农村居民点用地整理及区域效应研究
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摘要
我国正处于城市化快速发展时期，土地供需矛盾日益突出。要实现社会经济的可持续发展，必须走节约、集约利用土地的道路。由于我国农村居民点用地缺乏科学有效的约束，普遍存在着人均用地量大、用地结构松散、建筑密度大、容积率低、土地闲置和低效利用等问题，农村居民点用地呈无序扩张状态，布局分散，村庄基拙设施建设薄弱，严重影响着农村居民的生产生活。党的十六届五中全会提出了开展建设社会主义新农村运动，为农村居民点用地整理提供了契机。农村居民点用地整理是增加耕地并拓展城市发展空间、缓解用地供需矛盾、改善农村生产生活条件的重要途径。
本文以人地矛盾突出的济南市历城区为研究区域，采用统计和空间分析两种方法，分析了农村居民点用地变化。研究表明，尽管自2005年以来加大了农村居民点用地整理力度，农村居民点用地总面积有所下降，但人均农村居民点用地面积仍呈上升趋势。2010年人均农村居民点用地面积为170.32m2，高于国家150m2的用地标准，农村居民点用地仍存在着结构单一、缺乏功能分区、规模小且布局分散、利用率低等问题。
采用定性与定量相结合的方法选取相应指标，构建了农村居民点用地规模测算模型、平原区与山地丘陵区农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系。首先测算2020年历城区农村居民点用地的现实规模为8009.51hm2，然后在农村居民点用地适宜性评价的基础上，结合历城区城镇用地规划，将历城区农村居民点用地划分为城镇转化型、城乡联合型、发展型、限制发展型、优先整理型5个类型，对历城区农村居民点用地空间布局进行调整，确定各类型农村居民点的用地调控方向。
根据农村居民点用地整理转换方向的不同设定3种模拟情景，分别为全部转化为耕地（情景1）、转化为耕地与园地（情景2）、以土地适宜性评价结果为依据，按耕地-园地-林地的先后顺序，确定待整理农村居民点用地的转换方向（情景3），并从适宜性、优先度和约束条件三方面制定不同用地类型的转换规则，采用CA-Markov模型对3种设定情景下的2020年历城区土地利用变化进行模拟。对比3种设定情景下的农村居民点整理前后土地利用变化，应用GIS空间分析、景观格局分析等方法，建立土地景观生态安全评价模型、农用地规模化经营潜力评价模型，从农村居民点用地空间分布格局变化及集聚效应、农村居民点用地整理对区域土地景观格局的影响、对城镇化的影响以及对区域土地可持续利用的影响五个方面分析农村居民点用地整理的区域效应。综合分析3种模拟情景下土地利用的区域效应，选取情景3为历城区农村居民点用地整理的最优方案。
从合理安排农村居民点用地整理时序、建立多元化农村居民点用地整理投资机制、村民安置方式选择、土地利用等方面提出了农村居民点用地整理实施的建议。
China is in the period of rapid urbanization, the contradiction between landsupply and demand is more and more serious. To realize sustainable socio-economicdevelopment, we must take the road with “saving and intensive land use”. Because therural residential land lacks of scientific and effective constraints, there are lots ofproblems in the use of rural residential land in our country, which have led to the thelarge amount of land per capita, incompact land use structure, the high constructiondensity and the low plot ratio, land idle and inefficient utilization, and so on. Theproblems of rural residential land development disorder, scattered layout and villages’weak infrastructure construction have seriously affected production and livingconditions of the residents in rural areas. The construction of a new socialistcountryside put forward on the Fifth Plenary Session of the16th Central Committeeprovides an opportunity for rural residential land consolidation. Rural residential landconsolidation is an important way in increase arable land and expanding urbandevelopment, mitigating land conflict between supply and demand, and improvingrural production and living conditions.
Taking Licheng district in Ji’nan city as study area, this paper uses two methodsstatistics and spatial analysis to analyze rural residential land use change. The studyshows that although rural residential land consolidation efforts increase since2005,the total area of rural residential land have declined, but rural residential land percapita is still rising. In2010rural residential land per capita is170.32m2, higher thanthe national standard of150m2. The problems of single structure of rural residentialland, lack of functional zoning, small and scattered layout, low utilization ratio stillexist in rural areas.
Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the appropriate indicators wereselectded to establish rural residential land scale estimation model, suitabilityevaluation index system of rural residential land in plain areas and mountain areas.First the realistic rural residential land scale of Licheng district in2020was calculatedto be8009.51hm2, and based on the the rural residential land suitability evaluationand combined with urban and town land use planning, rural residential land wasdivided into five types. The five types are urban transformation type, urban-ruralcombination type, development type, limiting development type and priorityconsolidation type. Furthermore spatial layout of rural residential land was adjusted and the land use regulation directions of the various types of rural residential landwere determined in Licheng district.
According to the different transformation directions of rural residential landconsolidation, three simulation scenarios were designed: all converted to arable land(scenario1), converted to arable land and gardening land (scenario2), determiningrural residential land conversion direction according to the order of arableland-gardening land-forest land based on land suitability evaluation (scenario3).Suitability, priority and constraints were used to set up conversion rules of differentland types and land use change of three scenarios in Licheng district in2020wassimulated by using CA-Markov model. Contrasting land use change of threesimulation scenarios before and after rural residential land consolidation, the regionaleffects of rural residential land consolidation were analyzed from five aspects, such asrural residential land space distribution and the agglomeration effect, the influence onregional landscape pattern, urbanization and the regional sustainable land use.Through making a comprehensive analysis of the regional effects of land use underthree simulation scenarios, scenarios3was selected to be the optimal program of ruralresidential land consolidation in Licheng district.
At last some suggestions were given to promote rural residential landconsolidation, such as arranging the rational order for rural residential landconsolidation, establishing diversified investment mechanism, selecting the ruralresidents resettlement way and some suggestions of land use.
本文以人地矛盾突出的济南市历城区为研究区域，采用统计和空间分析两种方法，分析了农村居民点用地变化。研究表明，尽管自2005年以来加大了农村居民点用地整理力度，农村居民点用地总面积有所下降，但人均农村居民点用地面积仍呈上升趋势。2010年人均农村居民点用地面积为170.32m2，高于国家150m2的用地标准，农村居民点用地仍存在着结构单一、缺乏功能分区、规模小且布局分散、利用率低等问题。
采用定性与定量相结合的方法选取相应指标，构建了农村居民点用地规模测算模型、平原区与山地丘陵区农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系。首先测算2020年历城区农村居民点用地的现实规模为8009.51hm2，然后在农村居民点用地适宜性评价的基础上，结合历城区城镇用地规划，将历城区农村居民点用地划分为城镇转化型、城乡联合型、发展型、限制发展型、优先整理型5个类型，对历城区农村居民点用地空间布局进行调整，确定各类型农村居民点的用地调控方向。
根据农村居民点用地整理转换方向的不同设定3种模拟情景，分别为全部转化为耕地（情景1）、转化为耕地与园地（情景2）、以土地适宜性评价结果为依据，按耕地-园地-林地的先后顺序，确定待整理农村居民点用地的转换方向（情景3），并从适宜性、优先度和约束条件三方面制定不同用地类型的转换规则，采用CA-Markov模型对3种设定情景下的2020年历城区土地利用变化进行模拟。对比3种设定情景下的农村居民点整理前后土地利用变化，应用GIS空间分析、景观格局分析等方法，建立土地景观生态安全评价模型、农用地规模化经营潜力评价模型，从农村居民点用地空间分布格局变化及集聚效应、农村居民点用地整理对区域土地景观格局的影响、对城镇化的影响以及对区域土地可持续利用的影响五个方面分析农村居民点用地整理的区域效应。综合分析3种模拟情景下土地利用的区域效应，选取情景3为历城区农村居民点用地整理的最优方案。
从合理安排农村居民点用地整理时序、建立多元化农村居民点用地整理投资机制、村民安置方式选择、土地利用等方面提出了农村居民点用地整理实施的建议。
China is in the period of rapid urbanization, the contradiction between landsupply and demand is more and more serious. To realize sustainable socio-economicdevelopment, we must take the road with “saving and intensive land use”. Because therural residential land lacks of scientific and effective constraints, there are lots ofproblems in the use of rural residential land in our country, which have led to the thelarge amount of land per capita, incompact land use structure, the high constructiondensity and the low plot ratio, land idle and inefficient utilization, and so on. Theproblems of rural residential land development disorder, scattered layout and villages’weak infrastructure construction have seriously affected production and livingconditions of the residents in rural areas. The construction of a new socialistcountryside put forward on the Fifth Plenary Session of the16th Central Committeeprovides an opportunity for rural residential land consolidation. Rural residential landconsolidation is an important way in increase arable land and expanding urbandevelopment, mitigating land conflict between supply and demand, and improvingrural production and living conditions.
Taking Licheng district in Ji’nan city as study area, this paper uses two methodsstatistics and spatial analysis to analyze rural residential land use change. The studyshows that although rural residential land consolidation efforts increase since2005,the total area of rural residential land have declined, but rural residential land percapita is still rising. In2010rural residential land per capita is170.32m2, higher thanthe national standard of150m2. The problems of single structure of rural residentialland, lack of functional zoning, small and scattered layout, low utilization ratio stillexist in rural areas.
Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the appropriate indicators wereselectded to establish rural residential land scale estimation model, suitabilityevaluation index system of rural residential land in plain areas and mountain areas.First the realistic rural residential land scale of Licheng district in2020was calculatedto be8009.51hm2, and based on the the rural residential land suitability evaluationand combined with urban and town land use planning, rural residential land wasdivided into five types. The five types are urban transformation type, urban-ruralcombination type, development type, limiting development type and priorityconsolidation type. Furthermore spatial layout of rural residential land was adjusted and the land use regulation directions of the various types of rural residential landwere determined in Licheng district.
According to the different transformation directions of rural residential landconsolidation, three simulation scenarios were designed: all converted to arable land(scenario1), converted to arable land and gardening land (scenario2), determiningrural residential land conversion direction according to the order of arableland-gardening land-forest land based on land suitability evaluation (scenario3).Suitability, priority and constraints were used to set up conversion rules of differentland types and land use change of three scenarios in Licheng district in2020wassimulated by using CA-Markov model. Contrasting land use change of threesimulation scenarios before and after rural residential land consolidation, the regionaleffects of rural residential land consolidation were analyzed from five aspects, such asrural residential land space distribution and the agglomeration effect, the influence onregional landscape pattern, urbanization and the regional sustainable land use.Through making a comprehensive analysis of the regional effects of land use underthree simulation scenarios, scenarios3was selected to be the optimal program of ruralresidential land consolidation in Licheng district.
At last some suggestions were given to promote rural residential landconsolidation, such as arranging the rational order for rural residential landconsolidation, establishing diversified investment mechanism, selecting the ruralresidents resettlement way and some suggestions of land use.
引文
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