风雪两相流的风洞实验研究
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摘要
风吹雪对自然环境和社会经济有着很大的影响。在道路运输方面,风吹雪引起能见度下降和道路积雪,阻碍交通甚至引发交通事故,同时影响流域积雪分布；在山区,风吹雪是形成雪崩的重要因素之一,对基础设施和人类生命安全造成危害；风吹雪还对于草原地区雪水当量的输运以及维持冰原地区海—冰质量平衡具有重要的作用。
目前,风吹雪运动的实验研究中往往采用人造雪,压实雪或者替代材料(如沙粒,种子等),这些颗粒材料与天然雪在物理和力学性质上有很大的差异,并不能真实有效的反映出自然条件下的风吹雪运动特征。一些特征量(受到测量仪器的限制)应用在雪崩等预测模型的数值结果与实际测量结果只能达到定性的关系,在定量上还有一定的差距。针对风雪运动中所关注的一些微观和宏观研究内容,结合我国风致积雪的实际问题,开展了对风雪运动机理的微观和宏观方面一些基础物理量进行实验及定量分析研究,主要工作如下：
1.利用非接触式测量仪器-颗粒图像测速仪对平坦床面时的风吹雪中雪粒的微观运动进行研究,利用数理统计方法给出了不同风速下空中运动雪粒的速度分布函数的一般形式以及雪粒的平均速度与风速之间的关系。通过对近床面4～10mm范围内的雪粒速度和角度的分析得到风雪运动的重要特征量起跳初速度分布函数的形式和冲击速度分布函数形式以及起跳雪粒与冲击雪粒之间的关系。通过对不同高度处雪粒的速度进行分析后得到雪粒的平均速度廓线和不同粒径的雪粒速度随风速变化的一般函数形式。可由此来确定风吹雪强度随高度的变化情况。
2.对图像进行处理后得到雪粒粒径分布情况,再利用上述内容的部分结果推导出风雪运动宏观运动的表现形式,如风吹雪结构和单宽输雪率等这些重要的基础研究内容,给出了单宽输雪率随摩阻风速变化的函数形式以及适应的范围,并将分析结果与野外实验结果进行了比较。通过风吹雪结构的变化给出了雪粒跃移运动的平均高度以及与风速之间的函数关系。
3.针对山区等存在高湍流度条件下的风吹雪运动,对不同湍流度下的风吹雪运动进行研究,以得到湍流度对风雪输运的影响。利用集雪仪测量了不同的湍流度下风吹雪结构的廓线形式,并对单宽输雪率随风速和湍流度的变化情况进行了研究。通过分析风吹雪的水平通量和垂直通量的变化情况,得到雪粒的跃移高度和长度的变化规律以及平均跃移高度和长度的变化情况。
4.通过对不同沉积时间积雪(新雪和老雪)的起动风速进行测量以及其经过平坦床面时的风吹雪结构进行研究,分析了沉积时间对风吹雪运动的影响,并将实验结果与野外实验结果进行了比较。
5.针对我国北方存在公路风雪灾害的现象,对公路路基周围雪粒运动特征和风吹雪结构的变化进行研究,给出了一些定量的结果,这将为制定防治公路发生风致积雪的对策提供科学依据。
Drifting snow is a major natural hazard, endangering basic installation and human life in cold regions. Drifting snow can cause snow grains to accumulate on the road to block transportation, reduces visibility, and even lead to fatal traffic accidents. For many snow-covered mountains, redistribution of snow by wind result in irregular deposit, which induce locally increased loading rate in leeward slopes and has a crucial influence on avalanche danger. Furthermore, drifting snow plays a very important role in snow water equivalent of the transport in plains regions and keeping a mass balance of sea-ice in Arctic and Antarctic ice sheet. The research of drifting snow has important significance for economic development and environment protection.
In the existing experimental researches on drifting snow, artificial snow, compacted snow as well as some other materials such as sands, seeds et al. were used to substitute natural snow grains. Because the physical and mechanical properties of those materials are quite different from natural snow, it is inappropriate to reflect the motion characteristics for drifting snow in natural conditions with these substitution materials. Some characteristic physical quantities in the avalanche model were limited by measurement instrument, thus, model predictions just show qualitative relevance with experimental data. There are some quantities differences between the theoretical results and the experimental ones. Motivated by the focus on some microcosmic and macroscopic problems related to the motions of drifting snow, as well as the drifting snow in our country, this dissertation presents experimental studies on some microcosmic and macroscopic characteristic physical quantities in the mechanism of the wind-snow motions. The main topics in this dissertation are as follows:
1. Researches on the snow grains in drifting snow in the case of flat bed are conducted by Particle Image Velocimetry. Through statistical analyzing, the general form of velocities distribution function for snow particles under various wind speeds as well as the relationship between the mean velocity of snow particles and wind speed have been obtained. The key characteristic quantities-the probability distribution functions of liftoff velocities and impact velocities of particles as well as the relation between liftoff particles and impact ones are revealed by the analysis of the velocities and angles of grains in the height from4mm to10mm. The function relationship between the mean velocity of snow grains and wind speed, the velocity profile in the air versus height are shown by the analysis of particle velocities at different heights. Thus, the varying patterns of erosion intensity of snow drift with height are determined.
2. The distributions of snow grain size are obtained through analyzing PIV images, and the macroscopic characteristic physical quantities of drifting snow such as drifting snow structures and the snow transport rate can also be derived by above methods. The function relationship between the the snow transport rate and friction velocity is presented and its validity is discussed. These results are compared with the field experimental data. Then, the relations of the mean height of the particles saltation with wind speed are determined based on the variations of drifting snow structures.
3. For the drifting snow under high turbulent conditions such as in mountains, the drifting snows under different turbulent intensity are studied and the effects of turbulent intensity on the transport of drifting snow are obtained. With the aid of snow gather, vertical profiles of drifting snow under several turbulent intensities are given, and the relations among the snow transport rate and wind speed and turbulent intensity are also discussed. The variations of the saltation height and length of snow particles as well as the mean saltation height and length are given based on the analysis of the horizontal and vertical flux of drifting snow.
4. Measurements on the threshold wind velocity of snow with different deposition time (fresh snow and old snow) are carried out. Comparing the measurement results with the field experimental data, the structures of drifting snow passing through a flat bed are studied, and the influence of deposition time on drifting snow is discussed.
5. Aim at the highway snow disaster in north part of China, the movements of snow particles near sub-grade and the variations of drifting snow structure over highway subgrade are analyzed, and some quantitive results are presented. These results will be of benefit to preventing the drifting snow probems in the highway.
目前,风吹雪运动的实验研究中往往采用人造雪,压实雪或者替代材料(如沙粒,种子等),这些颗粒材料与天然雪在物理和力学性质上有很大的差异,并不能真实有效的反映出自然条件下的风吹雪运动特征。一些特征量(受到测量仪器的限制)应用在雪崩等预测模型的数值结果与实际测量结果只能达到定性的关系,在定量上还有一定的差距。针对风雪运动中所关注的一些微观和宏观研究内容,结合我国风致积雪的实际问题,开展了对风雪运动机理的微观和宏观方面一些基础物理量进行实验及定量分析研究,主要工作如下：
1.利用非接触式测量仪器-颗粒图像测速仪对平坦床面时的风吹雪中雪粒的微观运动进行研究,利用数理统计方法给出了不同风速下空中运动雪粒的速度分布函数的一般形式以及雪粒的平均速度与风速之间的关系。通过对近床面4～10mm范围内的雪粒速度和角度的分析得到风雪运动的重要特征量起跳初速度分布函数的形式和冲击速度分布函数形式以及起跳雪粒与冲击雪粒之间的关系。通过对不同高度处雪粒的速度进行分析后得到雪粒的平均速度廓线和不同粒径的雪粒速度随风速变化的一般函数形式。可由此来确定风吹雪强度随高度的变化情况。
2.对图像进行处理后得到雪粒粒径分布情况,再利用上述内容的部分结果推导出风雪运动宏观运动的表现形式,如风吹雪结构和单宽输雪率等这些重要的基础研究内容,给出了单宽输雪率随摩阻风速变化的函数形式以及适应的范围,并将分析结果与野外实验结果进行了比较。通过风吹雪结构的变化给出了雪粒跃移运动的平均高度以及与风速之间的函数关系。
3.针对山区等存在高湍流度条件下的风吹雪运动,对不同湍流度下的风吹雪运动进行研究,以得到湍流度对风雪输运的影响。利用集雪仪测量了不同的湍流度下风吹雪结构的廓线形式,并对单宽输雪率随风速和湍流度的变化情况进行了研究。通过分析风吹雪的水平通量和垂直通量的变化情况,得到雪粒的跃移高度和长度的变化规律以及平均跃移高度和长度的变化情况。
4.通过对不同沉积时间积雪(新雪和老雪)的起动风速进行测量以及其经过平坦床面时的风吹雪结构进行研究,分析了沉积时间对风吹雪运动的影响,并将实验结果与野外实验结果进行了比较。
5.针对我国北方存在公路风雪灾害的现象,对公路路基周围雪粒运动特征和风吹雪结构的变化进行研究,给出了一些定量的结果,这将为制定防治公路发生风致积雪的对策提供科学依据。
Drifting snow is a major natural hazard, endangering basic installation and human life in cold regions. Drifting snow can cause snow grains to accumulate on the road to block transportation, reduces visibility, and even lead to fatal traffic accidents. For many snow-covered mountains, redistribution of snow by wind result in irregular deposit, which induce locally increased loading rate in leeward slopes and has a crucial influence on avalanche danger. Furthermore, drifting snow plays a very important role in snow water equivalent of the transport in plains regions and keeping a mass balance of sea-ice in Arctic and Antarctic ice sheet. The research of drifting snow has important significance for economic development and environment protection.
In the existing experimental researches on drifting snow, artificial snow, compacted snow as well as some other materials such as sands, seeds et al. were used to substitute natural snow grains. Because the physical and mechanical properties of those materials are quite different from natural snow, it is inappropriate to reflect the motion characteristics for drifting snow in natural conditions with these substitution materials. Some characteristic physical quantities in the avalanche model were limited by measurement instrument, thus, model predictions just show qualitative relevance with experimental data. There are some quantities differences between the theoretical results and the experimental ones. Motivated by the focus on some microcosmic and macroscopic problems related to the motions of drifting snow, as well as the drifting snow in our country, this dissertation presents experimental studies on some microcosmic and macroscopic characteristic physical quantities in the mechanism of the wind-snow motions. The main topics in this dissertation are as follows:
1. Researches on the snow grains in drifting snow in the case of flat bed are conducted by Particle Image Velocimetry. Through statistical analyzing, the general form of velocities distribution function for snow particles under various wind speeds as well as the relationship between the mean velocity of snow particles and wind speed have been obtained. The key characteristic quantities-the probability distribution functions of liftoff velocities and impact velocities of particles as well as the relation between liftoff particles and impact ones are revealed by the analysis of the velocities and angles of grains in the height from4mm to10mm. The function relationship between the mean velocity of snow grains and wind speed, the velocity profile in the air versus height are shown by the analysis of particle velocities at different heights. Thus, the varying patterns of erosion intensity of snow drift with height are determined.
2. The distributions of snow grain size are obtained through analyzing PIV images, and the macroscopic characteristic physical quantities of drifting snow such as drifting snow structures and the snow transport rate can also be derived by above methods. The function relationship between the the snow transport rate and friction velocity is presented and its validity is discussed. These results are compared with the field experimental data. Then, the relations of the mean height of the particles saltation with wind speed are determined based on the variations of drifting snow structures.
3. For the drifting snow under high turbulent conditions such as in mountains, the drifting snows under different turbulent intensity are studied and the effects of turbulent intensity on the transport of drifting snow are obtained. With the aid of snow gather, vertical profiles of drifting snow under several turbulent intensities are given, and the relations among the snow transport rate and wind speed and turbulent intensity are also discussed. The variations of the saltation height and length of snow particles as well as the mean saltation height and length are given based on the analysis of the horizontal and vertical flux of drifting snow.
4. Measurements on the threshold wind velocity of snow with different deposition time (fresh snow and old snow) are carried out. Comparing the measurement results with the field experimental data, the structures of drifting snow passing through a flat bed are studied, and the influence of deposition time on drifting snow is discussed.
5. Aim at the highway snow disaster in north part of China, the movements of snow particles near sub-grade and the variations of drifting snow structure over highway subgrade are analyzed, and some quantitive results are presented. These results will be of benefit to preventing the drifting snow probems in the highway.
引文
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