废次烟末中烟草香味物质提取、应用及生物活性
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摘要
我国的烟草种植面积和产量均居世界首位,烟草种植与生产在国民经济中发挥着重要的作用。每年在烟草的采收和生产过程中会产生约25%的废次烟末等下脚料不能使用,多被当做垃圾处理,给环境带来污染的同时也造成自然资源的极大浪费。随着“吸烟与健康”问题得到人们的广泛关注,降低卷烟中的焦油含量势在必行,如何在降低焦油含量的同时做到不削弱香味,不破坏香气风格,并且使卷烟达到较好的稳定性成为烟草工业的难题之一。废次烟末中含有丰富的烟草香味物质及其它生物活性物质,如生物碱、茄尼醇、蛋白质、氨基酸和糖类等,因此,从废次烟末中分离烟草香味物质及活性物质并研究其生物活性,不仅是废弃资源的再利用,还可以提高烟草附加值,也可以为将来的烟草行业转型提供理论基础。
本文以烟草生产过程中产生的废次烟末为研究对象,分析了其中的香气成分组成并建立烟草精油提取方法,进而研究了烟草精油在卷烟中的应用及体外生物活性：同时研究了废次烟末中烟草多酚的提取、分离和纯化工艺,进而鉴定其主要成分和体外生物活性,主要研究结果如下：
1.研究了废次烟末中的香气成分。采用水蒸汽蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法对废次烟末中香气成分进行萃取和GC-MS分析后得知,废次烟末中含有茄酮、大马酮、香叶基丙酮、巨豆三烯酮、β-紫罗兰酮、苯甲醛、苯甲醇、藏红花醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯等烟草中的关键致香成分,说明废次烟末中含有大量的烟草重要致香成分,可以作为烟草香精的来源。其中废次烟末中香气成分经水蒸汽蒸馏提取共鉴定出55种烟草香气成分,占总香气成分含量的81.97%；经同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)萃取(分别选择乙酸乙酯、乙醚和二氯甲烷作为萃取溶剂)后共鉴定出72种烟草香气成分。两种方法提取所得烟草香味物质中,含量最大的成分均为新植二烯和烟碱。
2.研究并建立溶剂提取联合水蒸汽蒸馏(SE-SD)制备烟草精油的方法。经响应面试验优化后的SE-SD最佳提取参数为：样品粒度40目、提取温度41℃、液料比6.27mL/g、提取时间5h、提取次数3次。在此优化后的工艺参数下,通过二次回归模型方程预计烟草香味物质提取率为3.44%。在最佳提取条件下进行验证试验,结果显示烟草香味物质提取率为3.38±0.03%,与预测值差异不显著(p<0.05),说明研究所得到的预测模型稳定可靠。
3.研究并建立短程分子蒸馏制备烟草精油方法。结合分子蒸馏设备对进样品的特殊要求,通过溶剂选择试验确定了石油醚(沸程30-60℃)为烟草浸膏的最佳提取溶剂。以烟草石油醚浸膏为原料,通过单因素试验初步确定了分子蒸馏制备烟草精油的最佳条件为：系统真空度0.1mbar,刮膜转速400r/min,样品流速2.5mL/min,蒸馏温度为90℃。在此条件下,烟草精油的得率为6.38%。
4.研究了烟草提取物在卷烟加香中的应用。将不同提取方法制备的烟草精油及烟草提取物添加到卷烟中进行感官评吸,结果显示,SE-SD法和分子蒸馏法制备的烟草精油均能够使烟草本香明显增强,香韵表现良好,香气丰富性和香气量增加,香气质良好,烟气劲头适中,口感舒适,余味舒适。表明该这两种方法所制备的烟草精油可以作为烟用香精应用于实际卷烟生产中。
5.研究了烟草精油及提取物的体外抗氧化活性和抗菌活性。通过采用DPPH自由清除能力、清除羟基自由基能力、清除超氧阴离子能力等7种体外抗氧化活性评价体系对测试样品进行抗氧化活性的评价,结果显示,烟草精油及提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且在不同的评价体系中,各测试样品的抗氧化能力稍有不同。在清除超氧阴离子能力测定中,水提取物TE-3表现出较强的清除能力,高于BHA；在p-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系中,乙酸乙酯提取物TE-2和烟草精油的抗氧化能力均强于BHA。通过生物活性物质追踪实验得知,烟草提取物中抗氧化活性物质基础为多酚。抑菌实验的结果表明,不同烟草提取物均具有一定的抗菌活性,其中SE-SD法所制备精油TEO-1的抗菌活性最强,且具有广谱性。
6.研究了烟草多酚超声波辅助提取及大孔树脂纯化。采用旋转聚焦超声波辅助提取进行废次烟末中烟草多酚的提取,并通过正交实验优化烟草多酚粗提物提取工艺。最佳提取工艺参数为：乙醇体积分数为55%,料液比为1：25,提取温度为50℃,提取时间为20min,超声波功率为90W,提取次数为3次,在最佳条件下,烟草多酚的提取率可达65.91mg CAE/g。筛选出D101型大孔树脂对废次烟末中烟草多酚物质具有良好的富集作用,在实验条件下其吸附过程符合Freundlich拟合方程,适用于废次烟末中多酚物质的初步纯化；在实验条件下,D101大孔树脂对废次烟末中多酚的最佳纯化工艺为：烟草多酚提取液浓度为2.5mg/mL,pH值为4.0,上样液流速为2mL/min,洗脱液为80%乙醇溶液,洗脱液流速为2mL/min。在此条件下,烟草多酚的动态吸附回收率可达70.37%,且洗脱曲线峰形好,无明显拖尾现象。通过RP-HPLC分析,得出D101大孔树脂纯化后的烟草多酚的主要成分为绿原酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷、和槲皮素,分别占烟草多酚总量的6.2±0.015%、0.8±0.002%、11.4±0.055%和1.08±0.023%,占纯化后烟草多酚总量的20%左右。
7.研究了纯化后烟草多酚的体外抗氧化活性和抑菌活性。通过清除DPPH自由基能力法、p-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系和总还原力测定法对烟草多酚进行体外抗氧化活性测定,结果显示烟草多酚的抗氧化活性显著强于BHA;抑菌活性测定也表明烟草多酚具有良好的抑菌活性,且具广谱性。
Tobacco is a very important economic crop and is one of the most commonly studied plants. In China, tobacco cultivation and production are among the highest in the world. Every year, more than25%of the tobacco leaves obtained are discarded during cigarette processing. The discarded tobacco leaves are not used for other purposes and pollute the environment despite containing an abundance of potentially useful compounds, such as aromatic compounds, alkaloids, solanesol, proteins, and polysaccharides. With the problem "smoking and health" have attracted more and more concern, to reduce the tar content in cigarette is imperative. How to keep the aroma style when tar content reducing at the same time becomes one of the most important problems in cigarette enterprise. Therefore, it is important to study and utilize the tobacco leaves discarded during processing.
In this study, the aromatic compounds of discarded tobacco leaves were analyzed by hydrodistillation, simultaneous distillation extraction and GC-MS, the extraction methods of tobacco essential oil were established. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tobacco essential oils and extracts were also studied. Then the extraction, purification, and in vitro bioactivities of tobacco polyphenol were studied and evaluated. Results were summarized as follows:
1. The aromatic compounds were analyzed by hydrodistillation, simultaneous distillation extraction and GC-MS, a total of55compounds were identified by hydrodistillation representing about81.97%of the total weight.72compounds were identified by simultaneous distillation extraction. The results showed that the major aroma components of discarded tobacco leaves were Solanone, Damascone, Geranyl acetone, Megastigmatrienone,β-Ionone, Benzaldehyde, Benzyl Alcohol, Safranal, and Dihydroactinidiolide, which belong to a group of key tobacco flavor compounds. Thus. discarded tobacco leaves could be a good resource for tobacco essence used in cigarette products.
2. Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves using a combination of solvent extraction and steam distillation method was explored. According to the RSM results, the optimal extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield were determined as follows:a particle size of40mesh, a temperature of41℃, a liquid-solid ratio of6.27mL/g, a time of5h, an extraction number of3. The predicted extraction yield value of tobacco essential oil was3.44%. A verification experiment was performed using the derived optimum extraction conditions, and the yields of the resulting products were determined. The experimental values (means of5measurements) was3.38±0.03%. No significant differences (p>0.05) between the actual and predicted values were found. These data proved the model designed in this study was valid.
3. Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves using a short path molecular distillation was explored. Because of the requirement of molecular distillation, petroleum ether (30-60℃) was selected as the best extraction solvent. The optimal extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield were determined as follows:a vacuum of0.lmbar, a scraped film speed of400r/min, a sample velocity of2.5mL/min, a distillation temperature of90℃. The extraction yield of tobacco essential oil was6.38%under optimum extraction condition.
4. Application of tobacco essential oil and extracts in cigarette flavoring were studied. Based on the results of smoking sensory evaluation, after adding in cigarettes, tobacco essential oils extracted from discarded tobacco leaves by different methods can improve the smooth and increase the abundance of aroma during smoking when added in cigarettes, they can also improve temperament fragrant, rich incense smoke. All the results showed that tobacco essential oils extracted in this study were good tobacco essence.
5. In vitro antioxidant activity of tobacco essential oil and solvent extracts were evaluated by different methods. Results indicated that samples tested in the study had different antioxidant activities under different test method. For example, water extract TE-3had higher antioxidant activity than the synthetic antioxidant BHA in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity assay, while in β-carotene-linoleic acid model system assay, ethyl acetate extract and tobacco essential oil had the highest antioxidant activity. Based on the results of bioassay-guided method, the antioxidant activity of tobacco essential oil and extracts were resulted from high content of tobacco polyphenol. In vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disc diffusion method, results indicated that tobacco essential oil TEO-1extracted by SE-SD had better antimicrobial activity against three strains of tested microorganisms.
6. Ultrasonic assisted extraction of crude tobacco polyphenol from discarded tobacco leaves was explored. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows:the concentration of ethanol was55%, the ratio of solid to liquid was1:25, the extraction temperature was50℃, the extraction time was20min, the ultrasonic power was90W, the extraction number was3. Under optimum conditions, the extraction yield of crude tobacco polyphenol was65.91mg CAE/g. Absorption and desorption experiments were performed to screen the suitable resin from6types of macroporous absorbent resins for purification of tobacco polyphenol from discarded tobacco leaves. Results indicate that macroporous resin D101possesses the strongest absorption and desorption capacity. The optimum absorption and desorption conditions of macroporous resin D101are concentration of feeding solution2.5mg/mL, pH value4.0, feeding rate2.0mL/min, elute ethanol concentration80%, elution rate2.0mL/min. The dynamic recovery of tobacco polyphenol was70.37%under the optimum condition. Identified by RP-HPLC, the major contents of tobacco polyphenol purified by macroporous resin D101were chlorogenic acid (6.2±0.015%), scopoletin (0.8±0.002%), rutin (11.4±0.055%), quercetin (1.08±0.023%), representing about20%of the total weight.
7. In vitro antioxidant activity of tobacco polyphenol purified by macroporous resin D101were determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid model system assay and reducing power assay. In vitro antimicrobial activity of tobacco polyphenol was determined by disc diffusion method. All the results showed that the purified tobacco polyphenol had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared with positive control.
本文以烟草生产过程中产生的废次烟末为研究对象,分析了其中的香气成分组成并建立烟草精油提取方法,进而研究了烟草精油在卷烟中的应用及体外生物活性：同时研究了废次烟末中烟草多酚的提取、分离和纯化工艺,进而鉴定其主要成分和体外生物活性,主要研究结果如下：
1.研究了废次烟末中的香气成分。采用水蒸汽蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法对废次烟末中香气成分进行萃取和GC-MS分析后得知,废次烟末中含有茄酮、大马酮、香叶基丙酮、巨豆三烯酮、β-紫罗兰酮、苯甲醛、苯甲醇、藏红花醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯等烟草中的关键致香成分,说明废次烟末中含有大量的烟草重要致香成分,可以作为烟草香精的来源。其中废次烟末中香气成分经水蒸汽蒸馏提取共鉴定出55种烟草香气成分,占总香气成分含量的81.97%；经同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)萃取(分别选择乙酸乙酯、乙醚和二氯甲烷作为萃取溶剂)后共鉴定出72种烟草香气成分。两种方法提取所得烟草香味物质中,含量最大的成分均为新植二烯和烟碱。
2.研究并建立溶剂提取联合水蒸汽蒸馏(SE-SD)制备烟草精油的方法。经响应面试验优化后的SE-SD最佳提取参数为：样品粒度40目、提取温度41℃、液料比6.27mL/g、提取时间5h、提取次数3次。在此优化后的工艺参数下,通过二次回归模型方程预计烟草香味物质提取率为3.44%。在最佳提取条件下进行验证试验,结果显示烟草香味物质提取率为3.38±0.03%,与预测值差异不显著(p<0.05),说明研究所得到的预测模型稳定可靠。
3.研究并建立短程分子蒸馏制备烟草精油方法。结合分子蒸馏设备对进样品的特殊要求,通过溶剂选择试验确定了石油醚(沸程30-60℃)为烟草浸膏的最佳提取溶剂。以烟草石油醚浸膏为原料,通过单因素试验初步确定了分子蒸馏制备烟草精油的最佳条件为：系统真空度0.1mbar,刮膜转速400r/min,样品流速2.5mL/min,蒸馏温度为90℃。在此条件下,烟草精油的得率为6.38%。
4.研究了烟草提取物在卷烟加香中的应用。将不同提取方法制备的烟草精油及烟草提取物添加到卷烟中进行感官评吸,结果显示,SE-SD法和分子蒸馏法制备的烟草精油均能够使烟草本香明显增强,香韵表现良好,香气丰富性和香气量增加,香气质良好,烟气劲头适中,口感舒适,余味舒适。表明该这两种方法所制备的烟草精油可以作为烟用香精应用于实际卷烟生产中。
5.研究了烟草精油及提取物的体外抗氧化活性和抗菌活性。通过采用DPPH自由清除能力、清除羟基自由基能力、清除超氧阴离子能力等7种体外抗氧化活性评价体系对测试样品进行抗氧化活性的评价,结果显示,烟草精油及提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且在不同的评价体系中,各测试样品的抗氧化能力稍有不同。在清除超氧阴离子能力测定中,水提取物TE-3表现出较强的清除能力,高于BHA；在p-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系中,乙酸乙酯提取物TE-2和烟草精油的抗氧化能力均强于BHA。通过生物活性物质追踪实验得知,烟草提取物中抗氧化活性物质基础为多酚。抑菌实验的结果表明,不同烟草提取物均具有一定的抗菌活性,其中SE-SD法所制备精油TEO-1的抗菌活性最强,且具有广谱性。
6.研究了烟草多酚超声波辅助提取及大孔树脂纯化。采用旋转聚焦超声波辅助提取进行废次烟末中烟草多酚的提取,并通过正交实验优化烟草多酚粗提物提取工艺。最佳提取工艺参数为：乙醇体积分数为55%,料液比为1：25,提取温度为50℃,提取时间为20min,超声波功率为90W,提取次数为3次,在最佳条件下,烟草多酚的提取率可达65.91mg CAE/g。筛选出D101型大孔树脂对废次烟末中烟草多酚物质具有良好的富集作用,在实验条件下其吸附过程符合Freundlich拟合方程,适用于废次烟末中多酚物质的初步纯化；在实验条件下,D101大孔树脂对废次烟末中多酚的最佳纯化工艺为：烟草多酚提取液浓度为2.5mg/mL,pH值为4.0,上样液流速为2mL/min,洗脱液为80%乙醇溶液,洗脱液流速为2mL/min。在此条件下,烟草多酚的动态吸附回收率可达70.37%,且洗脱曲线峰形好,无明显拖尾现象。通过RP-HPLC分析,得出D101大孔树脂纯化后的烟草多酚的主要成分为绿原酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷、和槲皮素,分别占烟草多酚总量的6.2±0.015%、0.8±0.002%、11.4±0.055%和1.08±0.023%,占纯化后烟草多酚总量的20%左右。
7.研究了纯化后烟草多酚的体外抗氧化活性和抑菌活性。通过清除DPPH自由基能力法、p-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系和总还原力测定法对烟草多酚进行体外抗氧化活性测定,结果显示烟草多酚的抗氧化活性显著强于BHA;抑菌活性测定也表明烟草多酚具有良好的抑菌活性,且具广谱性。
Tobacco is a very important economic crop and is one of the most commonly studied plants. In China, tobacco cultivation and production are among the highest in the world. Every year, more than25%of the tobacco leaves obtained are discarded during cigarette processing. The discarded tobacco leaves are not used for other purposes and pollute the environment despite containing an abundance of potentially useful compounds, such as aromatic compounds, alkaloids, solanesol, proteins, and polysaccharides. With the problem "smoking and health" have attracted more and more concern, to reduce the tar content in cigarette is imperative. How to keep the aroma style when tar content reducing at the same time becomes one of the most important problems in cigarette enterprise. Therefore, it is important to study and utilize the tobacco leaves discarded during processing.
In this study, the aromatic compounds of discarded tobacco leaves were analyzed by hydrodistillation, simultaneous distillation extraction and GC-MS, the extraction methods of tobacco essential oil were established. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tobacco essential oils and extracts were also studied. Then the extraction, purification, and in vitro bioactivities of tobacco polyphenol were studied and evaluated. Results were summarized as follows:
1. The aromatic compounds were analyzed by hydrodistillation, simultaneous distillation extraction and GC-MS, a total of55compounds were identified by hydrodistillation representing about81.97%of the total weight.72compounds were identified by simultaneous distillation extraction. The results showed that the major aroma components of discarded tobacco leaves were Solanone, Damascone, Geranyl acetone, Megastigmatrienone,β-Ionone, Benzaldehyde, Benzyl Alcohol, Safranal, and Dihydroactinidiolide, which belong to a group of key tobacco flavor compounds. Thus. discarded tobacco leaves could be a good resource for tobacco essence used in cigarette products.
2. Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves using a combination of solvent extraction and steam distillation method was explored. According to the RSM results, the optimal extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield were determined as follows:a particle size of40mesh, a temperature of41℃, a liquid-solid ratio of6.27mL/g, a time of5h, an extraction number of3. The predicted extraction yield value of tobacco essential oil was3.44%. A verification experiment was performed using the derived optimum extraction conditions, and the yields of the resulting products were determined. The experimental values (means of5measurements) was3.38±0.03%. No significant differences (p>0.05) between the actual and predicted values were found. These data proved the model designed in this study was valid.
3. Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves using a short path molecular distillation was explored. Because of the requirement of molecular distillation, petroleum ether (30-60℃) was selected as the best extraction solvent. The optimal extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield were determined as follows:a vacuum of0.lmbar, a scraped film speed of400r/min, a sample velocity of2.5mL/min, a distillation temperature of90℃. The extraction yield of tobacco essential oil was6.38%under optimum extraction condition.
4. Application of tobacco essential oil and extracts in cigarette flavoring were studied. Based on the results of smoking sensory evaluation, after adding in cigarettes, tobacco essential oils extracted from discarded tobacco leaves by different methods can improve the smooth and increase the abundance of aroma during smoking when added in cigarettes, they can also improve temperament fragrant, rich incense smoke. All the results showed that tobacco essential oils extracted in this study were good tobacco essence.
5. In vitro antioxidant activity of tobacco essential oil and solvent extracts were evaluated by different methods. Results indicated that samples tested in the study had different antioxidant activities under different test method. For example, water extract TE-3had higher antioxidant activity than the synthetic antioxidant BHA in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity assay, while in β-carotene-linoleic acid model system assay, ethyl acetate extract and tobacco essential oil had the highest antioxidant activity. Based on the results of bioassay-guided method, the antioxidant activity of tobacco essential oil and extracts were resulted from high content of tobacco polyphenol. In vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disc diffusion method, results indicated that tobacco essential oil TEO-1extracted by SE-SD had better antimicrobial activity against three strains of tested microorganisms.
6. Ultrasonic assisted extraction of crude tobacco polyphenol from discarded tobacco leaves was explored. The optimal extraction parameters were as follows:the concentration of ethanol was55%, the ratio of solid to liquid was1:25, the extraction temperature was50℃, the extraction time was20min, the ultrasonic power was90W, the extraction number was3. Under optimum conditions, the extraction yield of crude tobacco polyphenol was65.91mg CAE/g. Absorption and desorption experiments were performed to screen the suitable resin from6types of macroporous absorbent resins for purification of tobacco polyphenol from discarded tobacco leaves. Results indicate that macroporous resin D101possesses the strongest absorption and desorption capacity. The optimum absorption and desorption conditions of macroporous resin D101are concentration of feeding solution2.5mg/mL, pH value4.0, feeding rate2.0mL/min, elute ethanol concentration80%, elution rate2.0mL/min. The dynamic recovery of tobacco polyphenol was70.37%under the optimum condition. Identified by RP-HPLC, the major contents of tobacco polyphenol purified by macroporous resin D101were chlorogenic acid (6.2±0.015%), scopoletin (0.8±0.002%), rutin (11.4±0.055%), quercetin (1.08±0.023%), representing about20%of the total weight.
7. In vitro antioxidant activity of tobacco polyphenol purified by macroporous resin D101were determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid model system assay and reducing power assay. In vitro antimicrobial activity of tobacco polyphenol was determined by disc diffusion method. All the results showed that the purified tobacco polyphenol had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared with positive control.
引文
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