声辐射预估理论及其应用研究
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摘要
运动声源声辐射以其声场的复杂性成为声学研究的理论难题。为切实解决这一问题，本文以煤气压缩系统噪声控制为背景展开声辐射预估理论及应用研究。应用运动媒质声学理论和克希荷夫积分方法，从运动声源声辐射预估模型和声场特性两个方面对声辐射预估理论进行深入研究。主要研究工作包括：
1）在运动媒质声学理论的研究中，提出了预估运动声源声辐射的解析格林函数法，利用该方法推导了自由空间直线、旋转运动偶极子源和螺旋运动单极子源的辐射声压频域解析表达式。在此基础上，通过带有解析格林函数的Kirchhoff积分方程建立了旋转体声源的声辐射预估模型，给出了旋转声源多普勒效应的时域数学表达式。经数值计算得出辐射声场特性：辐射频率由声源频率和旋转频率及其谐波组成，旋转频率的基频主要沿轴向传播，其谐波集中于径向，高速旋转声源出现频移现象。由风扇噪声实验验证了该理论数值结果。这表明本文提出的解析格林函数法和建立的自由空间运动声源声辐射预估模型正确。
2）考虑到边界或障碍物对声场的影响，从理论上对旋转声源的声散射进行了探讨。通过引入克希荷夫表面源，把运动声源转化为固定分布源，由Kirchhoff-Helmholtz积分方程建立了旋转声源的声散射预估模型。提出了由固定柱壳表面散射波代替入射波作为迭代因子进行声压计算的方法，得出了刚性和弹性散射体的散射场声压表达式，并经数值仿真得出散射声场与声源辐射声场，散射体类型和散射体上声波的入射面积关系密切。
3）在上述理论方法基础上，研究了封闭空间运动声源的声辐射。将旋转声源的解析kirchhoff积分方程和结构声辐射格林函数相结合，推导了旋转力源和旋转声源激励下柱壳的辐射声压频域表达式和封闭空间螺旋气流声源的声辐射预估解析模型。经数值计算分析了辐射场特性，得出了影响辐射声场的关键参数：声源频率，旋转频率，流体马赫数及壳体结构固有频率。并经管道气流噪声实验验证了数值结果。
4）通过运动声源声辐射特征研究，提出了声波聚焦和波束成形相结合的运动声源辐射声场测试方法。探讨了测试原理和测试技术，设计了旋转线性麦克风阵列，并进行了实验室研究，得出了测试技术参数，分析了阵列误差的主要来源。
5）应用本文建立的声辐射预估理论预估分析了煤气压缩系统噪声，尤其压缩系统的气动噪声和运动激励结构噪声。现场噪声测试证实了预估方法的精确性和预估结果指导压缩系统噪声控制的有效性。该理论方法对进一步探索旋转机械的低噪声设计有重要理论指导意义。
Sound radiation of moving sound sources, due to the complexity of sound field, hasbeen become a theoretical difficulty of the acoustics research. In order to deal with theproblem, the theory and its application of sound radiation prediction have been investigatedon the basis of the project of noise control of gas compressed system. The model of soundradiation prediction and sound field characteristics of moving sound sources are studieddeeply by employing the theory of moving medium acoustics and the Kirchhoff’s integralmethod.The mainly specific works finished in this dissertation are as follows.
1) On the research of theory of moving medium acoustics, the method of analyticalGreen function is presented to predict the sound radiation from compact sources.Theanalytical sound pressure expressions in frequency domain for the dipole of rectilinear androtary motion and the monopole of helical motion in free field are deduced. The soundradiation predictive model of the body of rotary motion is established by the Kirchhoff’sintegral equation with analytical Green function and the mathematic expression of Dopplereffect of rotative sound sources in time domain is educed. Characteristics of radiating soundfield analyzed by the numerical methods include spectrums comprising vibration frequenciesof sound source, rotating basic frequency and harmonics, basic frequency transmitting in therotary shaft direction and harmonics spreading along radial direction and frequency shiftphenomena appearing clearly in higher rotating speed of source. The accuracy of thesesimulative results is verified by the experimentation of fan blades noise. This indicates themethod of analytical green function and the model of sound radiation prediction of movingsound sources in free field are accurate.
2) Condisered the influence of sound field from boundares and barriers, the scatteredsound field of moving sound source is discussed theoretically. The model of sound scatteredprediction of rotating sound sources is deduced by the integral equation of Kirchhoff andHelmholtz with the fixed distributional sources. Expressions calculating the exteriorscattering sound fields of the rigid and flexible scatterers are given, which employs scatteredwave of fixed cylindrical surface instead of the incident wave as iterative factor. Soundcharacteristics of scattering field are discussed by simulative methods. Scattering sound fieldhas close relations with sound radiation of sound source, the type of scatterer and theirradiated area on scatterer surface.
3) Sound radiation of moving sound source in closed space is developed based on the methods deduced above. By combining the analytical Kirchhoff’s integral equation of withGreen function of structural sound radiation, sound pressure expressions in frequencydomain of cylindrical shell excitated by rotating force and rotating source and the model ofsound radiation prediction of closed space with helical airflow are developed. By numericalanalysis, some key parameters affecting the radiative sound field include the vibrating androtating frequencies of the source, nature frequencies of structure and Mach number of floware explored.The characteristics of radiative sound field are verified by the experimentationof duct aerodynamic noise.
4) On the basis of characteristics of sound radiation of moving sound sourcemeasurement method of sound field is presented by combining Focalization withBeamforming. The testing principle and technique are investigated and the rotating linearmicrophone array is designed for testing sound filed. The capability of array microphone istested in lab and its technical parameters and main reasons of errors are discussed.
5) By applying the theory of sound radiation prediction, the noise of gas compressedsystemis analysed, especially sound prediction of aerodynamic and structural noise inducedby moving excitation. The accuracy of methods of sound radiation prediction and thevalidity of predictive results are proved by the local noise testing. This investigation willprovide an important foundation for the advanced development of the low noise revolvingmachines.
1）在运动媒质声学理论的研究中，提出了预估运动声源声辐射的解析格林函数法，利用该方法推导了自由空间直线、旋转运动偶极子源和螺旋运动单极子源的辐射声压频域解析表达式。在此基础上，通过带有解析格林函数的Kirchhoff积分方程建立了旋转体声源的声辐射预估模型，给出了旋转声源多普勒效应的时域数学表达式。经数值计算得出辐射声场特性：辐射频率由声源频率和旋转频率及其谐波组成，旋转频率的基频主要沿轴向传播，其谐波集中于径向，高速旋转声源出现频移现象。由风扇噪声实验验证了该理论数值结果。这表明本文提出的解析格林函数法和建立的自由空间运动声源声辐射预估模型正确。
2）考虑到边界或障碍物对声场的影响，从理论上对旋转声源的声散射进行了探讨。通过引入克希荷夫表面源，把运动声源转化为固定分布源，由Kirchhoff-Helmholtz积分方程建立了旋转声源的声散射预估模型。提出了由固定柱壳表面散射波代替入射波作为迭代因子进行声压计算的方法，得出了刚性和弹性散射体的散射场声压表达式，并经数值仿真得出散射声场与声源辐射声场，散射体类型和散射体上声波的入射面积关系密切。
3）在上述理论方法基础上，研究了封闭空间运动声源的声辐射。将旋转声源的解析kirchhoff积分方程和结构声辐射格林函数相结合，推导了旋转力源和旋转声源激励下柱壳的辐射声压频域表达式和封闭空间螺旋气流声源的声辐射预估解析模型。经数值计算分析了辐射场特性，得出了影响辐射声场的关键参数：声源频率，旋转频率，流体马赫数及壳体结构固有频率。并经管道气流噪声实验验证了数值结果。
4）通过运动声源声辐射特征研究，提出了声波聚焦和波束成形相结合的运动声源辐射声场测试方法。探讨了测试原理和测试技术，设计了旋转线性麦克风阵列，并进行了实验室研究，得出了测试技术参数，分析了阵列误差的主要来源。
5）应用本文建立的声辐射预估理论预估分析了煤气压缩系统噪声，尤其压缩系统的气动噪声和运动激励结构噪声。现场噪声测试证实了预估方法的精确性和预估结果指导压缩系统噪声控制的有效性。该理论方法对进一步探索旋转机械的低噪声设计有重要理论指导意义。
Sound radiation of moving sound sources, due to the complexity of sound field, hasbeen become a theoretical difficulty of the acoustics research. In order to deal with theproblem, the theory and its application of sound radiation prediction have been investigatedon the basis of the project of noise control of gas compressed system. The model of soundradiation prediction and sound field characteristics of moving sound sources are studieddeeply by employing the theory of moving medium acoustics and the Kirchhoff’s integralmethod.The mainly specific works finished in this dissertation are as follows.
1) On the research of theory of moving medium acoustics, the method of analyticalGreen function is presented to predict the sound radiation from compact sources.Theanalytical sound pressure expressions in frequency domain for the dipole of rectilinear androtary motion and the monopole of helical motion in free field are deduced. The soundradiation predictive model of the body of rotary motion is established by the Kirchhoff’sintegral equation with analytical Green function and the mathematic expression of Dopplereffect of rotative sound sources in time domain is educed. Characteristics of radiating soundfield analyzed by the numerical methods include spectrums comprising vibration frequenciesof sound source, rotating basic frequency and harmonics, basic frequency transmitting in therotary shaft direction and harmonics spreading along radial direction and frequency shiftphenomena appearing clearly in higher rotating speed of source. The accuracy of thesesimulative results is verified by the experimentation of fan blades noise. This indicates themethod of analytical green function and the model of sound radiation prediction of movingsound sources in free field are accurate.
2) Condisered the influence of sound field from boundares and barriers, the scatteredsound field of moving sound source is discussed theoretically. The model of sound scatteredprediction of rotating sound sources is deduced by the integral equation of Kirchhoff andHelmholtz with the fixed distributional sources. Expressions calculating the exteriorscattering sound fields of the rigid and flexible scatterers are given, which employs scatteredwave of fixed cylindrical surface instead of the incident wave as iterative factor. Soundcharacteristics of scattering field are discussed by simulative methods. Scattering sound fieldhas close relations with sound radiation of sound source, the type of scatterer and theirradiated area on scatterer surface.
3) Sound radiation of moving sound source in closed space is developed based on the methods deduced above. By combining the analytical Kirchhoff’s integral equation of withGreen function of structural sound radiation, sound pressure expressions in frequencydomain of cylindrical shell excitated by rotating force and rotating source and the model ofsound radiation prediction of closed space with helical airflow are developed. By numericalanalysis, some key parameters affecting the radiative sound field include the vibrating androtating frequencies of the source, nature frequencies of structure and Mach number of floware explored.The characteristics of radiative sound field are verified by the experimentationof duct aerodynamic noise.
4) On the basis of characteristics of sound radiation of moving sound sourcemeasurement method of sound field is presented by combining Focalization withBeamforming. The testing principle and technique are investigated and the rotating linearmicrophone array is designed for testing sound filed. The capability of array microphone istested in lab and its technical parameters and main reasons of errors are discussed.
5) By applying the theory of sound radiation prediction, the noise of gas compressedsystemis analysed, especially sound prediction of aerodynamic and structural noise inducedby moving excitation. The accuracy of methods of sound radiation prediction and thevalidity of predictive results are proved by the local noise testing. This investigation willprovide an important foundation for the advanced development of the low noise revolvingmachines.
引文
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