的升高,DOM抑制土壤吸附重金属的能力增强；另外,在DOM浓度相同的情况下,源自蚯蚓处理后污泥(蚓粪)的DOM更能抑制土壤对重金属Pb的吸附。
污泥和蚓粪在淋溶作用下,不同的土壤硝态氮的含量均有不同程度的增加,其中蚓粪的淋溶作用增加的更为显著；酸性土最易导致N03--N的淋溶。污泥经过淋溶作用,所有的土壤从上至下均表现为NH4+-N含量下降；对于蚓粪来说,酸性土表现为从上至下NH4+-N含量下降,而中性土和碱性土中层NH4+-N含量稍高。总体来看,污泥施用的淋溶土层中NH4+-N的含量远远高于蚓粪处理,无论污泥还是蚓粪,NH4+-N的累积淋溶量从大到小均为：酸性土>中性土>碱性土。污泥施入土壤后NH4+-N的淋溶水平高于蚓粪施用。经过淋溶作用,所有处理土壤磷的含量升高,且所有土壤上层磷的含量均高于中层和下层。无论污泥还是蚓粪,磷的累积淋溶量从大到小均为：酸性土<中性土<碱性土。在雨水的淋溶作用下,土壤各层的Cd含量差别不大,且均高于淋溶前各自土壤Cd的含量。其他重金属Pb和Cr在土壤各层的分布没有规律,但淋溶后土壤重金属含量高于淋溶前。
施用污泥和蚓粪,都能使植物体内叶绿素的总含量增加。相同比例下,蚓粪的施用使叶绿素的含量增加更为显著。污泥和蚓粪的施用随着比例的增加过氧化物酶的活性呈下降趋势,和对照相比,除了10%的污泥和10%的蚓粪处理过氧化物酶的活性稍有增加外,其他处理过氧化物酶的活性均有不同程度的下降。施用污泥和蚓粪后,生菜体内硝态氮的含量大幅度增加,蚓粪施入后,生菜体内硝态氮含量低于污泥处理中生菜硝态氮含量；生菜体内硝态氮的含量在20%的污泥或蚓粪处理均低于其他处理(10%和30%污泥蚓粪处理)。重金属在生菜体内的含量从大到小依次为：Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd；不同比例的污泥和蚓粪施用对生菜吸收积累重金属的影响是不相同的,污泥和蚓粪的施用将对植物的生物富集系数产生影响,污泥和蚓粪的比例为20%左右时能有效提高大多数重金属的生物富集系数。
蚓粪复合基质各处理促进辣椒幼苗成长的效果不同程度优于对照市售基质。污泥蚓粪与蛭石按8：1的体积比混合后作为辣椒育苗基质,其对幼苗生长促进效果显著好于其他配比处理及对照市售基质。
Management of sewage sludge has become a worldwide problem. The traditional method of sludge disposal, including landfill, incineration and agricultural use and so on. Recently, many countries including China have developed a series of regulations to forbid the land filling practices due to land consumption and landfilling leachate pollution. Incineration can cause air pollution due to emissions and requires high energy. Therefore, the most effective way of sludge disposal is land use. However, land use without any disposal will adversely affect the soil and its microorganisms, thereby affecting plant growth. It is necessary for sewage sludge to undergo an additional stabilization treatment. Earthworms in terrestrial ecosystems plays a very important position to the stability of the sludge by the earthworm treatment. The use of earthworm in sludge management has been termed as vermistabilization. Vermicomposting is a decomposition process involving interactions between earthworms and microorganisms. During vermicomposting process, important plant nutrients are much more soluble and available to plants than those in the primary sewage sludge.
In this paper, investigations were made to explore the effect on sludge physicochemical properties, nutrient content, enzyme activity, heavy metal and its forms after treatment by earthworms (ie, earthworm Eisenia faetida). while the leaching and pot experiments, of sludge and vermicompost applied after the soil nutrients and heavy metals in the soil of the vertical distribution of different proportions after applying sewage sludge vermicompost plant enzymes, chlorophyll and other plant physiological characteristics of the changes of sludge vermicompost on plant accumulation of heavy metals the impact of the changes revealed law of its formation mechanism. Effects of vermicompost substrate on capsicum seedlings was also studied. The main results are as follows:
The parameters such as pH, organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and conductivity decreased after vermicomposting. The contents of NO3--N increased with the time after vermicomposting, while the contents of NH4+-N decreased, both then stabilized. On the whole, TP decreased after vermicomposting, while the available P increased. Potassium change was first increased and then decreased.
The results showed that the activities of sludge enzyme had much change after treated by earthworms. The activities of acidic phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased in the early stage of vermicomposting whereas decreased in the late stage, while the activity of neutral phosphatase kept decrease in the whole stage. The other enzyme activities in sewage sludge had also changed after vermicomposting. The activities of urease increased in the early stage of vermicomposting process whereas decreased in the late stage, while the activity of protease and invertase kept decrease in the whole stage. As a whole, with time, the activities of these enzyme decreased as organic matter contents decreased. A significant decrease of the activity of protease was observed as compared to the other enzyme.
The final result indicated the total concentration of heavy metals decreased after vermicomposting. It shows that Cd could be strongly accumulated by earthworm Eisenia faetida. Earthworms can accumulate heavy metals of sewage sludge. The bio-concentration factor of Cd in earthworm was higher than other heavy metals. The reduction in metal content (as compared to initial level) was in the order:32.8%(Pb)>31.5%(Zn)>28.0%(Cr)>23.9%(Cu)>22.9%(Ni)>13.9%(Cd). It is clear that heavy metal loss was caused by the presence of earthworms. The present study showed earthworms can change the bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge. In most of the heavy metals except Pb, the most bioavailable fraction (exchangeable metal) have a significant decrease in the proportion of heavy metal fractions after vermicomposting. Hence, on the basis of present study, vermicomposting may be an appropriate technology for heavy metal remediation from municipal sewage sludge.
It was found that the content and low molecular size fraction of DOM in sewage sludge increased after vermicomposting, and the fraction of relative low molecular weight in DOM increased by12%. The FT-IR and fluorescence spectra showed that after vermicomposting, the contents of carboxyl, polysaccharide and aromatic compounds in DOM increased. Furthermore, a few protein-like matter was found in DOM after vermicomposting. The changes in FT-IR and fluorescence spectra for DOM indicated that polycondensation and conjugation unsaturated structures decreased after vermicomposting, and simple organic molecular fraction increased.
Under the leaching of sewage sludge, the content of nitrate in different soils were increased in varying degrees, the same as the casts. The application of casts increased more significantly than the application of sewage sludge. The leaching of NO3--N was most likely to result in acid soil. Sludge after leaching, the soil from top to bottom are all expressed as NH4+-N content decreased; for vermicompost, the acid soil from top to bottom performance of NH4+-N content decreased, while NH4+-N contents in middle of the neutral and alkaline were higher than in top and bottom. Overall, the leaching of sludge application in soil NH4+-N content was much higher than the vermicompost treatment, regardless of the sludge or vermicompost, NH4+-N leaching amounts of accumulation are descending:acid soil> neutral soil> alkaline soil. Sludge applied to soil after the leaching of NH4+-N was higher than that of vermicompost application. After leaching, all the phosphorus content of soil increased, and the content of phosphorus in the upper horizons in all the soil was greater than in middle and lower horizons. Whether sludge or cast, the cumulative leaching of phosphorus are descending:acid soil
Vermicompost mixed with vermiculite (8:1, v:v) could be used as substrate in nursery bed to raise capsicum seedlings and its promotive effect on seedling growth was better than the commercial substrate which is usually made from chicken feces and peat.
引文
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