三角洲外前缘砂体结构及生产动态响应规律研究
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摘要
湖泊三角洲是中国陆相含油气盆地中最为重要的油气储集砂体,其中三角洲前缘相带内的砂体是油气藏最主要的赋存部位。三角洲前缘相砂体由陆地向湖方向又可分为三角洲内前缘和三角洲外前缘两种亚相。其中三角洲外前缘砂体在沉积位置、沉积能量、水体深浅等方面均有其自身独特性,目前对于该类砂体的沉积特征、砂体内部结构特征、动态开发响应规律等方面的研究还较少。本文以南襄盆地泌阳凹陷毕店地区为例,从地质、地震、岩心、录井、测井、测试和实际动态开发数据等基础资料入手,开展了三角洲外前缘砂体的层序地层、沉积特征及沉积体系、砂体空间组合结构及生产动态响应规律研究。论文不仅对于泌阳凹陷毕店地区砂体沉积特征和演化规律的认识具有重要意义,也对于砂体空间组合样式及相关特征的认识具有重要意义,对于该类油藏的油气勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。
论文在层序地层学、沉积学、储层地质学、测井地质学等学科理论的指导下,建立了毕店地区层序地层格架,对研究区沉积相进行了进一步细化,分析了沉积相垂向演化规律、提出了三角洲外前缘的沉积模式。在地层特征及沉积特征的基础上,对三角洲外前缘砂体空间组合样式进行了划分,提出了进积式和退积式两种砂体成因组合类型的分布模式。结合毕店地区实际生产数据,对三角洲外前缘砂体的三维地质建模方法及生产动态响应规律进行了研究。本论文研究取得的研究成果和主要认识可以概括为以下几个方面：
应用Cross的旋回性层序地层学分析方法构建了毕店地区核桃园组核三段地层格架。利用地震资料、地球化学元素、岩心及测井资料,可识别出9个地震反射层(SBH23、SBH3、 SBH32、SBH33、SBH34、SBH35、SBH36、SBH37、SBH38)。具体标定层位为：核二段Ⅲ油组顶界面(SBH23)、核三段顶界面或核三段Ⅰ油组顶界面(SBH3)、核三段Ⅱ油组顶界面(SBH32)、核三段Ⅲ油组顶界面(SBH33)、核三段Ⅳ油组顶界面(SBH34)、核三段V油组顶界面(SBH35)、核三段Ⅵ油组顶界面(SBH36)、核三段Ⅶ油组顶界面(SBH37)、核三段Ⅷ油组顶界面(SBH38)。通过合成地震记录进行层位精细标定,实现测井、地震资料的协调统一。
根据高分辨率旋回性层序地层学原理,按照地层的级次性特点,将研究区内核三段地层旋回划分为长期旋回、中期旋回和短期旋回三种级次,分析了不同级次地层旋回特征,并将研究区核三段划分为9个基准面上升或下降的长期半旋回,23个基准面上升或下降的中期半旋回及若干个短期旋回。
依据研究区内井位的分布情况、砂体展布特征及不同沉积物源供给方向,进行了全区所有井的不同级别层序地层的划分与对比,共划分出58个小层及114个单层。
从砂体发育程度及重矿物资料分析出发,对毕店地区物源供给特征进行了分析,在四个物源中北部的付湾—张厂物源和古城物源为本区内主要物源方向,南部双河物源和东北部王集物源为本区次要物源方向。
利用岩心观察结果及岩石学特征分析结果,将毕店地区岩石相划分四类：含砾砂岩岩石相、中粗砂岩岩石相、粉细砂岩岩石相和泥页岩岩石相,并对每种岩石相结构特征及成因进行了分析解释。
在泌阳凹陷宏观沉积背景下,充分利用岩心、录井、测井等资料,对研究区内三角洲、扇三角洲沉积微相类型进行了划分,将三角洲前缘相进一步细分为内前缘亚相和外前缘亚相,内前缘亚相沉积微相包括：水下分流河道、道间和河口坝,外前缘亚相沉积微相包括：水下分流河道末梢、远砂坝。其对应的扇三角洲沉积微相分别为：水下分流河道、道间、前缘砂、水下分流河道末梢、席状砂。
从沉积物粒度特征、测井相形态、沉积砂体厚度等方面,对不同沉积微相类型的岩性、砂体厚度、测井相形态进行了分析。对比了不同沉积体系内外前缘亚相与内前缘亚相沉积特征的差异,提出了三角洲和扇三角洲外前缘亚相与内前缘亚相分界线的界定,对比了三角洲外前缘与内前缘沉积砂体在岩性、构造层理、微相分布等方面的差异。
在微相划分的基础上,对沉积相垂向和平面展布规律进行了研究,分析了沉积相垂向演化规律,提出了毕店地区不同沉积物源的沉积模式。
利用岩心样品物性测试资料,分析了毕店地区不同沉积物源区、不同岩性、不同沉积微相的物性差异。从沉积物源区来看,古城物源区域物性最好,孔隙度平均值为21.75%,渗透率平均值为427.31×10-3μm2；其次为南部双河物源区和付湾—张厂物源区；王集物源区域物性最差,孔隙度平均值为16.93%,渗透率平均值为197.33×103μm2。从岩性来看,粉砂岩孔隙度小于21%,渗透率小于80x10-3μm2；细砂岩孔隙度集中在21-26%,渗透率集中在80-350x10-3μm2；中砂岩孔隙度集中在26-29%,渗透率集中在350～1600×10-3μm2；粗砂岩与含砾砂岩孔隙度大于29%,渗透率大于1600x10-3μm2。从沉积微相类型来看：三角洲外前缘砂体孔隙度小于23,渗透率小于200x10-3gm2；扇三角洲外前缘砂体孔隙度小于24.5%,渗透率小于250x10-3μm2,比三角洲外前缘砂体略高。
在微相划分的基础上,依据研究区内砂体的垂向叠置关系,对三角洲外前缘与内前缘及外前缘内部砂体成因组合类型进行了划分。在三角洲沉积体系内,砂体成因组合类型有：水下分流河道—水下分流河道末梢组合、河口坝水下分流河道末梢组合、水下分流河道—远砂坝组合、河口坝—远砂坝组合、水下分流河道末梢—远砂坝组合、远砂坝叠加组合六种类型。在扇三角洲沉积体系内,砂体成因组合类型有：水下分流河道—水下分流河道末梢组合、前缘砂—水下分流河道末梢组合、水下分流河道—席状砂组合、前缘砂—席状砂组合、水下分流河道末梢—席状砂组合、席状砂叠加组合六种类型。在水下重力流沉积内砂体成因组合类型只有一种：水下重力流—远砂坝组合。上述几种成因类型中,远砂坝叠加组合为三角洲内最为常见的砂体组合类型,席状砂叠加组合为扇三角洲内最为常见的砂体组合类型。
依据研究区物源供给、湖平面升降变化特征,提出了砂体成因组合的两种分布模式：进积式和退积式。退积式沉积过程主要为在沉积晚期三角洲外前缘比较发育,薄层席状砂体分布范围广,砂体垂向叠置由下往上依次为远砂坝、水下分流河道末梢、河口坝、水下分流河道；进积式沉积过程主要为在沉积晚期三角洲内前缘比较发育,水下分流河道延伸范围广,砂体垂向叠置由下往上依次为水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流河道末梢、远砂坝。毕店地区不同砂体成因组合类型在Ⅶ油组、Ⅵ油组、V油组、Ⅳ油组下段、Ⅲ油组下段和Ⅱ油组下段多为退积式沉积过程,在Ⅳ油组上段、Ⅲ油组上段和Ⅱ油组上段多为进积式沉积过程。
从沉积砂体厚度、垂向钻遇率、物性韵律率、非均质性等方面,对不同砂体成因组合的各种特征进行了阐述,河道—水下分流河道末梢砂体成因组合及河口坝—水下分流河道末梢砂体成因组合沉积砂体厚度最大(最大厚度可达1Om,平均厚度为7m左右),垂向钻遇率最低,非均质性相对较弱,分布范围最小,其渗透率韵律性多为反正复合韵律或正反复合韵律,在研究区内少见；由薄层远砂坝(席状砂)叠加砂体成因组合沉积砂体厚度最小(最小厚度仅为0.8m,平均厚度为2.6m左右),垂向钻遇率较高,非均质性强,分布范围最广,其渗透率韵律性多为对称复合韵律,在研究区内常见。
在含油性方面,不同含油级别其物性差异明显：当物性较好时(孔隙度>25%,渗透率>1000×10-3μm2)时,岩心含油级别多为含油和油浸；当物性较差时(孔隙度<10%,渗透率<10×10-3-μm2)时,岩心含油性较差,含油级别多为荧光。
统计了毕店地区核三段各个单层砂体发育最大厚度、平均厚度、砂岩百分比和夹层厚度,核三段Ⅱ～Ⅶ油组各个单层砂体发育程度差异大,在Ⅱ油组顶部、Ⅱ油组底部、Ⅲ油组顶部、Ⅲ油组底部、Ⅳ油组顶部、Ⅳ油组底部、V油组底部、Ⅵ油组底部和Ⅶ油组底部砂体发育程度相对较高,砂体厚度大,砂岩百分比含量高,夹层较薄,在核三段其余层位砂体发育程度较低,砂体厚度小,砂岩百分比含量较低。
随着砂岩厚度及砂岩百分比的变化,砂体发育表现出不同的类型。毕店地区核三段砂体结构划分为四种类型：稳定河道厚层、不稳定河道厚层、稳定席状薄层和不稳定席状薄层。当砂岩厚度≥3m、砂岩百分比≥30%时,砂体厚度大、砂体横向连通性较好,可认为是一种“稳定河道厚层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度≥3m、砂岩百分比<30%时,砂体厚度大、砂体横向连通性较差,可认为是一种“不稳定河道厚层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度<3m、砂岩百分比<30%时,砂体厚度小、砂体横向连通性较差,可认为是一种“不稳定席状薄层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度<3m、砂岩百分比≥30%时,砂体厚度小、砂体横向连通性较好,是一种“稳定席状薄层”砂体结构。
针对毕店地区主要研究层段物源分布及砂体发育情况,总结了三种砂体结构三维模型：单物源单支河道、单物源多支河道和多物源砂体结构模型。稳定河道厚层砂体结构多分布在顺物源方向、靠近物源区,砂体厚度大、砂岩百分含量高,横向及垂向连通性较好,发育在三角洲内前缘或内外前缘交汇区域,非均质性相对较弱；不稳定河道厚层砂体结构多发育在内前缘多支水下分流河道分叉处,砂体多为孤立透镜状,横向连通性差,垂向连通性好；稳定席状薄层砂体结构多发育在外前缘靠近陆地一端,砂体厚度较薄呈席状分布,横向连通性好,垂向连通性差；不稳定席状薄层砂体结构多分布在物源交汇区、远离物源且垂直物源方向,砂体厚度小、砂岩百分含量低,横向及垂向连通性较差,发育在三角洲外前缘末端或前三角洲区域,非均质性较强。
结合钻井、分层、断层、构造等基础资料,利用Petrel建模软件,建立了毕店地区构造模型、沉积相模型和物性参数模型。在物性参数模型的建立过程中,采用了确定性建模和相控随机建模两种方法。从结果对比来看,在毕店地区采用相控随机建模效果更好,模拟结果可信度较高。
以毕店地区为例,对三角洲外前缘储层开发现状现在进行了分析,三角洲外前缘砂体往往由于物性差,含油性差,开发效果差,产能低,产液强度低,综合含水率上升快。
依据实际生产动态数据,通过对毕店地区不同砂体成因组合类型的产液强度、产能评价、产量递减分析,认为：三角洲外前缘不同砂体组合类型差异比较明显,河口坝—水下分流河道末梢、河口坝—远砂坝砂体组合类型,沉积砂体厚度大,物性好,在动态开发过程中,开发效果要明显好于远砂坝叠加砂体组合类型,产液强度相对较大,初期产能相对较高,产量稳产时间相对较长,初始递减率较低。
Lake delta is one of the most important oil and gas reservoir of Chinese continental petroliferous basin, in which the sand body from front facies is the main reservoir occurrence position. Depending on the direction of the land-to-lake, sand body of front facies of Delta can be divided into two subfacies:outer delta front and inner frontal of delta.The outer delta front sand body has its own uniqueness in sedimentary position, sedimentary energy, water depth, etc. At present there is little research about this kind of sand body about the sedimentary characteristics, sand body internal structure characteristics, and dynamic development response law. Taking the Bidian district of Biyang sag in Nanxiang basin as an example, this thesis is based on the geological, seismic, core, well logging, testing and the actual dynamic development data and other basic material of the front delta to discuss the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary system, sand body space combination structure and production dynamic response law. It is not only important for understanding of sedimentary characteristics and evolution of sand body, but also for sand body space combination style and features. It has a great significance for this kind of reservoir for oil and gas exploration and development.
Based on the sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, reservoir geology, logging geology, this thesis established the sequence stratigraphic framework of study area, refined the sedimentary facies, analysis of the vertical evolution law of sedimentary facies, and put forward the deposition model for delta front. On the basis of the formation characteristics and sedimentary characteristics, the thesis classified space combination style of the sand body of the delta front, advanced two kinds of sand body causes combination types of distribution mode:the aggradations type and retro gradation type. Combined with production data in Bidian district, study on the3D geological modeling and production dynamic response has been done. The achievements obtained can be summarized as the following.
Through the application of analysis method of high resolution sequence stratigraphy by Cross this thesis constructs stratigraphic framework of third member of Hetaoyuan Formation. By using seismic data and geochemical elements analysis, core and logging data, we can identify nine seismic reflectors (SBH23, SBH3, SBH32, SBH33, SBH34, SBH35, SBH36, SBH37, and SBH38). These specific calibration horizons are:top interface of III pay zone of the second member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH23), top interface of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion nuclear or top interface of I pay zone in HⅢ formation (SBH3), top interface of II pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH32), top interface of III pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion ((SBH33), top interface of IV pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH34), top interface of V pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH35), top interface of VI pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH36), top interface of Ⅶ pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan formation (SBH37), top interface of Ⅷ pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH38). Through the synthetic seismic records horizon fine calibration, this thesis made the well logging, seismic data harmonious and unified.
According to theory of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy, and the hierarchy of the formation, this thesis divided the third member of Hetaoyuan Foramtion into long-term cycle, medium-term cycle and short-term cycle three orders, analyzed on the differences of characteristics in multi-order formation cycle, and divided study area into9long-term half cycle of basal level up or down,23middle of half cycle of basal level up or down and several short cycles.
Based on the research of the location, distribution pattern of sand body and supply direction of different provenances, this thesis made all wells in different level of sequence stratigraphic division and correlation, which is divided into58thin layers and114single sand bodies.
Depending on the development of sand body and analysis of heavy mineral material this thesis analyzed the characteristic of provenance in Bidian district, finding that Fuwan-Zhangchang and Gucheng in north is the main provenances, while Shuanghe in north and Wangji in northeast are the secondary provenances in study area.
Using results from core observation and analysis of petrology characteristics, this thesis divided rock facies classification of Bidian district into four categories:pebbled sandstone rock facies, medium thick sandstone rock facies, silty sand rocks and mud shale rock facies, and explain structure characteristics and analyses the genesis for each rock facies.
Under background of the macro sedimentary in Biyang sag, making full use of core, logging, well logging data, this thesis classified microfacies types of the delta, fan delta sedimentary. The delta front facies are fatherly subdivided into exo-front and external front subfacies, and inner front subfacies sedimentary microfacies include:subaqueous distributary channel, mouth bar and, the outer front subfacies sedimentary microfacies include:subaqueous distributary channel endings, far sand dam. Corresponding to fan delta sedimentary microfacies is respectively subaqueous distributary channel, between channels frontal sand, subaqueous distributary channel endings, sand sheet.
From characteristics of the sediment grain size, logging facies, thickness of sedimentary sand body and different sedimentary microfacies types of lithology, sand body thickness, logging facies are analyzed. The thesis compared the deposition features of differences between inside and exo-front facies in the different sedimentary and proposed the phase boundary of exo-front and inside front facies of the delta and fan delta, and also pointed out the differences in lithology, constructions of the principle, the microfacies distribution of the delta front and inner front sedimentary sand body
On the basis of the micro facies classification, the thesis studied the distribution of the sedimentary facies in vertical and plane, analyzed evolution regularity of the sedimentary facies in vertical, and introduced different sediment source of the depositional model in Bidian district.
With the physical properties testing data of core sample, this essay analyzed the physical differences of different sediment provenances, lithology and sedimentary microfacies. Considering from the sediment provenance, the property of Gucheng is best, whose average porosity is21.75%, and the average permeability is427.31X10-3μm2; the second are Shuanghe and Fuwan-Zhangchang provenances; Wangji provenance is the worst whose average porosity is16.93%, and the average permeability is197.33×10-3μm2. Considering from lithology,powder sandstone porosity is less than21%, and permeability is less than80×10-3μm2; fine sandstone porosity is concentrated in21-26%, and permeability is concentrated in80-350×10-3μm2; the sandstone porosity is concentrated in26-29%, permeability is concentrated in350-1600X10-3μm2; the porosity of coarse and gravel sandstone is more than29%, and permeability is more than1600×10-3μm2.From the sedimentary microfacies, the porosity of delta outer frontal sand body is less than23and permeability is less than200×10-3μm2; porosity of fan delta outer frontal sand body is less than24.5%and permeability is less than250×10-3μm2, which is slightly higher than the outer frontal sand body of delta.
On the basis of microfacies classification, according to the sand body vertical superimposed relationship, this thesis classified inner and exo-front delta, and the genesis assembly types of internal sand body of exo-front delta. In the delta depositional system, types of genesis assembly of sand body are:underwater distributary channel and its endings, mouth bar peripheral combination of underwater distributary channel, underwater distributary channel and far sand dam, mouth bar and far sand dam, underwater distributary channel endings and far sand dam, far sand dam superposition combination. In the fan delta depositional system, types of combination cause about sand body are:underwater distributary channel, underwater distributary channel peripheral combination, frontal sand-underwater distributary channel peripheral combination, underwater distributary channel, sand sheet combination, frontal sand, sand sheet combination, underwater distributary channel endings-sand sheet combination, sand sheet superposition combination six types. Among them, the most common sand body combination type is the far sand dam superposition combination for delta and sand sheet superposition combination for fan delta.
According to provenance supply and variation characteristics of lake level, this thesis proposed two kinds of distribution mode about genesis assembly of sand body in study area, namely progradation type and retrogradation type. Genesis assembly types of different sand bodies in Ⅶ oil formation,Ⅵ oil formation, Ⅴ oil formation, lower Ⅳ oil formation, lower Ⅲ oil formation and lower Ⅱ oil formation belong to retrogradation type, while which in upper Ⅳ oil formation, upper Ⅲ oil formation and upper Ⅱ oil formation mostly belong to progradation type.
Through thickness of sedimentary sand body, drilling footage vertically, property rhythm rate, heterogeneity etc, this thesis discussed the features of different sand bodies combination, and found that the thickness of the sedimentary sand bodies in genesis assembly of channel-underwater distributary channel endings sand body and mouth bar-underwater distributary channel endings is the largest, and the vertical drilling footage is lower, heterogeneity is relatively weak.With minimum distribution range, the permeability rhythm city is likely negative-positive or positive-negative, which in study area is rare. On the contrary, the genesis assembly of overlying sand made of thin layer far sand dam (sand sheet) is totally different, and its permeability rhythm city is mostly symmetric composite.
With the change of sandstone thickness and sandstone percentage, the development of sand body show different types. There are four types of sand body structure in the third member of Hetaoyuan formation in Bidian district such as stable channel thick layer, unstable river thick layer, stable sheet thin layer and unstable sheet thin layer. When the sandstone thickness is thicker than3m, sandstone percentage is higher than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be large with its good lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "stable channel thick layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thicker than3m, sandstone percentage is lower than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its bad lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "unstable channel thick layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thinner than3m, sandstone percentage is lower than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its bad lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "unstable sheet thin layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thinner than3m, sandstone percentage is higher than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its good lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "stable sheet thin layer" sand body structure.
On basis of source distribution and sand body development of the main research formation in Bidian district, this paper sums up the three kinds of sand body structure3d model such as single source single channel, single source many branch channel and multiple source sand body structure model. The distribution of sand body structure of stable channel thick layer is often on the provenance direction, and mostly close to the provenance with large sand body thickness, high sandstone percentage, good horizontal and vertical connectivity, and relatively weak heterogeneity, which is developed in the delta front or internal and external front intersection area. The distribution of sand body structure of Unstable river thick layer is often on front underwater distributaries channel crotch, and mostly lenticular in isolation with bad horizontal and good vertical connectivity. The distribution of sand body structure of stable sheet thin layer is closer to land outside of the front delta with thin sheet presented sand body, good lateral connectivity and poor vertical connectivity; the distribution of sand body structure of unstable sheet thin layer is often in the provenance intersection area, which is away from the source and vertical source direction, with small sand body thickness, low sandstone percentage, poor lateral and vertical connectivity, which is often developed in the end of delta front or front delta area with stronger heterogeneity.
Combined with the basic data of drilling, stratification, fault and so on, this thesis use Petrel modeling software to establish the structure model, the sedimentary facies model and physical property parameter model of Bidian district. In the process of establish model of physical parameters, this thesis choose the deterministic modeling and phased stochastic modeling. Through results, the phased stochastic modeling effect is better, while the simulation results high reliability in study area.
Taking Bidian district as a example, the thesis does research on the existing production situation of the outer delta front reservoir. This thesis concludes that, the oiliness of sand body of the delta front is not so good, and the development effect is poor, productivity is low, composite water cut is rising fast, due to poor property.
According to the actual production performance data, considering fluid producing strength, capacity evaluation and production decline analysis of genesis assembly types of different sand bodies, this thesis believe that the difference of sand bodies of different combination types in delta exo-front facies is obvious. The sedimentary sand bodies of mouth bar-underwater distributary channel endings and mouth bar-far sand dam combination types are thick whose property is good. In dynamic development process, its development effect is obviously better than that of overlying sand body in the far sand dam of which the fluid producing strength is relatively bigger, initial capacity is relatively higher, the time of stable production is relatively longer and the initial decline rate is relatively lower.
论文在层序地层学、沉积学、储层地质学、测井地质学等学科理论的指导下,建立了毕店地区层序地层格架,对研究区沉积相进行了进一步细化,分析了沉积相垂向演化规律、提出了三角洲外前缘的沉积模式。在地层特征及沉积特征的基础上,对三角洲外前缘砂体空间组合样式进行了划分,提出了进积式和退积式两种砂体成因组合类型的分布模式。结合毕店地区实际生产数据,对三角洲外前缘砂体的三维地质建模方法及生产动态响应规律进行了研究。本论文研究取得的研究成果和主要认识可以概括为以下几个方面：
应用Cross的旋回性层序地层学分析方法构建了毕店地区核桃园组核三段地层格架。利用地震资料、地球化学元素、岩心及测井资料,可识别出9个地震反射层(SBH23、SBH3、 SBH32、SBH33、SBH34、SBH35、SBH36、SBH37、SBH38)。具体标定层位为：核二段Ⅲ油组顶界面(SBH23)、核三段顶界面或核三段Ⅰ油组顶界面(SBH3)、核三段Ⅱ油组顶界面(SBH32)、核三段Ⅲ油组顶界面(SBH33)、核三段Ⅳ油组顶界面(SBH34)、核三段V油组顶界面(SBH35)、核三段Ⅵ油组顶界面(SBH36)、核三段Ⅶ油组顶界面(SBH37)、核三段Ⅷ油组顶界面(SBH38)。通过合成地震记录进行层位精细标定,实现测井、地震资料的协调统一。
根据高分辨率旋回性层序地层学原理,按照地层的级次性特点,将研究区内核三段地层旋回划分为长期旋回、中期旋回和短期旋回三种级次,分析了不同级次地层旋回特征,并将研究区核三段划分为9个基准面上升或下降的长期半旋回,23个基准面上升或下降的中期半旋回及若干个短期旋回。
依据研究区内井位的分布情况、砂体展布特征及不同沉积物源供给方向,进行了全区所有井的不同级别层序地层的划分与对比,共划分出58个小层及114个单层。
从砂体发育程度及重矿物资料分析出发,对毕店地区物源供给特征进行了分析,在四个物源中北部的付湾—张厂物源和古城物源为本区内主要物源方向,南部双河物源和东北部王集物源为本区次要物源方向。
利用岩心观察结果及岩石学特征分析结果,将毕店地区岩石相划分四类：含砾砂岩岩石相、中粗砂岩岩石相、粉细砂岩岩石相和泥页岩岩石相,并对每种岩石相结构特征及成因进行了分析解释。
在泌阳凹陷宏观沉积背景下,充分利用岩心、录井、测井等资料,对研究区内三角洲、扇三角洲沉积微相类型进行了划分,将三角洲前缘相进一步细分为内前缘亚相和外前缘亚相,内前缘亚相沉积微相包括：水下分流河道、道间和河口坝,外前缘亚相沉积微相包括：水下分流河道末梢、远砂坝。其对应的扇三角洲沉积微相分别为：水下分流河道、道间、前缘砂、水下分流河道末梢、席状砂。
从沉积物粒度特征、测井相形态、沉积砂体厚度等方面,对不同沉积微相类型的岩性、砂体厚度、测井相形态进行了分析。对比了不同沉积体系内外前缘亚相与内前缘亚相沉积特征的差异,提出了三角洲和扇三角洲外前缘亚相与内前缘亚相分界线的界定,对比了三角洲外前缘与内前缘沉积砂体在岩性、构造层理、微相分布等方面的差异。
在微相划分的基础上,对沉积相垂向和平面展布规律进行了研究,分析了沉积相垂向演化规律,提出了毕店地区不同沉积物源的沉积模式。
利用岩心样品物性测试资料,分析了毕店地区不同沉积物源区、不同岩性、不同沉积微相的物性差异。从沉积物源区来看,古城物源区域物性最好,孔隙度平均值为21.75%,渗透率平均值为427.31×10-3μm2；其次为南部双河物源区和付湾—张厂物源区；王集物源区域物性最差,孔隙度平均值为16.93%,渗透率平均值为197.33×103μm2。从岩性来看,粉砂岩孔隙度小于21%,渗透率小于80x10-3μm2；细砂岩孔隙度集中在21-26%,渗透率集中在80-350x10-3μm2；中砂岩孔隙度集中在26-29%,渗透率集中在350～1600×10-3μm2；粗砂岩与含砾砂岩孔隙度大于29%,渗透率大于1600x10-3μm2。从沉积微相类型来看：三角洲外前缘砂体孔隙度小于23,渗透率小于200x10-3gm2；扇三角洲外前缘砂体孔隙度小于24.5%,渗透率小于250x10-3μm2,比三角洲外前缘砂体略高。
在微相划分的基础上,依据研究区内砂体的垂向叠置关系,对三角洲外前缘与内前缘及外前缘内部砂体成因组合类型进行了划分。在三角洲沉积体系内,砂体成因组合类型有：水下分流河道—水下分流河道末梢组合、河口坝水下分流河道末梢组合、水下分流河道—远砂坝组合、河口坝—远砂坝组合、水下分流河道末梢—远砂坝组合、远砂坝叠加组合六种类型。在扇三角洲沉积体系内,砂体成因组合类型有：水下分流河道—水下分流河道末梢组合、前缘砂—水下分流河道末梢组合、水下分流河道—席状砂组合、前缘砂—席状砂组合、水下分流河道末梢—席状砂组合、席状砂叠加组合六种类型。在水下重力流沉积内砂体成因组合类型只有一种：水下重力流—远砂坝组合。上述几种成因类型中,远砂坝叠加组合为三角洲内最为常见的砂体组合类型,席状砂叠加组合为扇三角洲内最为常见的砂体组合类型。
依据研究区物源供给、湖平面升降变化特征,提出了砂体成因组合的两种分布模式：进积式和退积式。退积式沉积过程主要为在沉积晚期三角洲外前缘比较发育,薄层席状砂体分布范围广,砂体垂向叠置由下往上依次为远砂坝、水下分流河道末梢、河口坝、水下分流河道；进积式沉积过程主要为在沉积晚期三角洲内前缘比较发育,水下分流河道延伸范围广,砂体垂向叠置由下往上依次为水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流河道末梢、远砂坝。毕店地区不同砂体成因组合类型在Ⅶ油组、Ⅵ油组、V油组、Ⅳ油组下段、Ⅲ油组下段和Ⅱ油组下段多为退积式沉积过程,在Ⅳ油组上段、Ⅲ油组上段和Ⅱ油组上段多为进积式沉积过程。
从沉积砂体厚度、垂向钻遇率、物性韵律率、非均质性等方面,对不同砂体成因组合的各种特征进行了阐述,河道—水下分流河道末梢砂体成因组合及河口坝—水下分流河道末梢砂体成因组合沉积砂体厚度最大(最大厚度可达1Om,平均厚度为7m左右),垂向钻遇率最低,非均质性相对较弱,分布范围最小,其渗透率韵律性多为反正复合韵律或正反复合韵律,在研究区内少见；由薄层远砂坝(席状砂)叠加砂体成因组合沉积砂体厚度最小(最小厚度仅为0.8m,平均厚度为2.6m左右),垂向钻遇率较高,非均质性强,分布范围最广,其渗透率韵律性多为对称复合韵律,在研究区内常见。
在含油性方面,不同含油级别其物性差异明显：当物性较好时(孔隙度>25%,渗透率>1000×10-3μm2)时,岩心含油级别多为含油和油浸；当物性较差时(孔隙度<10%,渗透率<10×10-3-μm2)时,岩心含油性较差,含油级别多为荧光。
统计了毕店地区核三段各个单层砂体发育最大厚度、平均厚度、砂岩百分比和夹层厚度,核三段Ⅱ～Ⅶ油组各个单层砂体发育程度差异大,在Ⅱ油组顶部、Ⅱ油组底部、Ⅲ油组顶部、Ⅲ油组底部、Ⅳ油组顶部、Ⅳ油组底部、V油组底部、Ⅵ油组底部和Ⅶ油组底部砂体发育程度相对较高,砂体厚度大,砂岩百分比含量高,夹层较薄,在核三段其余层位砂体发育程度较低,砂体厚度小,砂岩百分比含量较低。
随着砂岩厚度及砂岩百分比的变化,砂体发育表现出不同的类型。毕店地区核三段砂体结构划分为四种类型：稳定河道厚层、不稳定河道厚层、稳定席状薄层和不稳定席状薄层。当砂岩厚度≥3m、砂岩百分比≥30%时,砂体厚度大、砂体横向连通性较好,可认为是一种“稳定河道厚层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度≥3m、砂岩百分比<30%时,砂体厚度大、砂体横向连通性较差,可认为是一种“不稳定河道厚层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度<3m、砂岩百分比<30%时,砂体厚度小、砂体横向连通性较差,可认为是一种“不稳定席状薄层”砂体结构；当砂岩厚度<3m、砂岩百分比≥30%时,砂体厚度小、砂体横向连通性较好,是一种“稳定席状薄层”砂体结构。
针对毕店地区主要研究层段物源分布及砂体发育情况,总结了三种砂体结构三维模型：单物源单支河道、单物源多支河道和多物源砂体结构模型。稳定河道厚层砂体结构多分布在顺物源方向、靠近物源区,砂体厚度大、砂岩百分含量高,横向及垂向连通性较好,发育在三角洲内前缘或内外前缘交汇区域,非均质性相对较弱；不稳定河道厚层砂体结构多发育在内前缘多支水下分流河道分叉处,砂体多为孤立透镜状,横向连通性差,垂向连通性好；稳定席状薄层砂体结构多发育在外前缘靠近陆地一端,砂体厚度较薄呈席状分布,横向连通性好,垂向连通性差；不稳定席状薄层砂体结构多分布在物源交汇区、远离物源且垂直物源方向,砂体厚度小、砂岩百分含量低,横向及垂向连通性较差,发育在三角洲外前缘末端或前三角洲区域,非均质性较强。
结合钻井、分层、断层、构造等基础资料,利用Petrel建模软件,建立了毕店地区构造模型、沉积相模型和物性参数模型。在物性参数模型的建立过程中,采用了确定性建模和相控随机建模两种方法。从结果对比来看,在毕店地区采用相控随机建模效果更好,模拟结果可信度较高。
以毕店地区为例,对三角洲外前缘储层开发现状现在进行了分析,三角洲外前缘砂体往往由于物性差,含油性差,开发效果差,产能低,产液强度低,综合含水率上升快。
依据实际生产动态数据,通过对毕店地区不同砂体成因组合类型的产液强度、产能评价、产量递减分析,认为：三角洲外前缘不同砂体组合类型差异比较明显,河口坝—水下分流河道末梢、河口坝—远砂坝砂体组合类型,沉积砂体厚度大,物性好,在动态开发过程中,开发效果要明显好于远砂坝叠加砂体组合类型,产液强度相对较大,初期产能相对较高,产量稳产时间相对较长,初始递减率较低。
Lake delta is one of the most important oil and gas reservoir of Chinese continental petroliferous basin, in which the sand body from front facies is the main reservoir occurrence position. Depending on the direction of the land-to-lake, sand body of front facies of Delta can be divided into two subfacies:outer delta front and inner frontal of delta.The outer delta front sand body has its own uniqueness in sedimentary position, sedimentary energy, water depth, etc. At present there is little research about this kind of sand body about the sedimentary characteristics, sand body internal structure characteristics, and dynamic development response law. Taking the Bidian district of Biyang sag in Nanxiang basin as an example, this thesis is based on the geological, seismic, core, well logging, testing and the actual dynamic development data and other basic material of the front delta to discuss the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary system, sand body space combination structure and production dynamic response law. It is not only important for understanding of sedimentary characteristics and evolution of sand body, but also for sand body space combination style and features. It has a great significance for this kind of reservoir for oil and gas exploration and development.
Based on the sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, reservoir geology, logging geology, this thesis established the sequence stratigraphic framework of study area, refined the sedimentary facies, analysis of the vertical evolution law of sedimentary facies, and put forward the deposition model for delta front. On the basis of the formation characteristics and sedimentary characteristics, the thesis classified space combination style of the sand body of the delta front, advanced two kinds of sand body causes combination types of distribution mode:the aggradations type and retro gradation type. Combined with production data in Bidian district, study on the3D geological modeling and production dynamic response has been done. The achievements obtained can be summarized as the following.
Through the application of analysis method of high resolution sequence stratigraphy by Cross this thesis constructs stratigraphic framework of third member of Hetaoyuan Formation. By using seismic data and geochemical elements analysis, core and logging data, we can identify nine seismic reflectors (SBH23, SBH3, SBH32, SBH33, SBH34, SBH35, SBH36, SBH37, and SBH38). These specific calibration horizons are:top interface of III pay zone of the second member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH23), top interface of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion nuclear or top interface of I pay zone in HⅢ formation (SBH3), top interface of II pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH32), top interface of III pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion ((SBH33), top interface of IV pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH34), top interface of V pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH35), top interface of VI pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH36), top interface of Ⅶ pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan formation (SBH37), top interface of Ⅷ pay zone of the third member of Hetaoyuan foramtion (SBH38). Through the synthetic seismic records horizon fine calibration, this thesis made the well logging, seismic data harmonious and unified.
According to theory of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy, and the hierarchy of the formation, this thesis divided the third member of Hetaoyuan Foramtion into long-term cycle, medium-term cycle and short-term cycle three orders, analyzed on the differences of characteristics in multi-order formation cycle, and divided study area into9long-term half cycle of basal level up or down,23middle of half cycle of basal level up or down and several short cycles.
Based on the research of the location, distribution pattern of sand body and supply direction of different provenances, this thesis made all wells in different level of sequence stratigraphic division and correlation, which is divided into58thin layers and114single sand bodies.
Depending on the development of sand body and analysis of heavy mineral material this thesis analyzed the characteristic of provenance in Bidian district, finding that Fuwan-Zhangchang and Gucheng in north is the main provenances, while Shuanghe in north and Wangji in northeast are the secondary provenances in study area.
Using results from core observation and analysis of petrology characteristics, this thesis divided rock facies classification of Bidian district into four categories:pebbled sandstone rock facies, medium thick sandstone rock facies, silty sand rocks and mud shale rock facies, and explain structure characteristics and analyses the genesis for each rock facies.
Under background of the macro sedimentary in Biyang sag, making full use of core, logging, well logging data, this thesis classified microfacies types of the delta, fan delta sedimentary. The delta front facies are fatherly subdivided into exo-front and external front subfacies, and inner front subfacies sedimentary microfacies include:subaqueous distributary channel, mouth bar and, the outer front subfacies sedimentary microfacies include:subaqueous distributary channel endings, far sand dam. Corresponding to fan delta sedimentary microfacies is respectively subaqueous distributary channel, between channels frontal sand, subaqueous distributary channel endings, sand sheet.
From characteristics of the sediment grain size, logging facies, thickness of sedimentary sand body and different sedimentary microfacies types of lithology, sand body thickness, logging facies are analyzed. The thesis compared the deposition features of differences between inside and exo-front facies in the different sedimentary and proposed the phase boundary of exo-front and inside front facies of the delta and fan delta, and also pointed out the differences in lithology, constructions of the principle, the microfacies distribution of the delta front and inner front sedimentary sand body
On the basis of the micro facies classification, the thesis studied the distribution of the sedimentary facies in vertical and plane, analyzed evolution regularity of the sedimentary facies in vertical, and introduced different sediment source of the depositional model in Bidian district.
With the physical properties testing data of core sample, this essay analyzed the physical differences of different sediment provenances, lithology and sedimentary microfacies. Considering from the sediment provenance, the property of Gucheng is best, whose average porosity is21.75%, and the average permeability is427.31X10-3μm2; the second are Shuanghe and Fuwan-Zhangchang provenances; Wangji provenance is the worst whose average porosity is16.93%, and the average permeability is197.33×10-3μm2. Considering from lithology,powder sandstone porosity is less than21%, and permeability is less than80×10-3μm2; fine sandstone porosity is concentrated in21-26%, and permeability is concentrated in80-350×10-3μm2; the sandstone porosity is concentrated in26-29%, permeability is concentrated in350-1600X10-3μm2; the porosity of coarse and gravel sandstone is more than29%, and permeability is more than1600×10-3μm2.From the sedimentary microfacies, the porosity of delta outer frontal sand body is less than23and permeability is less than200×10-3μm2; porosity of fan delta outer frontal sand body is less than24.5%and permeability is less than250×10-3μm2, which is slightly higher than the outer frontal sand body of delta.
On the basis of microfacies classification, according to the sand body vertical superimposed relationship, this thesis classified inner and exo-front delta, and the genesis assembly types of internal sand body of exo-front delta. In the delta depositional system, types of genesis assembly of sand body are:underwater distributary channel and its endings, mouth bar peripheral combination of underwater distributary channel, underwater distributary channel and far sand dam, mouth bar and far sand dam, underwater distributary channel endings and far sand dam, far sand dam superposition combination. In the fan delta depositional system, types of combination cause about sand body are:underwater distributary channel, underwater distributary channel peripheral combination, frontal sand-underwater distributary channel peripheral combination, underwater distributary channel, sand sheet combination, frontal sand, sand sheet combination, underwater distributary channel endings-sand sheet combination, sand sheet superposition combination six types. Among them, the most common sand body combination type is the far sand dam superposition combination for delta and sand sheet superposition combination for fan delta.
According to provenance supply and variation characteristics of lake level, this thesis proposed two kinds of distribution mode about genesis assembly of sand body in study area, namely progradation type and retrogradation type. Genesis assembly types of different sand bodies in Ⅶ oil formation,Ⅵ oil formation, Ⅴ oil formation, lower Ⅳ oil formation, lower Ⅲ oil formation and lower Ⅱ oil formation belong to retrogradation type, while which in upper Ⅳ oil formation, upper Ⅲ oil formation and upper Ⅱ oil formation mostly belong to progradation type.
Through thickness of sedimentary sand body, drilling footage vertically, property rhythm rate, heterogeneity etc, this thesis discussed the features of different sand bodies combination, and found that the thickness of the sedimentary sand bodies in genesis assembly of channel-underwater distributary channel endings sand body and mouth bar-underwater distributary channel endings is the largest, and the vertical drilling footage is lower, heterogeneity is relatively weak.With minimum distribution range, the permeability rhythm city is likely negative-positive or positive-negative, which in study area is rare. On the contrary, the genesis assembly of overlying sand made of thin layer far sand dam (sand sheet) is totally different, and its permeability rhythm city is mostly symmetric composite.
With the change of sandstone thickness and sandstone percentage, the development of sand body show different types. There are four types of sand body structure in the third member of Hetaoyuan formation in Bidian district such as stable channel thick layer, unstable river thick layer, stable sheet thin layer and unstable sheet thin layer. When the sandstone thickness is thicker than3m, sandstone percentage is higher than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be large with its good lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "stable channel thick layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thicker than3m, sandstone percentage is lower than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its bad lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "unstable channel thick layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thinner than3m, sandstone percentage is lower than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its bad lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "unstable sheet thin layer" sand body structure. When the sandstone thickness is thinner than3m, sandstone percentage is higher than30%, the thickness of sand body which is supposed to be small with its good lateral connectivity can be considered as a kind of "stable sheet thin layer" sand body structure.
On basis of source distribution and sand body development of the main research formation in Bidian district, this paper sums up the three kinds of sand body structure3d model such as single source single channel, single source many branch channel and multiple source sand body structure model. The distribution of sand body structure of stable channel thick layer is often on the provenance direction, and mostly close to the provenance with large sand body thickness, high sandstone percentage, good horizontal and vertical connectivity, and relatively weak heterogeneity, which is developed in the delta front or internal and external front intersection area. The distribution of sand body structure of Unstable river thick layer is often on front underwater distributaries channel crotch, and mostly lenticular in isolation with bad horizontal and good vertical connectivity. The distribution of sand body structure of stable sheet thin layer is closer to land outside of the front delta with thin sheet presented sand body, good lateral connectivity and poor vertical connectivity; the distribution of sand body structure of unstable sheet thin layer is often in the provenance intersection area, which is away from the source and vertical source direction, with small sand body thickness, low sandstone percentage, poor lateral and vertical connectivity, which is often developed in the end of delta front or front delta area with stronger heterogeneity.
Combined with the basic data of drilling, stratification, fault and so on, this thesis use Petrel modeling software to establish the structure model, the sedimentary facies model and physical property parameter model of Bidian district. In the process of establish model of physical parameters, this thesis choose the deterministic modeling and phased stochastic modeling. Through results, the phased stochastic modeling effect is better, while the simulation results high reliability in study area.
Taking Bidian district as a example, the thesis does research on the existing production situation of the outer delta front reservoir. This thesis concludes that, the oiliness of sand body of the delta front is not so good, and the development effect is poor, productivity is low, composite water cut is rising fast, due to poor property.
According to the actual production performance data, considering fluid producing strength, capacity evaluation and production decline analysis of genesis assembly types of different sand bodies, this thesis believe that the difference of sand bodies of different combination types in delta exo-front facies is obvious. The sedimentary sand bodies of mouth bar-underwater distributary channel endings and mouth bar-far sand dam combination types are thick whose property is good. In dynamic development process, its development effect is obviously better than that of overlying sand body in the far sand dam of which the fluid producing strength is relatively bigger, initial capacity is relatively higher, the time of stable production is relatively longer and the initial decline rate is relatively lower.
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