绿色矿业经济发展模式研究
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摘要
煤炭工业属资源型基础产业,其发展状况直接关系到国计民生。煤炭是我国的主体消费能源并一直在持续较快地增长,但由于以煤为主的能源结构很难改变,煤炭工业粗放经营,发展方式转变和结构调整面临压力,这就决定了煤炭工业是我国绿色矿业经济发展的重要领域。所谓绿色矿业就是指在矿山环境扰动量小于或等于区域环境容量的前提下,实现矿产资源开发最优化和生态环境影响最小化的矿业发展模式,发展绿色矿业,就是在保持生态环境平衡的前提下,促进矿业经济的可持续发展。平顶山煤业集团四矿(以下简称平煤四矿)是平煤集团下属大型骨干矿井之一,随着开采年限的延长、开采深度的延伸、地质复杂程度的加大及长期大规模的粗放开采,使得资源型企业所具有的种种问题表现出来,矿井瓦斯、煤矸石、矿井尾水“三废”的无序排放,对矿区环境酿成了灾难性的环境污染后果,生态环境对企业的制约作用日益明显等问题。在经营过程中,面临如何延长产业链、资源如何充分利用、如何减少污染和废气、废水等,提高资源利用效率等一系列问题；如何处理好矿产资源开发与环境保护之间的关系,走绿色矿业经济发展之路是目前急需要解决的问题之一。论文以西方主流经济学理论为基础,综合运用资源产业经济学、生态经济学理论等,从系统论的角度出发,以平煤四矿为例,对矿产资源型企业发展绿色矿业经济进行动因分析的基础上,初步构建绿色矿业经济发展模式,并提出相应的政策支撑体系。
论文研究的主要内容如下：
第一章,绪论。阐述了选题的目的和研究意义,通过对国内外学术研究和应用现状的分析,提出了发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山的研究重点,并对全文的主要研究思路、方法和内容进行了概括,提出了论文的创新点。
第二章,提出了绿色矿业经济发展的理论基础。在分析比较循环经济、低碳经济及绿色经济等诸多概念及其内容的基础上,界定并分析了绿色矿业及其特点；综合运用外部性理论、产权交易理论和产业生态学理论对发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山进行了理论解释。绿色矿业就是在矿业开发利用的全过程,以生态学理论为依据,自始至终在矿区内进行全面规划,在环境扰动量小于区域环境容量的前提下,实现矿产资源开发利用的最优化和生态环境影响最小化。
第三章,分析了企业发展绿色矿业的行为。综合运用博弈分析、价值分析和减量化分析表明,政府、企业和消费者是绿色经济的主体,存在着多种博弈行为,企业是节能减排发展绿色经济的核心,但由于绿色矿业经济的科技研发和前期投入很多,很多经营都是微利甚至不盈利,企业动力明显不足,为充分调动企业节能降耗和资源综合利用的积极性,发挥企业在节能、减少碳排放中的生力军作用,政府必须实施激励和约束相结合的政策。
(1)对企业发展绿色矿业进行了博弈分析。煤炭企业要发展绿色矿业经济,建设绿色矿山,资金投入大、技术要求高,企业经济收益相对偏低,导致社会效益、环境效益大于经济效益。为此,社会各方面、各个环节均在进行博弈,动力明显不足。企业之间博弈的结果都将选择不可持续的方式开发利用煤矿资源,最终造成效益最低和环境的污染；企业与政府间博弈的结果取决于政策的设计和执行程度。否则,企业宁愿选择缴纳罚款也不治理环境污染,甚至逃避治理污染的责任。
(2)对企业实施绿色矿业进行了价值分析。绿色矿业价值链可以通过实现矿产资源环境价值和矿产资源自然价值的二个不同方面中,通过对价值投入与资源配置、价值物化与价值增殖、价值产出和价值实现、外显价值和潜在价值的系统分析,得出不同的矿业经济增长方式。发展绿色矿业,首先是将矿区矿产资源的开发利用作为一个有机的社会-经济-环境系统,采取提高正价值V5减少负价值V6,实现正的矿区矿产资源开发利用的社会-经济-环境系统综合价值(△V>0),且尽可能使其最大化。
(3)对实施绿色矿业经济进行了减量化分析。在研究绿色经济的物质循环与平衡的过程中,特别强调的减量化是资源投入减量化和废弃物排放减量化和低碳化。生产过程的减量化要求企业、产业,地区或国民经济系统的经济行为必须符合绿色经济的减量化和自然生态规律；消费过程的减量化要求个人、家庭和政府消费过程等经济行为也必须与绿色经济的减量化和自然生态规律相符,达到资源利用的均衡发展。
第四章,对平煤四矿经营现状进行了系统的调查分析。煤矿资源禀赋是企业生存和发展的基础,以平煤四矿为例,以“减量化、再利用、再循环、低碳化”为原则,发展绿色矿业经济,建设绿色矿山势在必行。
(1)系统地调查了平煤四矿经营现状。平煤四矿是平煤集团下属二级机构,经过多次技术改造,形成了一个以特级质量标准化、现代化矿井及特级安全高效矿井为基础,生产能力达到300万吨以上,煤矸石、废气、废水等副产品以及耗电量随产量稳步增加的煤炭综合利用型企业。
(2)系统的计量经济学研究。综合运用ADF单位根检验、回归分析和格兰杰分析对平煤四矿收入与煤矸石、废气、废水三者之间变化关系进行了定量研究,结果表明,企业生产总值和煤矸石产量间存在平稳关系,而与废气、废水间的关系不稳定；企业收入的增长导致煤矸石和废气排放的增加,但不会导致废水排放的增加；反之,煤矸石的增加也会导致企业收入的增加,而废水和废气排放的增加均与企业收入增加无关。
第五章,初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展模式。在前述研究的基础上,从平煤四矿的实践出发,初步构建了基于不同产业链的绿色矿业经济发展模式以及综合发展模式。
(1)提出了绿色矿业经济的一般模式。以系统分析原则、生态优先原则和“3R+L”原则为基础,把清洁生产和废弃物的综合利用融为一体,通过“资源、生产、流通、消费、再生资源”的反馈式流程和“资源-产品-再生资源”的多次循环利用,从而实现“低开采、高利用、低排放和低碳化”,进而形成“最优生产、最优消费和最少废弃”的绿色矿业经济发展的一般模式。
(2)初步构建了采煤—煤矸石—电—建材绿色产业链。平煤四矿矿井每年都排放大量的煤矸石。按照发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山的要求,完善了采煤—煤矸石—电—供暖和采煤—煤矸石—电—井下降温工程微型绿色产业链；在对平煤四矿煤矸石系统的物理化学性质分析、工业分析的基础上,指出该煤矸石主要适合做烧结砖原料,烧制水泥熟料时替代部分粘土,做工程回填的填充材料,塌陷区复垦的回填材料,并系统地构建了采煤-煤矸石-建材绿色产业链,实现煤矸石资源的综合利用,使平煤四矿矸石利用率在“十二五”期间达到100%。
(3)初步构建了采煤—煤层气—电开发绿色产业链。平煤四矿的矿井为突出矿井,在分析统计矿井煤层气储量、浓度、煤层气涌出量、抽采纯流量的基础上,提出了瓦斯抽采-发电余热回收—乏风氧化—制冷降温低碳绿色产业,是一项集安全、低碳、节能、环保为一体的资源综合利用工程；瓦斯还可做燃料或生产炭黑、甲醛、甲醇和化肥等化工产品。在此基础上,提出了煤层气综合利用产业链,提高了煤矿抽采瓦斯的积极性,减轻了对平煤四矿周边地区环境污染,节约了宝贵的优质资源,达到了环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的统一。
(4)初步构建了原煤开采—矿井水—净化水—再生循环绿色产业链。在统计平煤四矿井下水文地质情况的基础上,提出了平煤四矿矿井水地下—地上循环处理回用系统,参照国家不同用水标准,进行了系统的应用研究。通过矿井水井下-地上处理系统的循环运行,减少了污染物排放、节约用水和保护环境,达到了环境效益、社会效益和经济效益的统-
(5)初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式。先进的生态循环技术和设备是发展绿色矿业经济的基础。在上述绿色微循环产业链的基础上,创新发展和延伸矿井循环和低碳产业链,提出了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式,在全矿形成了一种低投入、低消耗、低排放、低碳和高效率的节约型经济发展方式。从而使长期困扰平煤四矿可持续发展的矿井“三废”变成了特色产业资源,达到了“矿产资源潜力得到充分挖掘、资源优势得到充分发挥、经济优势得到充分体现”目标,促进了平煤四矿绿色矿山的建设,也为我国煤矿产业发展绿色矿业经济提供参考。
第六章,提出了绿色矿业经济发展的支撑体系。推进绿色矿业经济发展,建设绿色矿山,必须将重点放在引导生产者和消费者观念的转变和行为转变上来,需要利用规制性政策、市场性政策、参与性政策等多种政策工具,激发多元主体的积极性,实现资源开发的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益协调统一。
本文主要存在以下创新之处：
(1)在界定并分析了绿色矿业的特点。绿色矿业就是在矿业开发利用过程中,以生态学理论为依据,通过矿区内的全面规划,在环境扰动量小于或等于区域环境容量的前提下,实现矿产资源开发利用的最优化和生态环境影响最小化。
(2)分析了企业发展绿色矿业的行为。综合运用博弈分析、价值分析和减量化分析表明,政府、企业和消费者是绿色经济的主体,存在着多种博弈行为,企业是节能减排发展绿色经济的核心,但由于绿色矿业经济的科技研发和前期投入很多,很多经营都是微利甚至不盈利,企业动力明显不足,为充分调动企业节能降耗和资源综合利用的积极性,发挥企业在节能、减少碳排放中的生力军作用,政府必须实施激励和约束相结合的政策。
(3)定量研究了平煤四矿的相关参数。综合运用ADF单位根检验、回归分析和格兰杰检验对平煤四矿收入与煤矸石、废气、废水三者之间变化关系进行了定量研究,结果表明,企业生产总值和煤矸石产量间存在平稳关系,而与废气、废水间的关系不稳定；企业收入的增长导致煤矸石和废气排放的增加,但不会导致废水排放的增加；反之,煤矸石的增加也会导致企业收入的增加,而废水和废气排放的增加均与企业收入增加无关。
(4)初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展模式。以系统分析原则、生态优先原则和“3R+L”原则为基础,从平煤四矿实际出发,优化分析了采煤-煤矸石-电-建材绿色产业链、采煤-煤层气-电开发绿色产业链、原煤开采-矿井水-净化水-再生循环绿色产业链条,提出了平煤四矿矿井水地下—地上循环处理回用系统,初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式并提出了绿色矿业经济发展的支撑体系。
With resources foundation industry of the coal, it is relative to people's livelihood. Coal is our country of corpus consume energy and keep on more and quickly growth, because of regard coal as principle of the energy structure be very difficult change, coal industry thick put management, development way change and structure adjust face pressure, this come to a decision coal industry is a importance realm for green mineral economy development in our country. The green mineral industry is development mode that in the mineral environment amount of perturbation under the premise that or equal environment capacity in the district of under the premise, realization mineral resources develop superior and ecosystem environment influence minimum, development green mineral industry, keep ecosystem environment balance promote mineral industry economy of can keep on development. It is one of large framework wells of Pingdingshan tianan coal mineral fourth mineral for Pingdingshan coal industry incorporated company(Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral), with mine time of extension, mine depth of extension, geology complications degree of enlargement and long-term large-scale thick release, it make out resources type enterprise have various problem performance, well gas, coal gangue, waste water "three discard" have no preface emissions, brought about disaster pollution of the environment result to the mineral area environment, the ecosystem environment be obvious etc. In the process how to extension and industry chain, and full make use of resources, how decrease pollution and waste gas, waste water, how to exaltation using of resource efficiency etc. this is a series problem, also how to processing the relation of mineral resources development and environmental protection, development of green mineral economy is one of need solve problem urgently and currently. With west main current economics theories, comprehensive usage resources industry economics, ecosystem economics theories etc., from the system theory, with Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral for example, Based on the behavior analysisThe green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral and put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development. The main contents of thesis is as follows:
Chapterl, introduction. Elaborated to the purpose and research meaning, with analysis domestic and international research and its application present condition, it put forward a research point of development green mineral industry and construction green mineral, and full text of main research way of thinking, method and generalized contents and put forward a thesis of innovation point.
Chapter2, put forward development of theories foundation of the green mineral economy. Based on analysis many concept and its contents of circulation economy, low carbon economy and green economy. It defines and analyses green mineral industry and its characteristics; Comprehensive usage exterior theories, produce right bargain theories and industry ecology to the development green mineral industry, construction green the mineral carried on theories explanation. The green the mineral industry be under the premise that mineral industry development make use of whole process, take ecology theories as basis, from beginning to end in the mineral area carry on overall programming, small in the environment amount of perturbation at environment capacity in the district, realization mineral resources development make use of superior turn with ecosystem environment influence minimum.
Chapter3, analysis the behavior of the development green mineral industry in business enterprise. Comprehensive usage game analysis, value analysis and reduce analysis, it propose that government, enterprise and consumer is green economy of corpus, existence variety game behavior, enterprise is the core of reduce row development green economy, but because of green mineral industry economy of science and technology development and front period devotion, much management is an all tiny benefit even not earnings, enterprise motive is obvious shortage, for full transfer enterprise economy energy decline to consume with resources comprehensive make use of aggressive, exertive the enterprise is in the economy energy, the decrease the carbon the emissions of living a dint soldier function, government have to implement encourage peace treaty bunch to combine together of policy.
(1)Carried on game analysis to the green mineral industry of the enterprise development. The coal enterprise want to develop green mineral economy, construction green mineral, funds devotion big, technique request high, business enterprise economy the income be opposite and low and cause society performance, environment performance big in economy performance. This is society everyone's noodles, each the link all is carry on game, the motive be obvious shortage. Of the business enterprise game of result all choice can't keep on of way development make use of coal mine resources, end make performance lowest with environment of pollution; Business enterprise and the result of game among the governments are decided by the design of policy and performance degree. Otherwise, the enterprise prefer to the choice pay penal sum also incurable reason pollution of the environment, even evade manage the responsibility of pollution.
(2)To carry on the value analysis of enterprise implement green the mineral industry. Green mineral industry the value chain can pass realization mineral resources environment value and mineral resources nature value of tow mid-term pass in the meantime to value devotion and resources allocation, value the thing turn with value propagate, value produce with value realization, outside show value with latent value of system analysis, get dissimilarity of mineral already benefit growth way. Development green mineral industry, first is the mineral area mineral resources of development make use of one organic of society-economy-environment system, adopt exaltation just value V5decrease negative value V6, realization positive of the mineral area mineral resources development make use of society-economy-environment system comprehensive value(AV>0), and make it maximize possibly.
(3)To carry on reduce analysis of the implement green mineral economy. In the research the green economy of the material the circulation and balance of the process, special emphasize of reduce to turn is a resources devotion to reduce to turn with wastes emissions reduce to turn with low carbonization. The production line reduce to turn request business enterprise, industry, region or national economy system of economy the behavior have to match green economy of reduce to turn with nature ecosystem regulation; Consume the reduce of process turn request personal, family and government consume process etc. economy behavior have to also with green economy of reduce to turn with nature the ecosystem regulation agree with and attain using of resource of balanced development.
Chapter4, carry on system of investigate analysis the management present condition and its even ability of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. The coal mine resources is a foundation of enterprise existence and development, with Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral for example, take "reduce, again make use of, again circulation, low carbonization" as a principle, it point that it is necessarily to development green mineral economics, construction green mineral.
(1)Systematically investigated Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral management present condition. Pingdingshan tianan industry incorporated company fourth mineral (Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral) is second class organization of Pingdingshan coal group, process many times technique reformation, formation one of the special grade quality standardize, modernization mineral well and special grade safety efficiently mineral well for foundation, produce the ability attain3,000,000tons, coal gangue, waste gas, waste water etc. by-product and consume an electricity quantity steady with the yield increment of coal comprehensive make use of type business enterprise.
(2)Eeonometrics research systematicly. Comprehensive usage ADF unit root examination, regression analysis and Granger analysis to amount research with income and coal gangue, waste gas, waste water of threes variety relation of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it result that, enterprise total output value and the coal gangue yield existence steady relation, but and waste gas, waste water of relation unsteady; The growth of enterprise income cause the increment of the coal gangue and waste gas emissions, but will not cause waste water emissions of increment; Whereas, increment of the coal gangue will also cause enterprise income of increment, but waste water and waste gas emissions of increment all with enterprise income increment irrelevant.
Chapter5, the Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral green mineral economy development mode established firstly. Based on Fore the foundation research, from Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral of practice, first set up according to dissimilarity industry chain of green mineral economy development mode and comprehensive development mode.
(1)Put forward a green mineral economy of general mode. With the foundation of system analysis the principle, the ecosystem initiative principle and"3R+L" principle, merged into sweep produce and wastes of comprehensive use an integral whole, passed the feedback type process and "resources-product-circulate-consume-rebirth resources" and many times circulation make use of resources-produce-rebirth", it is realized "low mine, high make use of, low emissions and low carbonization", then formatted the green mineral economy development of general mode of superior produce, superior consume with minimal abandon".
(2)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-building materials. the well of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral emissions a great deal of coal gangue every year. According to development green mineral industry, construction green mineral of request, perfect the mini-green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-provide warm and the coal-coal gangue-electricity-the well descend an environmental industry chain of the engineering miniature; Based on coal gangue system of physics chemistry property analysis, industry analysis of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it point out that coal gangue main in keeping with do to knot brick raw material, make cement familiar anticipate act for part glue soil, do engineering back to fill material, fall to sink area to reply return of fill material, and systematically set up the green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-building materials, realization the coal gangue resources of comprehensive use, and make the rat of gangue utilization to100%at "china's12th five-year plan" in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral.
(3)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-coal gas-electricity development. The well of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral is an outstanding coal gas well, Based on analysis and statistics mineral well coal gas of keep quantity, density, coal gas gush quantity and take out pure the foundation of discharge, it put forward a green industry china of coal gas-generate electricity waste heat recovery-lack breeze to oxidize-make cold reduce the heat a low carbon, it is also a whole of the resources comprehensive exploitation engineering with safety, low carbon, economy energy, environmental protection; The coal gas can do fuel or produce coal black, formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, fatty equalize a work product. It Put forward comprehensive use industry chain of the coal gas, exaltation the coal mine take out aggressive of the coal gas and eased to the region pollution of the environment in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, economy precious of superior quality resources, come to unify of an environment performance, economy performance and society performance.
(4)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-mineral well water-decontamination water-rebirth circulation. At statistics Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral well enter water the text geology foundation of circumstance, it put forward a return to use system of well water underground-ground top circulation the processing in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, according to a nation dissimilarity use water standard, carried. Pass circulation of mineral well water well bottom-ground top processing system of circulation, it decreases pollutant emissions, economy use water and protection environmental, come to the unity of an environment performance, society performance and economy performance.
(5)The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Based on the ecosystem of circulation technique and equipment. And above-mentioned mini-circulation industry chain, innovation development and extension mineral well circulation and low carbon industry chain, the green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it has mode a kind of low devotion, low consume, low emissions, low carbon with high-efficiency of economy type economy development way. Make thus long-term perplex can keep on development of mineral well "three discard" became special features industry a resources in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, come to a target of " the potential of mineral resources get full scoop out, the resources advantage get full exertive, economy the advantage get full body now" and promoted Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral green mineral of construction, also provide reference for our country coal mine industry development green mineral economy.
Chapter6, put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development. In order to Push forward green mineral economy, construction green mineral, it have to put a point at leading manufacturer and consumer idea of change and behavior change, demand make use of variety policy tool as rules and regulations policy, market policy, participate policy etc. stir up the aggressive of diverse corpus, realized the unity of resources development of economy performance, ecosystem performance and society performance. The innovation point of thesis is as following:(1)Defined and analysis the characteristics of green mineral industry. The green mineral industry is in the process of mineral industry development and its exploitation, with ecology theories, inside mineral area of overall programming, small in the environment amount of perturbation in or equal under the premise of environment capacity in the district, it realized superior of mineral resources development use and ecosystem environment influence minimum.
(2)Analysis the enterprise behavior of development green mineral industry. Comprehensive usage game analysis, value analysis and reduce analysis, government, business enterprise and consumer is green economy of corpus, existence variety game behavior, the core is enterprise in economy energy reduce row development green economy, but because of green mineral industry economy of science and technology development and front period devotion, much management is an all tiny benefit even not earnings, enterprise motive obvious shortage, in order to full transfer enterprise economy energy decline to consume with resources comprehensive use aggressive, exertive the enterprise is in the economy energy, the decrease the carbon the emissions of living a dint soldier function, government have to implement encourage peace treaty bunch to combine together of policy.
(3)Researched the related parameter of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Comprehensive usage ADF unit root examination, return to return analysis and Granger examination to income and coal gangue, waste gas, waste water of threes variety relation its result enunciation that, enterprise total output value and the coal gangue yield existence steady relation, but waste gas, waste water of relation unsteady; The growth of enterprise income cause the increment of the coal gangue and waste gas emissions, but will not cause waste water emissions of increment; Whereas, increment of the coal gangue will also cause enterprise income of increment, but increment of waste water and waste gas emissions all with enterprise income increment irrelevant.
(4)The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Based on system analysis the principle, ecosystem initiative principle and"3R+L" principle, from practice of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it excellent turned the green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-building materials, coal-coal gas-electricity development green industry chain, coal-well water-decontamination water-rebirth circulation green industry chain, put forward a back to use system of well water underground-ground top circulation handle, The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral and put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development.
论文研究的主要内容如下：
第一章,绪论。阐述了选题的目的和研究意义,通过对国内外学术研究和应用现状的分析,提出了发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山的研究重点,并对全文的主要研究思路、方法和内容进行了概括,提出了论文的创新点。
第二章,提出了绿色矿业经济发展的理论基础。在分析比较循环经济、低碳经济及绿色经济等诸多概念及其内容的基础上,界定并分析了绿色矿业及其特点；综合运用外部性理论、产权交易理论和产业生态学理论对发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山进行了理论解释。绿色矿业就是在矿业开发利用的全过程,以生态学理论为依据,自始至终在矿区内进行全面规划,在环境扰动量小于区域环境容量的前提下,实现矿产资源开发利用的最优化和生态环境影响最小化。
第三章,分析了企业发展绿色矿业的行为。综合运用博弈分析、价值分析和减量化分析表明,政府、企业和消费者是绿色经济的主体,存在着多种博弈行为,企业是节能减排发展绿色经济的核心,但由于绿色矿业经济的科技研发和前期投入很多,很多经营都是微利甚至不盈利,企业动力明显不足,为充分调动企业节能降耗和资源综合利用的积极性,发挥企业在节能、减少碳排放中的生力军作用,政府必须实施激励和约束相结合的政策。
(1)对企业发展绿色矿业进行了博弈分析。煤炭企业要发展绿色矿业经济,建设绿色矿山,资金投入大、技术要求高,企业经济收益相对偏低,导致社会效益、环境效益大于经济效益。为此,社会各方面、各个环节均在进行博弈,动力明显不足。企业之间博弈的结果都将选择不可持续的方式开发利用煤矿资源,最终造成效益最低和环境的污染；企业与政府间博弈的结果取决于政策的设计和执行程度。否则,企业宁愿选择缴纳罚款也不治理环境污染,甚至逃避治理污染的责任。
(2)对企业实施绿色矿业进行了价值分析。绿色矿业价值链可以通过实现矿产资源环境价值和矿产资源自然价值的二个不同方面中,通过对价值投入与资源配置、价值物化与价值增殖、价值产出和价值实现、外显价值和潜在价值的系统分析,得出不同的矿业经济增长方式。发展绿色矿业,首先是将矿区矿产资源的开发利用作为一个有机的社会-经济-环境系统,采取提高正价值V5减少负价值V6,实现正的矿区矿产资源开发利用的社会-经济-环境系统综合价值(△V>0),且尽可能使其最大化。
(3)对实施绿色矿业经济进行了减量化分析。在研究绿色经济的物质循环与平衡的过程中,特别强调的减量化是资源投入减量化和废弃物排放减量化和低碳化。生产过程的减量化要求企业、产业,地区或国民经济系统的经济行为必须符合绿色经济的减量化和自然生态规律；消费过程的减量化要求个人、家庭和政府消费过程等经济行为也必须与绿色经济的减量化和自然生态规律相符,达到资源利用的均衡发展。
第四章,对平煤四矿经营现状进行了系统的调查分析。煤矿资源禀赋是企业生存和发展的基础,以平煤四矿为例,以“减量化、再利用、再循环、低碳化”为原则,发展绿色矿业经济,建设绿色矿山势在必行。
(1)系统地调查了平煤四矿经营现状。平煤四矿是平煤集团下属二级机构,经过多次技术改造,形成了一个以特级质量标准化、现代化矿井及特级安全高效矿井为基础,生产能力达到300万吨以上,煤矸石、废气、废水等副产品以及耗电量随产量稳步增加的煤炭综合利用型企业。
(2)系统的计量经济学研究。综合运用ADF单位根检验、回归分析和格兰杰分析对平煤四矿收入与煤矸石、废气、废水三者之间变化关系进行了定量研究,结果表明,企业生产总值和煤矸石产量间存在平稳关系,而与废气、废水间的关系不稳定；企业收入的增长导致煤矸石和废气排放的增加,但不会导致废水排放的增加；反之,煤矸石的增加也会导致企业收入的增加,而废水和废气排放的增加均与企业收入增加无关。
第五章,初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展模式。在前述研究的基础上,从平煤四矿的实践出发,初步构建了基于不同产业链的绿色矿业经济发展模式以及综合发展模式。
(1)提出了绿色矿业经济的一般模式。以系统分析原则、生态优先原则和“3R+L”原则为基础,把清洁生产和废弃物的综合利用融为一体,通过“资源、生产、流通、消费、再生资源”的反馈式流程和“资源-产品-再生资源”的多次循环利用,从而实现“低开采、高利用、低排放和低碳化”,进而形成“最优生产、最优消费和最少废弃”的绿色矿业经济发展的一般模式。
(2)初步构建了采煤—煤矸石—电—建材绿色产业链。平煤四矿矿井每年都排放大量的煤矸石。按照发展绿色矿业,建设绿色矿山的要求,完善了采煤—煤矸石—电—供暖和采煤—煤矸石—电—井下降温工程微型绿色产业链；在对平煤四矿煤矸石系统的物理化学性质分析、工业分析的基础上,指出该煤矸石主要适合做烧结砖原料,烧制水泥熟料时替代部分粘土,做工程回填的填充材料,塌陷区复垦的回填材料,并系统地构建了采煤-煤矸石-建材绿色产业链,实现煤矸石资源的综合利用,使平煤四矿矸石利用率在“十二五”期间达到100%。
(3)初步构建了采煤—煤层气—电开发绿色产业链。平煤四矿的矿井为突出矿井,在分析统计矿井煤层气储量、浓度、煤层气涌出量、抽采纯流量的基础上,提出了瓦斯抽采-发电余热回收—乏风氧化—制冷降温低碳绿色产业,是一项集安全、低碳、节能、环保为一体的资源综合利用工程；瓦斯还可做燃料或生产炭黑、甲醛、甲醇和化肥等化工产品。在此基础上,提出了煤层气综合利用产业链,提高了煤矿抽采瓦斯的积极性,减轻了对平煤四矿周边地区环境污染,节约了宝贵的优质资源,达到了环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的统一。
(4)初步构建了原煤开采—矿井水—净化水—再生循环绿色产业链。在统计平煤四矿井下水文地质情况的基础上,提出了平煤四矿矿井水地下—地上循环处理回用系统,参照国家不同用水标准,进行了系统的应用研究。通过矿井水井下-地上处理系统的循环运行,减少了污染物排放、节约用水和保护环境,达到了环境效益、社会效益和经济效益的统-
(5)初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式。先进的生态循环技术和设备是发展绿色矿业经济的基础。在上述绿色微循环产业链的基础上,创新发展和延伸矿井循环和低碳产业链,提出了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式,在全矿形成了一种低投入、低消耗、低排放、低碳和高效率的节约型经济发展方式。从而使长期困扰平煤四矿可持续发展的矿井“三废”变成了特色产业资源,达到了“矿产资源潜力得到充分挖掘、资源优势得到充分发挥、经济优势得到充分体现”目标,促进了平煤四矿绿色矿山的建设,也为我国煤矿产业发展绿色矿业经济提供参考。
第六章,提出了绿色矿业经济发展的支撑体系。推进绿色矿业经济发展,建设绿色矿山,必须将重点放在引导生产者和消费者观念的转变和行为转变上来,需要利用规制性政策、市场性政策、参与性政策等多种政策工具,激发多元主体的积极性,实现资源开发的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益协调统一。
本文主要存在以下创新之处：
(1)在界定并分析了绿色矿业的特点。绿色矿业就是在矿业开发利用过程中,以生态学理论为依据,通过矿区内的全面规划,在环境扰动量小于或等于区域环境容量的前提下,实现矿产资源开发利用的最优化和生态环境影响最小化。
(2)分析了企业发展绿色矿业的行为。综合运用博弈分析、价值分析和减量化分析表明,政府、企业和消费者是绿色经济的主体,存在着多种博弈行为,企业是节能减排发展绿色经济的核心,但由于绿色矿业经济的科技研发和前期投入很多,很多经营都是微利甚至不盈利,企业动力明显不足,为充分调动企业节能降耗和资源综合利用的积极性,发挥企业在节能、减少碳排放中的生力军作用,政府必须实施激励和约束相结合的政策。
(3)定量研究了平煤四矿的相关参数。综合运用ADF单位根检验、回归分析和格兰杰检验对平煤四矿收入与煤矸石、废气、废水三者之间变化关系进行了定量研究,结果表明,企业生产总值和煤矸石产量间存在平稳关系,而与废气、废水间的关系不稳定；企业收入的增长导致煤矸石和废气排放的增加,但不会导致废水排放的增加；反之,煤矸石的增加也会导致企业收入的增加,而废水和废气排放的增加均与企业收入增加无关。
(4)初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展模式。以系统分析原则、生态优先原则和“3R+L”原则为基础,从平煤四矿实际出发,优化分析了采煤-煤矸石-电-建材绿色产业链、采煤-煤层气-电开发绿色产业链、原煤开采-矿井水-净化水-再生循环绿色产业链条,提出了平煤四矿矿井水地下—地上循环处理回用系统,初步构建了平煤四矿绿色矿业经济发展综合模式并提出了绿色矿业经济发展的支撑体系。
With resources foundation industry of the coal, it is relative to people's livelihood. Coal is our country of corpus consume energy and keep on more and quickly growth, because of regard coal as principle of the energy structure be very difficult change, coal industry thick put management, development way change and structure adjust face pressure, this come to a decision coal industry is a importance realm for green mineral economy development in our country. The green mineral industry is development mode that in the mineral environment amount of perturbation under the premise that or equal environment capacity in the district of under the premise, realization mineral resources develop superior and ecosystem environment influence minimum, development green mineral industry, keep ecosystem environment balance promote mineral industry economy of can keep on development. It is one of large framework wells of Pingdingshan tianan coal mineral fourth mineral for Pingdingshan coal industry incorporated company(Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral), with mine time of extension, mine depth of extension, geology complications degree of enlargement and long-term large-scale thick release, it make out resources type enterprise have various problem performance, well gas, coal gangue, waste water "three discard" have no preface emissions, brought about disaster pollution of the environment result to the mineral area environment, the ecosystem environment be obvious etc. In the process how to extension and industry chain, and full make use of resources, how decrease pollution and waste gas, waste water, how to exaltation using of resource efficiency etc. this is a series problem, also how to processing the relation of mineral resources development and environmental protection, development of green mineral economy is one of need solve problem urgently and currently. With west main current economics theories, comprehensive usage resources industry economics, ecosystem economics theories etc., from the system theory, with Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral for example, Based on the behavior analysisThe green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral and put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development. The main contents of thesis is as follows:
Chapterl, introduction. Elaborated to the purpose and research meaning, with analysis domestic and international research and its application present condition, it put forward a research point of development green mineral industry and construction green mineral, and full text of main research way of thinking, method and generalized contents and put forward a thesis of innovation point.
Chapter2, put forward development of theories foundation of the green mineral economy. Based on analysis many concept and its contents of circulation economy, low carbon economy and green economy. It defines and analyses green mineral industry and its characteristics; Comprehensive usage exterior theories, produce right bargain theories and industry ecology to the development green mineral industry, construction green the mineral carried on theories explanation. The green the mineral industry be under the premise that mineral industry development make use of whole process, take ecology theories as basis, from beginning to end in the mineral area carry on overall programming, small in the environment amount of perturbation at environment capacity in the district, realization mineral resources development make use of superior turn with ecosystem environment influence minimum.
Chapter3, analysis the behavior of the development green mineral industry in business enterprise. Comprehensive usage game analysis, value analysis and reduce analysis, it propose that government, enterprise and consumer is green economy of corpus, existence variety game behavior, enterprise is the core of reduce row development green economy, but because of green mineral industry economy of science and technology development and front period devotion, much management is an all tiny benefit even not earnings, enterprise motive is obvious shortage, for full transfer enterprise economy energy decline to consume with resources comprehensive make use of aggressive, exertive the enterprise is in the economy energy, the decrease the carbon the emissions of living a dint soldier function, government have to implement encourage peace treaty bunch to combine together of policy.
(1)Carried on game analysis to the green mineral industry of the enterprise development. The coal enterprise want to develop green mineral economy, construction green mineral, funds devotion big, technique request high, business enterprise economy the income be opposite and low and cause society performance, environment performance big in economy performance. This is society everyone's noodles, each the link all is carry on game, the motive be obvious shortage. Of the business enterprise game of result all choice can't keep on of way development make use of coal mine resources, end make performance lowest with environment of pollution; Business enterprise and the result of game among the governments are decided by the design of policy and performance degree. Otherwise, the enterprise prefer to the choice pay penal sum also incurable reason pollution of the environment, even evade manage the responsibility of pollution.
(2)To carry on the value analysis of enterprise implement green the mineral industry. Green mineral industry the value chain can pass realization mineral resources environment value and mineral resources nature value of tow mid-term pass in the meantime to value devotion and resources allocation, value the thing turn with value propagate, value produce with value realization, outside show value with latent value of system analysis, get dissimilarity of mineral already benefit growth way. Development green mineral industry, first is the mineral area mineral resources of development make use of one organic of society-economy-environment system, adopt exaltation just value V5decrease negative value V6, realization positive of the mineral area mineral resources development make use of society-economy-environment system comprehensive value(AV>0), and make it maximize possibly.
(3)To carry on reduce analysis of the implement green mineral economy. In the research the green economy of the material the circulation and balance of the process, special emphasize of reduce to turn is a resources devotion to reduce to turn with wastes emissions reduce to turn with low carbonization. The production line reduce to turn request business enterprise, industry, region or national economy system of economy the behavior have to match green economy of reduce to turn with nature ecosystem regulation; Consume the reduce of process turn request personal, family and government consume process etc. economy behavior have to also with green economy of reduce to turn with nature the ecosystem regulation agree with and attain using of resource of balanced development.
Chapter4, carry on system of investigate analysis the management present condition and its even ability of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. The coal mine resources is a foundation of enterprise existence and development, with Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral for example, take "reduce, again make use of, again circulation, low carbonization" as a principle, it point that it is necessarily to development green mineral economics, construction green mineral.
(1)Systematically investigated Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral management present condition. Pingdingshan tianan industry incorporated company fourth mineral (Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral) is second class organization of Pingdingshan coal group, process many times technique reformation, formation one of the special grade quality standardize, modernization mineral well and special grade safety efficiently mineral well for foundation, produce the ability attain3,000,000tons, coal gangue, waste gas, waste water etc. by-product and consume an electricity quantity steady with the yield increment of coal comprehensive make use of type business enterprise.
(2)Eeonometrics research systematicly. Comprehensive usage ADF unit root examination, regression analysis and Granger analysis to amount research with income and coal gangue, waste gas, waste water of threes variety relation of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it result that, enterprise total output value and the coal gangue yield existence steady relation, but and waste gas, waste water of relation unsteady; The growth of enterprise income cause the increment of the coal gangue and waste gas emissions, but will not cause waste water emissions of increment; Whereas, increment of the coal gangue will also cause enterprise income of increment, but waste water and waste gas emissions of increment all with enterprise income increment irrelevant.
Chapter5, the Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral green mineral economy development mode established firstly. Based on Fore the foundation research, from Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral of practice, first set up according to dissimilarity industry chain of green mineral economy development mode and comprehensive development mode.
(1)Put forward a green mineral economy of general mode. With the foundation of system analysis the principle, the ecosystem initiative principle and"3R+L" principle, merged into sweep produce and wastes of comprehensive use an integral whole, passed the feedback type process and "resources-product-circulate-consume-rebirth resources" and many times circulation make use of resources-produce-rebirth", it is realized "low mine, high make use of, low emissions and low carbonization", then formatted the green mineral economy development of general mode of superior produce, superior consume with minimal abandon".
(2)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-building materials. the well of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral emissions a great deal of coal gangue every year. According to development green mineral industry, construction green mineral of request, perfect the mini-green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-provide warm and the coal-coal gangue-electricity-the well descend an environmental industry chain of the engineering miniature; Based on coal gangue system of physics chemistry property analysis, industry analysis of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it point out that coal gangue main in keeping with do to knot brick raw material, make cement familiar anticipate act for part glue soil, do engineering back to fill material, fall to sink area to reply return of fill material, and systematically set up the green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-building materials, realization the coal gangue resources of comprehensive use, and make the rat of gangue utilization to100%at "china's12th five-year plan" in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral.
(3)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-coal gas-electricity development. The well of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral is an outstanding coal gas well, Based on analysis and statistics mineral well coal gas of keep quantity, density, coal gas gush quantity and take out pure the foundation of discharge, it put forward a green industry china of coal gas-generate electricity waste heat recovery-lack breeze to oxidize-make cold reduce the heat a low carbon, it is also a whole of the resources comprehensive exploitation engineering with safety, low carbon, economy energy, environmental protection; The coal gas can do fuel or produce coal black, formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, fatty equalize a work product. It Put forward comprehensive use industry chain of the coal gas, exaltation the coal mine take out aggressive of the coal gas and eased to the region pollution of the environment in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, economy precious of superior quality resources, come to unify of an environment performance, economy performance and society performance.
(4)The green industry chain is established firstly of the coal-mineral well water-decontamination water-rebirth circulation. At statistics Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral well enter water the text geology foundation of circumstance, it put forward a return to use system of well water underground-ground top circulation the processing in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, according to a nation dissimilarity use water standard, carried. Pass circulation of mineral well water well bottom-ground top processing system of circulation, it decreases pollutant emissions, economy use water and protection environmental, come to the unity of an environment performance, society performance and economy performance.
(5)The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Based on the ecosystem of circulation technique and equipment. And above-mentioned mini-circulation industry chain, innovation development and extension mineral well circulation and low carbon industry chain, the green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it has mode a kind of low devotion, low consume, low emissions, low carbon with high-efficiency of economy type economy development way. Make thus long-term perplex can keep on development of mineral well "three discard" became special features industry a resources in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, come to a target of " the potential of mineral resources get full scoop out, the resources advantage get full exertive, economy the advantage get full body now" and promoted Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral green mineral of construction, also provide reference for our country coal mine industry development green mineral economy.
Chapter6, put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development. In order to Push forward green mineral economy, construction green mineral, it have to put a point at leading manufacturer and consumer idea of change and behavior change, demand make use of variety policy tool as rules and regulations policy, market policy, participate policy etc. stir up the aggressive of diverse corpus, realized the unity of resources development of economy performance, ecosystem performance and society performance. The innovation point of thesis is as following:(1)Defined and analysis the characteristics of green mineral industry. The green mineral industry is in the process of mineral industry development and its exploitation, with ecology theories, inside mineral area of overall programming, small in the environment amount of perturbation in or equal under the premise of environment capacity in the district, it realized superior of mineral resources development use and ecosystem environment influence minimum.
(2)Analysis the enterprise behavior of development green mineral industry. Comprehensive usage game analysis, value analysis and reduce analysis, government, business enterprise and consumer is green economy of corpus, existence variety game behavior, the core is enterprise in economy energy reduce row development green economy, but because of green mineral industry economy of science and technology development and front period devotion, much management is an all tiny benefit even not earnings, enterprise motive obvious shortage, in order to full transfer enterprise economy energy decline to consume with resources comprehensive use aggressive, exertive the enterprise is in the economy energy, the decrease the carbon the emissions of living a dint soldier function, government have to implement encourage peace treaty bunch to combine together of policy.
(3)Researched the related parameter of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Comprehensive usage ADF unit root examination, return to return analysis and Granger examination to income and coal gangue, waste gas, waste water of threes variety relation its result enunciation that, enterprise total output value and the coal gangue yield existence steady relation, but waste gas, waste water of relation unsteady; The growth of enterprise income cause the increment of the coal gangue and waste gas emissions, but will not cause waste water emissions of increment; Whereas, increment of the coal gangue will also cause enterprise income of increment, but increment of waste water and waste gas emissions all with enterprise income increment irrelevant.
(4)The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral. Based on system analysis the principle, ecosystem initiative principle and"3R+L" principle, from practice of Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral, it excellent turned the green industry chain of the coal-coal gangue-electricity-building materials, coal-coal gas-electricity development green industry chain, coal-well water-decontamination water-rebirth circulation green industry chain, put forward a back to use system of well water underground-ground top circulation handle, The green mineral economy development comprehensive mode is established firstly in Pingdingshan coal fourth mineral and put forward a prop system of green mineral economy development.
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