环境激素壬基酚对枝角类浮游动物的生殖干扰效应研究
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摘要
壬基酚是外源性内分泌干扰物的典型代表，其前体物质壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在工业、农业、日常生活等方面的大量使用导致壬基酚普遍存在于大气、水体、土壤以及沉积物环境中。本论文以淡水常见浮游植物和枝角类浮游动物为研究对象，分别开展浮游动物对浮游植物摄食能效实验、浮游植物对壬基酚的富集效应实验、壬基酚直接暴露和食物投喂暴露对枝角类的生殖干扰效应实验以及壬基酚暴露对枝角类世代的遗传干扰效应实验。为揭示壬基酚进入水域生态系统食物链的过程和危害，及科学评估水域生态系统中壬基酚的长期生物学效应和规范化监测提供依据。
枝角类存活率在微藻密度达到或超过一定阈值水平下显著降低。微藻密度对五种枝角类滤水率均表现出负面影响，影响摄食率诸因素的优先顺序为：微藻形态、粒径、密度、营养状况。群体型盘星藻（Pediastrum sp.）、四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricanda）、栅藻栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.），粒径较大的小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）和卷曲纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus convolutus）可显著抑制枝角类的摄食。微藻营养状况尤其是不饱和脂肪酸含量一定程度上降低微藻粒径对枝角类摄食率的抑制效应如，斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）、肥壮蹄形藻（Kirchneriella obesa）等。枝角类生活史中繁殖前期短、生长速度快的裸腹溞属（Monia sp.）摄食率显著高于溞属（Daphnia sp.）。
壬基酚对微藻的96h急性毒性受微藻种间耐受性和生长速率的双重影响，十一种淡水微藻半抑制效应浓度范围介于0.60-3.33mg/l。壬基酚生物富集过程与微藻细胞表面积呈显著的正相关关系，同时也受藻细胞种间差异的影响。十一种微藻对壬基酚1h和12h的生物富集系数分别达到8313和13190。
壬基酚对五种枝角类浮游动物的48h急性毒性半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67-131.79μg/l，且裸腹溞属两种枝角类耐受性显著高于溞属。壬基酚慢性毒性实验中，壬基酚暴露浓度的增加，枝角类存活率降低、首次繁殖时间延后、生命期望、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率显著降低。投喂微藻种类对壬基酚作用下枝角类生活史具有显著的影响，斜生栅藻、月牙藻（Selenastrum sp.）、微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）能够显著降低壬基酚对枝角类生活史干扰效应，而盘星藻、四尾栅藻、卷曲纤维藻、栅藻、衣藻对壬基酚暴露下的枝角类生活史表现出不利影响。
壬基酚通过食物链传递对枝角类生活史具有显著的抑制效应。饵料微藻暴露时间的增加，枝角类每雌繁殖总数降低，每胎次繁殖数目随着投喂时间的延长显著降低。且首次繁殖时间延后、生命期望、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率显著降低、世代周期延长。与等量壬基酚直接暴露组相比，枝角类生命期望有所增加，但净生殖率却表现出降低现象。微藻种类对壬基酚的食物链传递效应具有显著影响，月牙藻、斜生栅藻、微囊藻暴露后投喂枝角类生存和繁殖显著高于其他种类。斜生栅藻暴露后投喂大型溞（Daphnia magna）处理与对照组差异不显著，月牙藻暴露后投喂多刺裸腹溞（Monia macrocopa）与对照组无显著差异。壬基酚经食物链传递对枝角类种间干扰作用程度受幼体阶段摄食率的影响，裸腹溞属幼体阶段的高摄食率也造成了高生殖抑制效应。
壬基酚对枝角类的世代干扰效应表现出两面性，壬基酚暴露大型溞不同世代的生殖干扰效应随着世代增加显著增强。多刺裸腹溞1μg/l暴露组以及斜生栅藻和微囊藻投喂下的0.01μg/l暴露组壬基酚生殖干扰作用也表现出显著的世代放大效应。以上各组中，去除暴露下子一代和子三代生命期望或净繁殖率仍显著低于亲代及丙酮对照组。然而，月牙藻投喂下0.01μg/l暴露组壬基酚对多刺裸腹溞存活和繁殖表现出促进效应，子代生命期望和净繁殖率显著高于亲代。推测可能是低浓度壬基酚暴露诱导高耐受性或高食物摄取效能个体的产生并稳定遗传给子代。
壬基酚能够在受试的浮游植物中表现出较强的生物富集效应，其富集速率和富集能力与微藻形态和耐受性有关。低于环境允许上限一至两个数量级的壬基酚对枝角类浮游动物即可表现出显著的生殖干扰作用，尤其是多世代持续暴露下表现出的世代放大效应。另外，微藻对壬基酚的生物富集和食物链传递拓宽了壬基酚进入水域生态系统生物循环的途径，同时加剧了壬基酚对枝角类浮游动物的干扰效应程度。然而，我们也发现，适宜形态、粒径以及高营养状况的微藻投喂枝角类能够降低壬基酚对枝角类的干扰作用，这也进一步揭示了壬基酚在环境中对生物作用的复杂性。
Nonylphenol was classified as environmental endocrine disrupter for the capability oninterfering with hormonal system. Nonylphenol was xenobiotic compound originated from thedegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates which was widely used in industrial, commercial,angricultural and household applications. Due to the low solubility and high hydrophobicity ofthose by-products, nonylphenol, became ubiquitous in the air, surface water, soil and sediments,especially sewage sludge and surface water sediments. Nonylphenol showed certain acutetoxicity, such as decrease survival and moulting rate of juveniles, fertility in maturation period.Moreover, disrupting effect through mimicing hormones and disturbing the signals that regulatephysiology attracted considerable attention around the world. However, responses of differentorganisms treated with nonylphenol were diverse and unpredictable especially under series ofculture conditions. This paper focused on the potential chronic impacts of nonylphenol onfreshwater cladocerans, especially on growth and reproduction. Bioaccumulation of nonylphenolin different species of algae was studied in order to better understand transportation of lowsoluble nonylphenol into biological food chains. Grazing efficiency of five cladoceran specieswere studied by feeding eleven algaes with two cell densities. Chronic effects were studiedthrough direct and dietary exposure of nonylphenol fed with eleven algae species, whilemuitigeneration impact was compared with recovery treatment fed with three algae species. Thedata supports the need for evaluation and monitor the potential long-term environmental impactof nonylphenol systematically.
Survival and feeding rate were influenced by density, structure, size and quality of algaesignificantly. Decrease of survival rate and feeding ability was detected as algae density up to“water bloom” level. Filtration rate was influenced negatively as the increase of cell density, sizeand assembling conditions. Grazing rate and flitration rate decreased at Pediastrum sp., S. quadricanda, Scenedesmus sp.treatments. Inhibitory effect of size and structure on larves couldbe released by nutrient quality, such as content of unsaturated fatty acid, which was consideredto be key limiting factor. Higher grazing rate in Monia dued to the short larve phase comparedwith that in Daphnia.
The half-dampening effect concentration of nonylphenol on eleven species at96h was among0.6-3.33mg/l, which was influenced by both growth rate and tolerance. Bioconcentration ofnonylphenol was detected evidently in all species, while the maximum Bioaccumulation factorswere8313and13190at1h and12h respectively. Biosorption at the initial phase was co-relatedwith total surface areas, while in the latter phase was determined by physiological activity, suchas photosynthetic and metabolic activities.
The half letal concentration of nonylphenol on five cladoceran species at48h was among8.67-131.79μg/l in acute toxicity, tolerance of Monia was higher than Daphnia evidently.Chronic toxicity were detected by decrease of survival rate, life expectation, net reproductiverate, intrinsic growth rate and lag time of first reproduction as the increase of initial nonylphenolconcentrations on three cladoceran species. Regardless of feeding species, D. magna was moresensitive than M. macrocopa and M. micrura. Feeding with eleven algae species, toxicity ofnonylphenol was reduced under S. obliquus, Selenastrum sp., Microcystis sp. treatments, whileenhanced under Pediastrum sp., S. quadricanda, A. convolutes, Scenedesmus sp.,Chlamydomonas sp. treatments.
Life history traits of five cladoceran species were influenced by dietary exposure evidently,enhancement of toxicity was detected as the increase of algae exposed time. Total number ofoffspring per female, the time to first brood, life expectation, net reproductive rate, intrinsicgrowth rate showed significant reduction. Life expectation was increased while net reproductiverate was decreased in dietary exposure treatment compared with equal amount of nonylphenoldirect exposure treatments. Dietary exposure of nonylphenol with eleven algae species, toxicityof nonylphenol on life expectation and net reproductive rate was reduced under Selenastrum sp.,S. obliquus, Microcystis sp. treatments. Life history traits of D. magna fed with S. obliquus andM. macrocopa fed with Selenastrum sp. showed no notable difference compared with control.Influence of nonylphenol through dietary exposure on M. macrocopa was more adverse than thaton D. magna, which indicated that higher grazing rate in the larvae induced higher accumulation and toxicity.
Multigeneration exposure induced increase or decrease of sensitivity dependented onnonylphenol concentrations, cladoceran species and feeding algae species. D. magna exposed to1and0.01ug/l nonylphenol decreased the life expectation and net reproductive rate in both firstand third broods compared with parentals in three feeding species. Exposed to0.01ug/nonylphenol with S. obliquus, Microcystis sp. and l ug/l treatments, growth and reproduction of M.macrocopa were inhibited over successive generations. Moreover, life expectation and netreproductive rate of offsprings in the recovery treatments were still reduced evidently comparedwith parental treatments and control. However, growth and reproduction were promoted in thefirst and third broods under0.01ug/l nonylphenol exposure fed with Selenastrum sp.. Lifeexpectation and net reproductive rate of offsprings in exposure and recovery treatments wereenchanced significantly, which indicated that low dose and suitable food supplement inducedparental acclimation or adaptation, then higher physiological activity in offsprings.
Bioaccumulation of nonylphenol in algae was dependented on both morphology andphysiology characters, which should be pay much more attention for a fully understanding.Disturbering effect was detected in growth and reproduction exposed one or two orders ofmagnitude lower than the threshold in freshwater, especially under successive generationexposure treatments. Bioconcentration of nonylphenol illustrated efficient pathway to enter foodchain, which might be more toxic as the concentration increase thousands of times comparedwith that in water. Effect of nonylphenol on cladoceran was influenced by feeding algae specie,such as structure, size and nutrient quality, which indicated the complexity regulation ofnonylphenol in aquatic system.
枝角类存活率在微藻密度达到或超过一定阈值水平下显著降低。微藻密度对五种枝角类滤水率均表现出负面影响，影响摄食率诸因素的优先顺序为：微藻形态、粒径、密度、营养状况。群体型盘星藻（Pediastrum sp.）、四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricanda）、栅藻栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.），粒径较大的小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）和卷曲纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus convolutus）可显著抑制枝角类的摄食。微藻营养状况尤其是不饱和脂肪酸含量一定程度上降低微藻粒径对枝角类摄食率的抑制效应如，斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）、肥壮蹄形藻（Kirchneriella obesa）等。枝角类生活史中繁殖前期短、生长速度快的裸腹溞属（Monia sp.）摄食率显著高于溞属（Daphnia sp.）。
壬基酚对微藻的96h急性毒性受微藻种间耐受性和生长速率的双重影响，十一种淡水微藻半抑制效应浓度范围介于0.60-3.33mg/l。壬基酚生物富集过程与微藻细胞表面积呈显著的正相关关系，同时也受藻细胞种间差异的影响。十一种微藻对壬基酚1h和12h的生物富集系数分别达到8313和13190。
壬基酚对五种枝角类浮游动物的48h急性毒性半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67-131.79μg/l，且裸腹溞属两种枝角类耐受性显著高于溞属。壬基酚慢性毒性实验中，壬基酚暴露浓度的增加，枝角类存活率降低、首次繁殖时间延后、生命期望、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率显著降低。投喂微藻种类对壬基酚作用下枝角类生活史具有显著的影响，斜生栅藻、月牙藻（Selenastrum sp.）、微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）能够显著降低壬基酚对枝角类生活史干扰效应，而盘星藻、四尾栅藻、卷曲纤维藻、栅藻、衣藻对壬基酚暴露下的枝角类生活史表现出不利影响。
壬基酚通过食物链传递对枝角类生活史具有显著的抑制效应。饵料微藻暴露时间的增加，枝角类每雌繁殖总数降低，每胎次繁殖数目随着投喂时间的延长显著降低。且首次繁殖时间延后、生命期望、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率显著降低、世代周期延长。与等量壬基酚直接暴露组相比，枝角类生命期望有所增加，但净生殖率却表现出降低现象。微藻种类对壬基酚的食物链传递效应具有显著影响，月牙藻、斜生栅藻、微囊藻暴露后投喂枝角类生存和繁殖显著高于其他种类。斜生栅藻暴露后投喂大型溞（Daphnia magna）处理与对照组差异不显著，月牙藻暴露后投喂多刺裸腹溞（Monia macrocopa）与对照组无显著差异。壬基酚经食物链传递对枝角类种间干扰作用程度受幼体阶段摄食率的影响，裸腹溞属幼体阶段的高摄食率也造成了高生殖抑制效应。
壬基酚对枝角类的世代干扰效应表现出两面性，壬基酚暴露大型溞不同世代的生殖干扰效应随着世代增加显著增强。多刺裸腹溞1μg/l暴露组以及斜生栅藻和微囊藻投喂下的0.01μg/l暴露组壬基酚生殖干扰作用也表现出显著的世代放大效应。以上各组中，去除暴露下子一代和子三代生命期望或净繁殖率仍显著低于亲代及丙酮对照组。然而，月牙藻投喂下0.01μg/l暴露组壬基酚对多刺裸腹溞存活和繁殖表现出促进效应，子代生命期望和净繁殖率显著高于亲代。推测可能是低浓度壬基酚暴露诱导高耐受性或高食物摄取效能个体的产生并稳定遗传给子代。
壬基酚能够在受试的浮游植物中表现出较强的生物富集效应，其富集速率和富集能力与微藻形态和耐受性有关。低于环境允许上限一至两个数量级的壬基酚对枝角类浮游动物即可表现出显著的生殖干扰作用，尤其是多世代持续暴露下表现出的世代放大效应。另外，微藻对壬基酚的生物富集和食物链传递拓宽了壬基酚进入水域生态系统生物循环的途径，同时加剧了壬基酚对枝角类浮游动物的干扰效应程度。然而，我们也发现，适宜形态、粒径以及高营养状况的微藻投喂枝角类能够降低壬基酚对枝角类的干扰作用，这也进一步揭示了壬基酚在环境中对生物作用的复杂性。
Nonylphenol was classified as environmental endocrine disrupter for the capability oninterfering with hormonal system. Nonylphenol was xenobiotic compound originated from thedegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates which was widely used in industrial, commercial,angricultural and household applications. Due to the low solubility and high hydrophobicity ofthose by-products, nonylphenol, became ubiquitous in the air, surface water, soil and sediments,especially sewage sludge and surface water sediments. Nonylphenol showed certain acutetoxicity, such as decrease survival and moulting rate of juveniles, fertility in maturation period.Moreover, disrupting effect through mimicing hormones and disturbing the signals that regulatephysiology attracted considerable attention around the world. However, responses of differentorganisms treated with nonylphenol were diverse and unpredictable especially under series ofculture conditions. This paper focused on the potential chronic impacts of nonylphenol onfreshwater cladocerans, especially on growth and reproduction. Bioaccumulation of nonylphenolin different species of algae was studied in order to better understand transportation of lowsoluble nonylphenol into biological food chains. Grazing efficiency of five cladoceran specieswere studied by feeding eleven algaes with two cell densities. Chronic effects were studiedthrough direct and dietary exposure of nonylphenol fed with eleven algae species, whilemuitigeneration impact was compared with recovery treatment fed with three algae species. Thedata supports the need for evaluation and monitor the potential long-term environmental impactof nonylphenol systematically.
Survival and feeding rate were influenced by density, structure, size and quality of algaesignificantly. Decrease of survival rate and feeding ability was detected as algae density up to“water bloom” level. Filtration rate was influenced negatively as the increase of cell density, sizeand assembling conditions. Grazing rate and flitration rate decreased at Pediastrum sp., S. quadricanda, Scenedesmus sp.treatments. Inhibitory effect of size and structure on larves couldbe released by nutrient quality, such as content of unsaturated fatty acid, which was consideredto be key limiting factor. Higher grazing rate in Monia dued to the short larve phase comparedwith that in Daphnia.
The half-dampening effect concentration of nonylphenol on eleven species at96h was among0.6-3.33mg/l, which was influenced by both growth rate and tolerance. Bioconcentration ofnonylphenol was detected evidently in all species, while the maximum Bioaccumulation factorswere8313and13190at1h and12h respectively. Biosorption at the initial phase was co-relatedwith total surface areas, while in the latter phase was determined by physiological activity, suchas photosynthetic and metabolic activities.
The half letal concentration of nonylphenol on five cladoceran species at48h was among8.67-131.79μg/l in acute toxicity, tolerance of Monia was higher than Daphnia evidently.Chronic toxicity were detected by decrease of survival rate, life expectation, net reproductiverate, intrinsic growth rate and lag time of first reproduction as the increase of initial nonylphenolconcentrations on three cladoceran species. Regardless of feeding species, D. magna was moresensitive than M. macrocopa and M. micrura. Feeding with eleven algae species, toxicity ofnonylphenol was reduced under S. obliquus, Selenastrum sp., Microcystis sp. treatments, whileenhanced under Pediastrum sp., S. quadricanda, A. convolutes, Scenedesmus sp.,Chlamydomonas sp. treatments.
Life history traits of five cladoceran species were influenced by dietary exposure evidently,enhancement of toxicity was detected as the increase of algae exposed time. Total number ofoffspring per female, the time to first brood, life expectation, net reproductive rate, intrinsicgrowth rate showed significant reduction. Life expectation was increased while net reproductiverate was decreased in dietary exposure treatment compared with equal amount of nonylphenoldirect exposure treatments. Dietary exposure of nonylphenol with eleven algae species, toxicityof nonylphenol on life expectation and net reproductive rate was reduced under Selenastrum sp.,S. obliquus, Microcystis sp. treatments. Life history traits of D. magna fed with S. obliquus andM. macrocopa fed with Selenastrum sp. showed no notable difference compared with control.Influence of nonylphenol through dietary exposure on M. macrocopa was more adverse than thaton D. magna, which indicated that higher grazing rate in the larvae induced higher accumulation and toxicity.
Multigeneration exposure induced increase or decrease of sensitivity dependented onnonylphenol concentrations, cladoceran species and feeding algae species. D. magna exposed to1and0.01ug/l nonylphenol decreased the life expectation and net reproductive rate in both firstand third broods compared with parentals in three feeding species. Exposed to0.01ug/nonylphenol with S. obliquus, Microcystis sp. and l ug/l treatments, growth and reproduction of M.macrocopa were inhibited over successive generations. Moreover, life expectation and netreproductive rate of offsprings in the recovery treatments were still reduced evidently comparedwith parental treatments and control. However, growth and reproduction were promoted in thefirst and third broods under0.01ug/l nonylphenol exposure fed with Selenastrum sp.. Lifeexpectation and net reproductive rate of offsprings in exposure and recovery treatments wereenchanced significantly, which indicated that low dose and suitable food supplement inducedparental acclimation or adaptation, then higher physiological activity in offsprings.
Bioaccumulation of nonylphenol in algae was dependented on both morphology andphysiology characters, which should be pay much more attention for a fully understanding.Disturbering effect was detected in growth and reproduction exposed one or two orders ofmagnitude lower than the threshold in freshwater, especially under successive generationexposure treatments. Bioconcentration of nonylphenol illustrated efficient pathway to enter foodchain, which might be more toxic as the concentration increase thousands of times comparedwith that in water. Effect of nonylphenol on cladoceran was influenced by feeding algae specie,such as structure, size and nutrient quality, which indicated the complexity regulation ofnonylphenol in aquatic system.
引文
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