基于遥感技术滑坡灾害区划研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代,高空间分辨率卫星遥感技术已经成为研究滑坡灾害有效手段之一在滑坡灾害调查、监测和评价中,基于航片和中、低分辨率卫星遥感数据,利用目视、人机交互解译和面向像素的分类,已取得许多成功的经验,但遥感技术在滑坡灾害领域的应用潜力远未被充分挖掘和采用,传统的解译技术、分类算法与海量卫星遥感数据发展现状不相适应,特别是滑坡灾害解译关键问题研究不足,成为制约遥感技术应用的瓶颈。因此,深入研究滑坡灾害遥感解译关键理论与方法,系统的利用遥感技术开展滑坡灾害区划评价,为滑坡灾害风险评估与管理提供科学的依据,对于加快减灾、防灾具有重要的研究意义。本文以西北黄土高原区为研究区,查阅国内外滑坡灾害遥感文献,利用不同分辨率卫星遥感数据,通过理论方法和实验研究取得了如下成果及创新：
(1)滑坡灾害遥感解译关键问题研究。利用四种不同的卫星遥感数据源,分析研究滑坡灾害遥感解译的不确定性、尺度效应和解译、成图效果等关键问题,基于研究结果提出了西北黄土高原区滑坡灾害区划遥感数据选择原则、系统建立了西北黄土高原区滑坡灾害重要解译标志；
(2)滑坡灾害面向对象计算机解译研究。针对滑坡灾害遥感解译数据分辨率要求较高、解译标志复杂的问题,对比不同空问分辨率卫星数据特点,研究分析面向像素分类和面向对象分类技术,基于分析结果,依据滑坡灾害解译标志进行滑坡灾害影像特征描述,通过集合分解和特征抽取,利用Spot5数据采用面向对象分类技术进行区域滑坡灾害识别；
(3)开展基于多源、多波段卫星遥感数据大、中比例尺滑坡灾害编目研究,建立了滑坡灾害编目方法,在此基础上研究基于遥感数据滑坡灾害稳定性分析和易发区划方法,解决了基础数据和信息资料缺乏、地形地质条件复杂区域滑坡编目、区划的问题,为滑坡灾害区划研究提供重要的替代手段;
(4)基于滑坡灾害解译、编目和稳定性、易发区划的研究结果,提出基于遥感技术滑坡灾害区划研究思路,为缓解海量遥感数据和滑坡灾害区划基础资料数据信息缺乏的矛盾提供依据；
(5)以RS为获取和更新数据源,构建基于GIS滑坡灾害危险、风险区划预测和评价系统框架,实现RS和GIS技术集成在区划中的应用。
In the1990s, remote sensing technology has become one of the most effective methods for landslides study. Base on air-photo and middle-low spatical statlite remote sensing, using visial interpretation and pixel classfication, It has gained considerable experience in landslides investigate, monitoring and evaluation. But the use of remote sensing data in the study of landslides can be considered rather haphazard, traditional interpretation technology and classification has been incompatible with massive data development status, especially the lack research of landslides interpretation key problems, become a bottleneck restricting of the remote sensing application. Then, the research of landslides interpretation key problems, systems carried out landslide hazard zonation base on remote sensing technology, it has important significance for speeding up disaster prevention and reduction, to provide a scientific basis for the research of landslide risk assessment and management.Taking north-west loess plateau region for example, consulting domestic and abroad document of remote sensing data application in geo-hazard, obtaining the following results and innovations by the experimental study as follows:
(1) The research of landslides interpretation key problems. Using four remote sensing data sources, analysis landslides interpretation uncertainty and scale effect, compared of interpretation effect base on same band combination and fusion methods, analyzed the best mapping-scale, according the comparison propose the selection principle of remote sensing data for geo-hazard zoning, establish the landslide interpretation signs in Northwest Loess Plateau Systems was systems.
(2) The research of computer interpretation on landslide hazard. Landslide interpretation of remote sensing data require a higher resolution and complex interpretation signs, compare of characteristics different spatial resolution satellite data, pixel classification and object-oriented classification technique, based on interpretation of landslide hazard signs for image characterization, according to the collection and feature extraction, using Spot5data using object-oriented classification of regional landslide hazard identification.
(3) The study of large scale landslide inventory was carried out based on multi-source and multi-band satellite remote sensing data for solving the lack of basic data information in some countries and regions; The method of stability analysis and landslide hazard zoning based on remote sensing data was proposed for providing an alternative means of the hostile geological environmental conditions.
(4) Based on the result of landslides interpretation and suseptability et al, geo-hazard zoning base on remote sensing technology was proposed for alleviating contradiction between the massive remote sensing data and lack of the basis data on landslide hazard zoning.
(5) As remote sensing for obtaining and update sources, the systems for landslide hazard and risk zoning evaluation based on GIS was constructed for promoting the integration of RS and GIS technology in the application of geo-hazard zonation.
(1)滑坡灾害遥感解译关键问题研究。利用四种不同的卫星遥感数据源,分析研究滑坡灾害遥感解译的不确定性、尺度效应和解译、成图效果等关键问题,基于研究结果提出了西北黄土高原区滑坡灾害区划遥感数据选择原则、系统建立了西北黄土高原区滑坡灾害重要解译标志；
(2)滑坡灾害面向对象计算机解译研究。针对滑坡灾害遥感解译数据分辨率要求较高、解译标志复杂的问题,对比不同空问分辨率卫星数据特点,研究分析面向像素分类和面向对象分类技术,基于分析结果,依据滑坡灾害解译标志进行滑坡灾害影像特征描述,通过集合分解和特征抽取,利用Spot5数据采用面向对象分类技术进行区域滑坡灾害识别；
(3)开展基于多源、多波段卫星遥感数据大、中比例尺滑坡灾害编目研究,建立了滑坡灾害编目方法,在此基础上研究基于遥感数据滑坡灾害稳定性分析和易发区划方法,解决了基础数据和信息资料缺乏、地形地质条件复杂区域滑坡编目、区划的问题,为滑坡灾害区划研究提供重要的替代手段;
(4)基于滑坡灾害解译、编目和稳定性、易发区划的研究结果,提出基于遥感技术滑坡灾害区划研究思路,为缓解海量遥感数据和滑坡灾害区划基础资料数据信息缺乏的矛盾提供依据；
(5)以RS为获取和更新数据源,构建基于GIS滑坡灾害危险、风险区划预测和评价系统框架,实现RS和GIS技术集成在区划中的应用。
In the1990s, remote sensing technology has become one of the most effective methods for landslides study. Base on air-photo and middle-low spatical statlite remote sensing, using visial interpretation and pixel classfication, It has gained considerable experience in landslides investigate, monitoring and evaluation. But the use of remote sensing data in the study of landslides can be considered rather haphazard, traditional interpretation technology and classification has been incompatible with massive data development status, especially the lack research of landslides interpretation key problems, become a bottleneck restricting of the remote sensing application. Then, the research of landslides interpretation key problems, systems carried out landslide hazard zonation base on remote sensing technology, it has important significance for speeding up disaster prevention and reduction, to provide a scientific basis for the research of landslide risk assessment and management.Taking north-west loess plateau region for example, consulting domestic and abroad document of remote sensing data application in geo-hazard, obtaining the following results and innovations by the experimental study as follows:
(1) The research of landslides interpretation key problems. Using four remote sensing data sources, analysis landslides interpretation uncertainty and scale effect, compared of interpretation effect base on same band combination and fusion methods, analyzed the best mapping-scale, according the comparison propose the selection principle of remote sensing data for geo-hazard zoning, establish the landslide interpretation signs in Northwest Loess Plateau Systems was systems.
(2) The research of computer interpretation on landslide hazard. Landslide interpretation of remote sensing data require a higher resolution and complex interpretation signs, compare of characteristics different spatial resolution satellite data, pixel classification and object-oriented classification technique, based on interpretation of landslide hazard signs for image characterization, according to the collection and feature extraction, using Spot5data using object-oriented classification of regional landslide hazard identification.
(3) The study of large scale landslide inventory was carried out based on multi-source and multi-band satellite remote sensing data for solving the lack of basic data information in some countries and regions; The method of stability analysis and landslide hazard zoning based on remote sensing data was proposed for providing an alternative means of the hostile geological environmental conditions.
(4) Based on the result of landslides interpretation and suseptability et al, geo-hazard zoning base on remote sensing technology was proposed for alleviating contradiction between the massive remote sensing data and lack of the basis data on landslide hazard zoning.
(5) As remote sensing for obtaining and update sources, the systems for landslide hazard and risk zoning evaluation based on GIS was constructed for promoting the integration of RS and GIS technology in the application of geo-hazard zonation.
引文
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