社会嵌入对家族企业创业导向的作用机制研究
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摘要
家族企业为主导的民营经济发展对于缓解就业压力、增加税收、促进国民经济持续增长具有极其重要的现实意义,家族企业的生存与发展也一直受到理论界和实务界的关注。相对于国际学术界,国内对家族企业的研究尚处于刚刚起步阶段。对家族企业发掘潜在市场机会、拓展业务并构建与保持竞争优势源泉的创业创新活动的研究更有待深化和细化。
本文基于家族企业创业导向这一主题展开研究,以影响家族企业经济行为的社会嵌入为切入点,沿着“社会嵌入—家族企业创业导向—组织绩效”的逻辑思路,基于嵌入理论、创业管理理论、战略管理理论,构建了一个家族企业创业导向理论模型;在此基础上,基于相关文献及案例分析和小样本数据检验,开发了用于家族企业创业导向问题研究的测量题项。采用层级线性回归的模型分析方法,实证研究了家族企业社会嵌入各维度对家族企业创业导向以及家族企业创业导对其绩效的影响,据此进一步揭示了社会嵌入对家族企业创业导向的作用机制。本文研究主要涉及以下四个方面：
研究一：家族企业创业导向量表的开发与验证。基于文献研究及三个家族企业的案例分析,提出了家族企业创业导向的创新性、风险承担性和社会性三个维度；在此基础上,通过小样本数据的探索性与验证性因子分析,检验了家族企业创业导向所包含的这三个维度的稳定性。研究结果显示家族企业创业导向的每个维度对家族企业的成长与发展具有独特的影响,但同时这种家族企业创业导向也具有一定的差异,且与转型经济环境有着密切的联系。
研究二：社会嵌入中制度嵌入对关系嵌入和结构嵌入的影响研究。实证研究结果显示,制度嵌入在转型经济背景下对家族企业的关系嵌入和结构嵌入具有重要的影响,制度因素显著地影响家族企业社会关系及其结构的产生、维护与发展,家族企业与外部实体的互动和家族企业的创业决策行为。
研究三：社会嵌入对家族企业创业导向的影响研究。实证研究结果表明：(1)关系嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性,但其作用效应并不显著；关系嵌入负向地影响家族企业的风险承担意愿,且具有显著的作用；关系嵌入正向地影响家族企业的社会性,且具有显著的作用。(2)结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性,且作用是显著的；结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的风险承担意愿,但作用不显著；结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的社会性,且作用是显著的。(3)制度嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性与风险承受意愿,且作用是显著的；制度嵌入负向地影响家族企业的社会性,且作用也是显著的。
研究四：家族企业创业导向对组织绩效作用的检验。实证检验结果表明：家族企业创业导向对绩效的提升没有产生显著影响,而环境动态性调节作用的实证检验结果表明,环境动态性正向地调节了家族企业创业导向与组织绩效之间的关系,且作用是显著的。考察环境动态性的调节作用有助于对经济转型时期家族企业创业导向与其绩效关系的更深入的认识与理解。
与现有研究相比,本文研究的创新主要表现在：(1)在理论上提出家族企业创业导向构念量表的社会性维度,开发了该维度的测量量表,并通过探索性与验证性因子分析对其进行了信度与效度方面的验证,这一成果将有助于家族企业创业导向的量化研究,也在一定程度上补充了企业创业管理理论；(2)从制度嵌入、关系嵌入和结构嵌入三个维度,提出了在目前经济转型背景下我国家族企业的创业行为的作用机制及对组织绩效的影响,这在很大程度上突破了现有研究过于关注企业家人力资本以及企业家个性特征对企业创业作用的局限性；(3)结合环境动态性特征探究家族企业创业导向对组织绩效的影响,可以更清晰地阐释家族企业创业导向的绩效意义。
The development of family firms which are the primary section of private economy have extremely realistic significance to ease the employment pressure, raise the level of taxes and improve the national welfare which can promote the sustainable development of the national economy. The survival and development of family firms has also always been the theoretical and practical focus, but as to the abroad academic research of family firms, in domestic studies scholars have just started to study them, especially, the studies about the innovation and entrepreneurship as the source of exploring potential market opportunities, expanding the scope of business, constructing and keeping the competitive advantage of family firms are still the need for more deeply analysis and refining.
This article focuses on the study of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and takes the social embeddedness which influences the economic behavior of family firms as the sarted point, following the logic line"social embeddedness—entrepreneurial orientation of family firms—organizational performance", basing on the theory of embeddedness, entrepreneurial theory and strategic management theory, constructing a theoretical model about entrepreneurial orientation of family firms; On the basis of the theories, the literatures, and case analysis and small sample data test, this article develops the items which measure the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. Using the Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis, this article empirically tests that the dimensions of social embeddedness affect the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms affects the organizational performance, hereby further reveals the the mechanism about the social embeddedness affecting on the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. This study mainly analysis the following four aspects:
First, the scale development and validation about the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. On the basis of literature research and case analysis of three family firms, this article puts forward the three dimensions which are called innovation, risk taking, and sociality of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms; Basing on it, the study which using the exploratory factor analysis of small sample and confirmatory factor analysis, tests the certain stability the three dimension of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. The results show that each dimension of entrepreneurial orientation may be produce unique role and influence on the growth and development of family firms, but the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms has some differences, with a close relation with the circumstance of transition economy.
Second, the influencing study of institutional embeddedness affecting on relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness in social embeddedness. Our empirical test results indicate that in the process of economic transformation institutional embeddedness has important role on the relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness. In the circumstance of transition economy, the institutional factors significantly affect the social relations, the structure of production, maintenance and development of family firms, and the interaction between family firms and external entity, and behavior decision of family firms.
Third, the influencing study of social embeddedness affecting on entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. The empirical test results show that:(1) Relational embeddedness lias positive impact on innovation of family firms, but the effect is not significant; Relational embeddedness has negative impact on risk taking of family firms, arid the effect is significant; Relational embeddedness has positive impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.(2) Structural embeddedness has positive impact on innovation of family firms, and the effect is significant; Structural embeddedness has positive impact on risk taking of family firms, but the effect is not significant; Structural embeddedness has positive impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.(3) Institutional embeddedness has positive impact on innovation and risk taking of family firms, and the effect is significant; Structural embeddedness has negative impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.
Fourth, the test of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms affecting on organizational performance. Our empirical test results show that, the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms has no significant on the improvement of organizational performance, but the empirical test results about environmental dynamics as a moderator variable show that, environmental dynamics positive moderates the relation between entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and organizational performance, and the effect is significant. Investigating the effect of environmental dynamics is helpful for us to deeply know and understand the relation between entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and organizational performance during the period of social transformation.
Compared to existing related studies, the innovative points of this study lie in:(1) Theoretical putting forward the dimension of sociality of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and develop the scale the dimension of sociality. Then we use exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to test the reliability and validity of the scale. The finding will be helpful to the quantitative research about the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and to some extent also can improve the entrepreneurial theory.(2) Based on the three dimensions of institutional embeddedness, relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness, this article puts forward the mechanism of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and the effect on organizational performance in our transition economy, and to a great degree makes up for the the existing studies which paid too much attention on the role of entrepreneur's human capital and entrepreneur's personality characteristics in the process of entrepreneurial activities;(3) Combining with environmental dynamics characteristics to explore the mechanism of effect of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms on organizational performance, so as to make more clear explanation about the performance meaning about entrepreneurial orientation of family firms.
本文基于家族企业创业导向这一主题展开研究,以影响家族企业经济行为的社会嵌入为切入点,沿着“社会嵌入—家族企业创业导向—组织绩效”的逻辑思路,基于嵌入理论、创业管理理论、战略管理理论,构建了一个家族企业创业导向理论模型;在此基础上,基于相关文献及案例分析和小样本数据检验,开发了用于家族企业创业导向问题研究的测量题项。采用层级线性回归的模型分析方法,实证研究了家族企业社会嵌入各维度对家族企业创业导向以及家族企业创业导对其绩效的影响,据此进一步揭示了社会嵌入对家族企业创业导向的作用机制。本文研究主要涉及以下四个方面：
研究一：家族企业创业导向量表的开发与验证。基于文献研究及三个家族企业的案例分析,提出了家族企业创业导向的创新性、风险承担性和社会性三个维度；在此基础上,通过小样本数据的探索性与验证性因子分析,检验了家族企业创业导向所包含的这三个维度的稳定性。研究结果显示家族企业创业导向的每个维度对家族企业的成长与发展具有独特的影响,但同时这种家族企业创业导向也具有一定的差异,且与转型经济环境有着密切的联系。
研究二：社会嵌入中制度嵌入对关系嵌入和结构嵌入的影响研究。实证研究结果显示,制度嵌入在转型经济背景下对家族企业的关系嵌入和结构嵌入具有重要的影响,制度因素显著地影响家族企业社会关系及其结构的产生、维护与发展,家族企业与外部实体的互动和家族企业的创业决策行为。
研究三：社会嵌入对家族企业创业导向的影响研究。实证研究结果表明：(1)关系嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性,但其作用效应并不显著；关系嵌入负向地影响家族企业的风险承担意愿,且具有显著的作用；关系嵌入正向地影响家族企业的社会性,且具有显著的作用。(2)结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性,且作用是显著的；结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的风险承担意愿,但作用不显著；结构嵌入正向地影响家族企业的社会性,且作用是显著的。(3)制度嵌入正向地影响家族企业的创新性与风险承受意愿,且作用是显著的；制度嵌入负向地影响家族企业的社会性,且作用也是显著的。
研究四：家族企业创业导向对组织绩效作用的检验。实证检验结果表明：家族企业创业导向对绩效的提升没有产生显著影响,而环境动态性调节作用的实证检验结果表明,环境动态性正向地调节了家族企业创业导向与组织绩效之间的关系,且作用是显著的。考察环境动态性的调节作用有助于对经济转型时期家族企业创业导向与其绩效关系的更深入的认识与理解。
与现有研究相比,本文研究的创新主要表现在：(1)在理论上提出家族企业创业导向构念量表的社会性维度,开发了该维度的测量量表,并通过探索性与验证性因子分析对其进行了信度与效度方面的验证,这一成果将有助于家族企业创业导向的量化研究,也在一定程度上补充了企业创业管理理论；(2)从制度嵌入、关系嵌入和结构嵌入三个维度,提出了在目前经济转型背景下我国家族企业的创业行为的作用机制及对组织绩效的影响,这在很大程度上突破了现有研究过于关注企业家人力资本以及企业家个性特征对企业创业作用的局限性；(3)结合环境动态性特征探究家族企业创业导向对组织绩效的影响,可以更清晰地阐释家族企业创业导向的绩效意义。
The development of family firms which are the primary section of private economy have extremely realistic significance to ease the employment pressure, raise the level of taxes and improve the national welfare which can promote the sustainable development of the national economy. The survival and development of family firms has also always been the theoretical and practical focus, but as to the abroad academic research of family firms, in domestic studies scholars have just started to study them, especially, the studies about the innovation and entrepreneurship as the source of exploring potential market opportunities, expanding the scope of business, constructing and keeping the competitive advantage of family firms are still the need for more deeply analysis and refining.
This article focuses on the study of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and takes the social embeddedness which influences the economic behavior of family firms as the sarted point, following the logic line"social embeddedness—entrepreneurial orientation of family firms—organizational performance", basing on the theory of embeddedness, entrepreneurial theory and strategic management theory, constructing a theoretical model about entrepreneurial orientation of family firms; On the basis of the theories, the literatures, and case analysis and small sample data test, this article develops the items which measure the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. Using the Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis, this article empirically tests that the dimensions of social embeddedness affect the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms affects the organizational performance, hereby further reveals the the mechanism about the social embeddedness affecting on the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. This study mainly analysis the following four aspects:
First, the scale development and validation about the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. On the basis of literature research and case analysis of three family firms, this article puts forward the three dimensions which are called innovation, risk taking, and sociality of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms; Basing on it, the study which using the exploratory factor analysis of small sample and confirmatory factor analysis, tests the certain stability the three dimension of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. The results show that each dimension of entrepreneurial orientation may be produce unique role and influence on the growth and development of family firms, but the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms has some differences, with a close relation with the circumstance of transition economy.
Second, the influencing study of institutional embeddedness affecting on relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness in social embeddedness. Our empirical test results indicate that in the process of economic transformation institutional embeddedness has important role on the relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness. In the circumstance of transition economy, the institutional factors significantly affect the social relations, the structure of production, maintenance and development of family firms, and the interaction between family firms and external entity, and behavior decision of family firms.
Third, the influencing study of social embeddedness affecting on entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. The empirical test results show that:(1) Relational embeddedness lias positive impact on innovation of family firms, but the effect is not significant; Relational embeddedness has negative impact on risk taking of family firms, arid the effect is significant; Relational embeddedness has positive impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.(2) Structural embeddedness has positive impact on innovation of family firms, and the effect is significant; Structural embeddedness has positive impact on risk taking of family firms, but the effect is not significant; Structural embeddedness has positive impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.(3) Institutional embeddedness has positive impact on innovation and risk taking of family firms, and the effect is significant; Structural embeddedness has negative impact on sociality of family firms, and the effect is significant.
Fourth, the test of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms affecting on organizational performance. Our empirical test results show that, the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms has no significant on the improvement of organizational performance, but the empirical test results about environmental dynamics as a moderator variable show that, environmental dynamics positive moderates the relation between entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and organizational performance, and the effect is significant. Investigating the effect of environmental dynamics is helpful for us to deeply know and understand the relation between entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and organizational performance during the period of social transformation.
Compared to existing related studies, the innovative points of this study lie in:(1) Theoretical putting forward the dimension of sociality of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and develop the scale the dimension of sociality. Then we use exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to test the reliability and validity of the scale. The finding will be helpful to the quantitative research about the entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and to some extent also can improve the entrepreneurial theory.(2) Based on the three dimensions of institutional embeddedness, relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness, this article puts forward the mechanism of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms and the effect on organizational performance in our transition economy, and to a great degree makes up for the the existing studies which paid too much attention on the role of entrepreneur's human capital and entrepreneur's personality characteristics in the process of entrepreneurial activities;(3) Combining with environmental dynamics characteristics to explore the mechanism of effect of entrepreneurial orientation of family firms on organizational performance, so as to make more clear explanation about the performance meaning about entrepreneurial orientation of family firms.
引文
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