超临界水氧化过程动力学及氮元素转移机理研究
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摘要
人类生产和生活过程中产生的各种废水,尤其是含氮有机废水,含有大量有毒有害物质,对环境和生态有巨大的影响和破坏作用。这些污染物有些是含有氨基和氰基的有机化合物,常规方法难以进行有效的降解处理。超临界水氧化技术是一种新型、高效的有机废水处理技术,在超临界状态下,水的密度、介电常数、离子积都会下降,氢键也会减少,水就会成为一种高扩散性和具有优良传递特性的非极性溶剂。此时有机物、氧气和水可以以任意比例互溶,形成单一的均相反应体系。超临界水氧化技术对于处理难降解高浓度有机废水具有相当大的优越性,一般只需很短的时间即可将废水中的有机物质彻底氧化分解。
同时,已有研究发现N2O成为了超临界水氧化含氮有机废水的主要污染物。N2O作为一种重要的温室气体,具有较强的全球变暖潜势,对全球温室效应的贡献率达到7.9%。在超临界水氧化处理有机废水的同时,如果能尽量减少或避免N2O的产生,会带来更多的环境效益。这需要详细了解超临界水氧化有机废水中氮元素的迁移过程,掌握N2O的形成机理。
本论文首先详细地讨论了超临界水的各种特殊的物理化学性质(包括氢键、密度、热导率、扩散系数、介电常数、溶解度、电离度等)以及超临界水氧化技术的显著特点,并对国内外有关超临界水氧化降解有机物反应动力学及机理的研究进行了全面综述。
为了深入研究超临界水氧化有机物的反应动力学模型,本文以难生物降解并且含有不同含氮基团-NH2、-CN的含氮有机废水为主要研究对象,在一套连续式超临界水氧化反应实验装置上,进行了不同条件下的超临界水氧化实验,研究了几种有机物在超临界水中氧化降解效率及各影响因素对两种有机物氧化反应的影响规律；运用GC-MS等多种分析方法对乙二胺和苯胺基乙腈废水的氧化降解中间产物进行了分析,重点研究了有机物在超临界水氧化过程中的反应动力学、COD去除动力学；根据实验数据和量子化学模拟计算结果探讨了有机物在超临界水中氧化反应过程中降解的反应路径、反应机理。本论文利用气相色谱、GC-MS等,对各有机物超临界水氧化降解的产物进行了比较系统的分析和鉴别。氧化降解中间产物的鉴别为超临界水氧化有机物的氧化降解路径的推测提供了依据。利用Matlab的Gaussian-Newton方法对动力学实验数据进行了非线性回归,得到了一系列动力学参数。
通过研究得出以下结论：
(1)超临界水氧化技术对含氮有机物有着很好的氧化降解去除效果,与传统的焚烧法和湿式空气氧化法等方法相比,超临界水氧化法具有适用范围广、处理效率高、氧化速度快、反应装置小、二次污染低、可处理高浓度有机废水的特点,是一种高效的绿色环保有机废物技术。在特定的实验条件下,高浓度有机污染物的COD去除率可达到99%以上。
(2)升高反应温度、延长停留时间、提高反应压力、增加氧化剂过量倍数,有机物在超临界水中氧化降解率(或COD去除率)将增大。总的来说,在这些影响因素中,以反应温度、停留时间对有机污染物的氧化降解或COD去除的影响较大。氧化剂浓度对有机污染物氧化降解或COD去除的影响依赖于反应的进程,前期影响较小,而后期影响相对较大。压力对有机物氧化反应的影响较小,压力对有机物氧化的COD去除率的影响可归结为反应物浓度和停留时间的影响。当温度较高(大于450℃),降解率达到较高的水平后,乙二胺废水中乙二胺和COD去除率数值趋于接近,变化趋于平缓。另外,相同降解率的情况下,提高温度虽然可以缩短有机物在反应器中的停留时间,但对反应设备的要求也会大大提高。
(3)对乙二胺氧化反应气体产物及中间产物进行的分析结果表明,主要气体产物包括N2、N2O、CO、CO2,另外,乙二胺在超临界水中氧化的反应中间产物还包括乙烷、乙烯等,这为7,二胺的超临界水氧化反应路径的确定提供了依据。从乙二胺氧化的中间产物可以看出,乙二胺在经过超临界水氧化后除生成直接的氧化产物N2、CO、CO2以及直链饱和烷烃外,还有一定量的乙烯、乙炔等化合物,这些均不是7二胺的直接氧化产物。由此可以看出,乙二胺在超临界水中氧化降解的同时,还存在着许多副反应如偶合、水解、热解、异构化等同时发生。通过对不同温度条件超临界水氧化乙二胺的中间产物的GC-MS分析,结合乙二胺的结构特点及超临界水的氧化反应特性,得出了乙二胺在超临界水中的反应路径。通过探讨乙二胺氧化的反应路径,得出超临界水氧化降解乙二胺是通过自由基反应进行的,遵循自由基反应的普遍规律,由链引发、链增长和链终止系统完成。链引发主要由·OH完成,其它如热解等也可产生活性极强的自由基。在乙二胺的超临界水氧化过程中,检测到了乙烯、乙烷、乙炔、甲烷等化合物,这些有机物同样是通过一系列的自由基反应而生成的。
(4)对乙二胺在超临界水中氧化反应动力学、COD去除动力学进行了研究,得到乙二胺在25MPa、673～823K条件下反应动力学以及COD去除动力学方程为：
对苯胺基乙腈废水在超临界水中氧化COD去除动力学进行了研究,得到苯胺基乙腈在400～550℃、25MPa条件下的COD去除动力学方程为：
(5)利用量子化学研究了超临界水中2-氯酚的降解反应产物和机理,超临界水氧化2-氯酚的主要单环中间产物为氯代对苯二酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,6-二氯酚和4-氯酚,其中,氯代对苯二酚的浓度最高。量子化学模拟计算的结果与实验结果吻合良好,并进一步给出了超临界水中由-OH自由基引发的2-氯酚氧化机理细节。
(6)利用量子化学研究了超临界水中N2O与CO反应的各种中间产物以及反应路径,发现超临界水氧化过程中此反应是超临界水中N20降解的主要途径,为有效控制超临界水氧化高浓度含氮有机废水过程中N20控制提供基础信息和理论参考。
超临界水氧化技术是一种新兴的高浓度有机废水处理技术,受到了国内外的普遍关注,有关超临界水氧化技术基础和应用研究的各方面的研究工作广泛开展,也取得了一定的大量的成果。为了使超临界水氧化技术能早日从实验室走向实际应用,许多方面的研究还有待进一步加强,如(1)催化氧化研究及其问题探索,(2)水的性质与作用的研究,(3)工程化问题研究与扩大试验。
During the activities and production process of human beings, lots kinds of wastewater have been produced, especially for the nitrogen-containing wastewater. It includes many toxic and hazardous materials, and has great negative effect on the environment. The nitrogen-containing pollutants in the wastewater are mostly organics containing amino groups and cyano group, which are difficult to degrade effectively by the traditional wastewater treatment methods. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a new and effective technique for organic wastewater treatment. At temperatures and pressures above the critical point of water (374℃and22.1MPa), organic compounds, dielectric constant and ion products decrease, and the number of hydrogen bonds increases, water behaves like a nonpolar solvent with high ability of diffusion and transfer, water and oxygen or other oxidants are completely mixed in a single homogeneous aqueous phase, free of mass transfer limitations. SCWO has proved to have high destruction efficiencies within short period for a wide range of organic pollutants wastewater. The organics can be ultimately decomposed to CO2, H2O and other inorganic compounds.
Meanwhile, N2O was found to be one of the major pollutants in the SCWO of organic wastewater. As the important greenhouse gas, N2O has strong global warming potential, and it has contributed to7.9%of the global warming effect. More environmental benefit will be aquired if N2O is reduced or avoided during the process of SCWO. Thus, it is necessary to understand the nitrogen transfer details during SCWO and grasp the mechanism of N2O occurance. The relative study is very limited.
The thesis summarized the special properties of SCWO (including hydrogen bonds, density, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficients, dielectric constants, solubility and ionization degree et al.), as well as the typical characteristics of SCWO. A complete review was given on the topic of kinetics and mechanism of organics decomposition in SCWO.
To explore the kinetics and mechanism of nitrogen-containing organics in SCWO, we select Ethylene diamine (EDA) and N-phenylglycinonitrile--the organics containing groups of-NH2-CN as the typical pollutants. The experiments were conducted on a set of continuous flow SCWO equipment under different performance parameters. The decomposition efficiency and affecting factors of two kinds of pollutants; the intermediates of EDA and N-phenylglycinonitrile by multiple methods such as GC-MS were analyzed; the reaction kinetics and COD removal kinetics were investigated; the reaction pathways and mechanisms were inferred by experimental data and quantum chemical method. The gaseous products of EDA and N-phenylglycinonitrile in SCWO, were identified and quantified by GC and GC-MS. Based on the analysis results, the oxidation and decomposition pathways were conjectured. None linear regression were conducted on the experimental data with gaussian-newton method by Matlab, and the kinetic parameters were obtained.
The conclusions obtained were listed as following:
(1) SCWO can decompose the nitrogen-containing organics effectively. Compared to traditional methods such as wet air oxidation (WAO) and incineration, SCWO has the features of wide use, high converse efficiency, rapid oxidation reaction, small reactor and low second pollution level. SCWO is the effective green technology for the organic pollutants. Under certain conditions, the COD removal of nitrogen-containing organics can be over99%.
(2) When temperatures, residence times, pressure and Stoichiometric Ratio (SR) of Oxygen increased, the decomposition effeiciency (or COD removal) of the organic pollutants in SCWO increased. Generally, among these affecting factors, temperatures and residence times have larger effect on the oxidation reaction than the other factors. The effect of oxidant dose on the oxidation reaction in supercritical water, depended on the reaction process, and greater effect in the early period than in the late period was found. Pressure has light effect on the organic oxidation reaction, and the effect can be attributed to the various reactant concentrations and residence times induced by pressure change. When temperatures were high (above450℃), after the removal reached a relative high level, EDA residue and COD concentration in the wastewater tended to change steadily. Furthermore, if the same removal was obtained, the increase of temperature can shorten the residence time for reactants in the reactor, but the problem of strict requirement for the reactor design will be also proposed.
(3) The gas products and intermediates analysis results of EDA oxidation in supercritical water showed, the major components of gas products were N2, N2O, CO and CO2. The intermediates for EDA oxidation were ethane, ethend etc, which supply information for the determination of EDA reaction pathways in SCWO. Based on the identification of products obtained in EDA in SCWO, the relation between the features and products of EDA in SCWO was analysed. It can be seen that the direct oxidation products included N2, CO, CO2, straight chain saturated alkanes, as well as a certain amount of ethylene and acetylene et al. The above products are not the results of direct oxidation. Thus, when EDA was decomposed in SCWO, many side reactions such as coupling, hydrolysis, pyrolysis and isomerization occurred at the same time. By analysis of the intermediates of EDA in SCWO with GC-MS, and combined of the structure features of EDA, the oxidation pathways for EDA oxidation in supercritical water were explored. The EDA decomposition in SCWO were via radical reactions, and followed the general principles of radical reactions, which includes three periods:chain initiation, chain propagation and chain termination. The chain initiation was accomplished by-OH, the pyrolysis can also produce some radicals of high activity. In the process of EDA decomposition in SCWO, ethylene, ethane, acetylene and methane were also determined, and these compounds were also produced by a series of radical reactions.
(4) According the kinetics of EDA and in SCWO and COD removal kinetics, the kinetic model for EDA and COD removal in SCWO at25MPa.673-823K were:
The kinetic models for COD removal of N-phenylglycinonitrile in SCWO at400-550℃,25MPa was:
(5) The products and mechanism of2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in supercritical water was studied with quantum chemical method. The primary single-ring products of the2-CP oxidation in supercritical water were determined to be chlorohydroquinone,2,4-dichlorophenol and2,6-dichlorophenol and4-chlorophenol, among which chlorohydroquinone had the highest molar yields. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental findings, and help to better understand the detailed mechanism of2-CP decomposition initiated by·OH radical in supercritical water.
(6) With quantum chemical method, the intermediates and reaction pathways of N2O and CO reaction in supercritical water were studied. The reaction was found to be the major approach for N2O decomposition in supercritical water. The results can supply basic information and theoretical reference for the N2O control in the SCWO.
SCWO is a new technique for organic wastewater treatment and has attracted wide attention internationally. The studies concerned the basic theory and application reports have also been conducted widely and made some progress. In order to promote the application of SCWO to practical industrial application, many aspects need to be enhanced, such as (1) Catalytic oxidation and relative problems solve,(2) the properties of supercritical water and function,(3) engineering implement and amplified experiments.
同时,已有研究发现N2O成为了超临界水氧化含氮有机废水的主要污染物。N2O作为一种重要的温室气体,具有较强的全球变暖潜势,对全球温室效应的贡献率达到7.9%。在超临界水氧化处理有机废水的同时,如果能尽量减少或避免N2O的产生,会带来更多的环境效益。这需要详细了解超临界水氧化有机废水中氮元素的迁移过程,掌握N2O的形成机理。
本论文首先详细地讨论了超临界水的各种特殊的物理化学性质(包括氢键、密度、热导率、扩散系数、介电常数、溶解度、电离度等)以及超临界水氧化技术的显著特点,并对国内外有关超临界水氧化降解有机物反应动力学及机理的研究进行了全面综述。
为了深入研究超临界水氧化有机物的反应动力学模型,本文以难生物降解并且含有不同含氮基团-NH2、-CN的含氮有机废水为主要研究对象,在一套连续式超临界水氧化反应实验装置上,进行了不同条件下的超临界水氧化实验,研究了几种有机物在超临界水中氧化降解效率及各影响因素对两种有机物氧化反应的影响规律；运用GC-MS等多种分析方法对乙二胺和苯胺基乙腈废水的氧化降解中间产物进行了分析,重点研究了有机物在超临界水氧化过程中的反应动力学、COD去除动力学；根据实验数据和量子化学模拟计算结果探讨了有机物在超临界水中氧化反应过程中降解的反应路径、反应机理。本论文利用气相色谱、GC-MS等,对各有机物超临界水氧化降解的产物进行了比较系统的分析和鉴别。氧化降解中间产物的鉴别为超临界水氧化有机物的氧化降解路径的推测提供了依据。利用Matlab的Gaussian-Newton方法对动力学实验数据进行了非线性回归,得到了一系列动力学参数。
通过研究得出以下结论：
(1)超临界水氧化技术对含氮有机物有着很好的氧化降解去除效果,与传统的焚烧法和湿式空气氧化法等方法相比,超临界水氧化法具有适用范围广、处理效率高、氧化速度快、反应装置小、二次污染低、可处理高浓度有机废水的特点,是一种高效的绿色环保有机废物技术。在特定的实验条件下,高浓度有机污染物的COD去除率可达到99%以上。
(2)升高反应温度、延长停留时间、提高反应压力、增加氧化剂过量倍数,有机物在超临界水中氧化降解率(或COD去除率)将增大。总的来说,在这些影响因素中,以反应温度、停留时间对有机污染物的氧化降解或COD去除的影响较大。氧化剂浓度对有机污染物氧化降解或COD去除的影响依赖于反应的进程,前期影响较小,而后期影响相对较大。压力对有机物氧化反应的影响较小,压力对有机物氧化的COD去除率的影响可归结为反应物浓度和停留时间的影响。当温度较高(大于450℃),降解率达到较高的水平后,乙二胺废水中乙二胺和COD去除率数值趋于接近,变化趋于平缓。另外,相同降解率的情况下,提高温度虽然可以缩短有机物在反应器中的停留时间,但对反应设备的要求也会大大提高。
(3)对乙二胺氧化反应气体产物及中间产物进行的分析结果表明,主要气体产物包括N2、N2O、CO、CO2,另外,乙二胺在超临界水中氧化的反应中间产物还包括乙烷、乙烯等,这为7,二胺的超临界水氧化反应路径的确定提供了依据。从乙二胺氧化的中间产物可以看出,乙二胺在经过超临界水氧化后除生成直接的氧化产物N2、CO、CO2以及直链饱和烷烃外,还有一定量的乙烯、乙炔等化合物,这些均不是7二胺的直接氧化产物。由此可以看出,乙二胺在超临界水中氧化降解的同时,还存在着许多副反应如偶合、水解、热解、异构化等同时发生。通过对不同温度条件超临界水氧化乙二胺的中间产物的GC-MS分析,结合乙二胺的结构特点及超临界水的氧化反应特性,得出了乙二胺在超临界水中的反应路径。通过探讨乙二胺氧化的反应路径,得出超临界水氧化降解乙二胺是通过自由基反应进行的,遵循自由基反应的普遍规律,由链引发、链增长和链终止系统完成。链引发主要由·OH完成,其它如热解等也可产生活性极强的自由基。在乙二胺的超临界水氧化过程中,检测到了乙烯、乙烷、乙炔、甲烷等化合物,这些有机物同样是通过一系列的自由基反应而生成的。
(4)对乙二胺在超临界水中氧化反应动力学、COD去除动力学进行了研究,得到乙二胺在25MPa、673～823K条件下反应动力学以及COD去除动力学方程为：
对苯胺基乙腈废水在超临界水中氧化COD去除动力学进行了研究,得到苯胺基乙腈在400～550℃、25MPa条件下的COD去除动力学方程为：
(5)利用量子化学研究了超临界水中2-氯酚的降解反应产物和机理,超临界水氧化2-氯酚的主要单环中间产物为氯代对苯二酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,6-二氯酚和4-氯酚,其中,氯代对苯二酚的浓度最高。量子化学模拟计算的结果与实验结果吻合良好,并进一步给出了超临界水中由-OH自由基引发的2-氯酚氧化机理细节。
(6)利用量子化学研究了超临界水中N2O与CO反应的各种中间产物以及反应路径,发现超临界水氧化过程中此反应是超临界水中N20降解的主要途径,为有效控制超临界水氧化高浓度含氮有机废水过程中N20控制提供基础信息和理论参考。
超临界水氧化技术是一种新兴的高浓度有机废水处理技术,受到了国内外的普遍关注,有关超临界水氧化技术基础和应用研究的各方面的研究工作广泛开展,也取得了一定的大量的成果。为了使超临界水氧化技术能早日从实验室走向实际应用,许多方面的研究还有待进一步加强,如(1)催化氧化研究及其问题探索,(2)水的性质与作用的研究,(3)工程化问题研究与扩大试验。
During the activities and production process of human beings, lots kinds of wastewater have been produced, especially for the nitrogen-containing wastewater. It includes many toxic and hazardous materials, and has great negative effect on the environment. The nitrogen-containing pollutants in the wastewater are mostly organics containing amino groups and cyano group, which are difficult to degrade effectively by the traditional wastewater treatment methods. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a new and effective technique for organic wastewater treatment. At temperatures and pressures above the critical point of water (374℃and22.1MPa), organic compounds, dielectric constant and ion products decrease, and the number of hydrogen bonds increases, water behaves like a nonpolar solvent with high ability of diffusion and transfer, water and oxygen or other oxidants are completely mixed in a single homogeneous aqueous phase, free of mass transfer limitations. SCWO has proved to have high destruction efficiencies within short period for a wide range of organic pollutants wastewater. The organics can be ultimately decomposed to CO2, H2O and other inorganic compounds.
Meanwhile, N2O was found to be one of the major pollutants in the SCWO of organic wastewater. As the important greenhouse gas, N2O has strong global warming potential, and it has contributed to7.9%of the global warming effect. More environmental benefit will be aquired if N2O is reduced or avoided during the process of SCWO. Thus, it is necessary to understand the nitrogen transfer details during SCWO and grasp the mechanism of N2O occurance. The relative study is very limited.
The thesis summarized the special properties of SCWO (including hydrogen bonds, density, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficients, dielectric constants, solubility and ionization degree et al.), as well as the typical characteristics of SCWO. A complete review was given on the topic of kinetics and mechanism of organics decomposition in SCWO.
To explore the kinetics and mechanism of nitrogen-containing organics in SCWO, we select Ethylene diamine (EDA) and N-phenylglycinonitrile--the organics containing groups of-NH2-CN as the typical pollutants. The experiments were conducted on a set of continuous flow SCWO equipment under different performance parameters. The decomposition efficiency and affecting factors of two kinds of pollutants; the intermediates of EDA and N-phenylglycinonitrile by multiple methods such as GC-MS were analyzed; the reaction kinetics and COD removal kinetics were investigated; the reaction pathways and mechanisms were inferred by experimental data and quantum chemical method. The gaseous products of EDA and N-phenylglycinonitrile in SCWO, were identified and quantified by GC and GC-MS. Based on the analysis results, the oxidation and decomposition pathways were conjectured. None linear regression were conducted on the experimental data with gaussian-newton method by Matlab, and the kinetic parameters were obtained.
The conclusions obtained were listed as following:
(1) SCWO can decompose the nitrogen-containing organics effectively. Compared to traditional methods such as wet air oxidation (WAO) and incineration, SCWO has the features of wide use, high converse efficiency, rapid oxidation reaction, small reactor and low second pollution level. SCWO is the effective green technology for the organic pollutants. Under certain conditions, the COD removal of nitrogen-containing organics can be over99%.
(2) When temperatures, residence times, pressure and Stoichiometric Ratio (SR) of Oxygen increased, the decomposition effeiciency (or COD removal) of the organic pollutants in SCWO increased. Generally, among these affecting factors, temperatures and residence times have larger effect on the oxidation reaction than the other factors. The effect of oxidant dose on the oxidation reaction in supercritical water, depended on the reaction process, and greater effect in the early period than in the late period was found. Pressure has light effect on the organic oxidation reaction, and the effect can be attributed to the various reactant concentrations and residence times induced by pressure change. When temperatures were high (above450℃), after the removal reached a relative high level, EDA residue and COD concentration in the wastewater tended to change steadily. Furthermore, if the same removal was obtained, the increase of temperature can shorten the residence time for reactants in the reactor, but the problem of strict requirement for the reactor design will be also proposed.
(3) The gas products and intermediates analysis results of EDA oxidation in supercritical water showed, the major components of gas products were N2, N2O, CO and CO2. The intermediates for EDA oxidation were ethane, ethend etc, which supply information for the determination of EDA reaction pathways in SCWO. Based on the identification of products obtained in EDA in SCWO, the relation between the features and products of EDA in SCWO was analysed. It can be seen that the direct oxidation products included N2, CO, CO2, straight chain saturated alkanes, as well as a certain amount of ethylene and acetylene et al. The above products are not the results of direct oxidation. Thus, when EDA was decomposed in SCWO, many side reactions such as coupling, hydrolysis, pyrolysis and isomerization occurred at the same time. By analysis of the intermediates of EDA in SCWO with GC-MS, and combined of the structure features of EDA, the oxidation pathways for EDA oxidation in supercritical water were explored. The EDA decomposition in SCWO were via radical reactions, and followed the general principles of radical reactions, which includes three periods:chain initiation, chain propagation and chain termination. The chain initiation was accomplished by-OH, the pyrolysis can also produce some radicals of high activity. In the process of EDA decomposition in SCWO, ethylene, ethane, acetylene and methane were also determined, and these compounds were also produced by a series of radical reactions.
(4) According the kinetics of EDA and in SCWO and COD removal kinetics, the kinetic model for EDA and COD removal in SCWO at25MPa.673-823K were:
The kinetic models for COD removal of N-phenylglycinonitrile in SCWO at400-550℃,25MPa was:
(5) The products and mechanism of2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in supercritical water was studied with quantum chemical method. The primary single-ring products of the2-CP oxidation in supercritical water were determined to be chlorohydroquinone,2,4-dichlorophenol and2,6-dichlorophenol and4-chlorophenol, among which chlorohydroquinone had the highest molar yields. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental findings, and help to better understand the detailed mechanism of2-CP decomposition initiated by·OH radical in supercritical water.
(6) With quantum chemical method, the intermediates and reaction pathways of N2O and CO reaction in supercritical water were studied. The reaction was found to be the major approach for N2O decomposition in supercritical water. The results can supply basic information and theoretical reference for the N2O control in the SCWO.
SCWO is a new technique for organic wastewater treatment and has attracted wide attention internationally. The studies concerned the basic theory and application reports have also been conducted widely and made some progress. In order to promote the application of SCWO to practical industrial application, many aspects need to be enhanced, such as (1) Catalytic oxidation and relative problems solve,(2) the properties of supercritical water and function,(3) engineering implement and amplified experiments.
引文
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