聊城市地表水环境问题及对策研究
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摘要
随着经济增长,不断发展的工业和城市化建设给环境带来了巨大的压力,尤其是人们赖以生存的水环境遭到了严重污染和破坏,并带来了一系列的生态环境问题。水环境问题已严重阻碍了今后我国经济社会的发展。因此,研究水环境污染及其治理,平衡经济社会发展和水环境保护的关系,在我国都是极为迫切的课题。本文选取海河流域内经济、社会欠发达的聊城市为研究对象,针对聊城市所处地理位置及气候特征,社会、经济、人口历史及发展现状,研究了聊城市的水资源及地表水环境质量现状,地表水环境容量以及主要的水环境管理问题,探讨了解决聊城市水环境问题的主要对策,以期对于改善聊城市的水环境,提供一定参考依据。
研究结果表明,聊城市水资源严重不足,其水资源供水以地表水为主,且主要用于农业生产。近年来经济快速发展加剧了水环境的污染,使得聊城市污水排放总量较大。由于一些县区仍然存在一些造纸、化工、印染等高污染企业,加之地方经济保护主义,工业废水排放量大,且存在大量超标排放。各监测点均有2种以上污染指标严重超标。农药、化肥污染,养殖生产、农村生活及农业垃圾污染也十分严重。聊城市主要城区、县的污水处理设施建设有了很大的发展,但城县区域管网等建设尚未完全到位,许多农村污水没有进行收集处理。
本文在大量调研和数据收集基础上,使用非汛期流量和汛期弃水量联合估算方法对聊城市连续8年的地表水可利用量及可利用率进行了较为详尽的估算研究。同时利用主成分分析研究,得出了影响聊城市水资源承载力的主要因素是人口增长、人均生活用水量提高,以及城市建设的快速发展。通过人工神经网络方法预测,到2015年,地表水取用量达到7.85×108m3,加之水污染,届时,缺水问题可能将会变得非常严重。这种思路为我国城市化过程中导致环境危害的研究提供了一种新方法。
聊城市地表水的主要污染物中三氮最严重,生活污染和农业非点源污染是其主要排放源,在主要河流中除二干渠外,其它河流污染严重。各种污染物浓度因河流、季节、水期的不同而变化。
利用MIKE11负荷评估模型估算了聊城市8年间点源污染和非点源污染的负荷,并用人工神经网络方法对聊城市“十二五”期间点源污染和非点源污染负荷进行了预测,其污染负荷由大到小依次为生活/商业、工业、畜禽养殖业和农业。从聊城市经济社会的各个方面,定量综合分析了聊城市水污染对当地社会、经济和人类生活的危害,使用詹姆斯的“损失-浓度曲线”估算了聊城市地表水污染所致的经济损失；使用单因子潜在生态风险指数及多元线性回归法研究了该市污水灌溉区重金属污染问题。综合估算2007年聊城市水环境污染所导致对经济的损害,约占当年聊城市GDP总量的4.21%,经济损害以废水排放所致的经济损失为主,高达29×108元人民币。污灌区农田土壤的重金属污染治理应以金属Cd、Hg为主,使土壤pH值维持在中碱性环境对土壤的重金属污染防治非常重要。
采用一维水质数学模型分析了聊城市6条主要河流主要污染物的容量,扣除非点源污染入河量后,CODCr、NH3-N的水环境容量分别为36809.25t/年和4155.08t/年,分配量由大到小依次为徒骇河、马颊河、小运河、漳卫河、金堤河、黄河。综合考虑所有经济、治理措施及污染源对水体贡献等因素,聊城市地表水不能满足相应的水域功能要求,几乎已无容量可利用,需削减污染物CODCr和NH3-N的排放量。
偏相关分析表明,第二产业工业结构的调整对水资源影响较大；其次是第三产业；农业产值与用水量相关度较弱。工业与城市化发展导致排污量和耗水量增加。
在对聊城市地表水资源管理体制研究中,发现存在的问题主要有：聊城市上游水域被赋予过大的纳污能力；聊城市地表水资源管理机构之间存在职能交叉和职能错位；聊城市地表水环境治理融资渠道狭窄等问题。
结合聊城市实际情况,从环境战略与规划、水污染防治技术、调整优化产业经济结构、增加环保投入、实施重点环保工程、建立区域地表水环境风险预警应急体系等方面提出相应的解决措施,为聊城市水资源、生态环境与社会经济的协调持续发展提供了一定的理论依据和技术支持,在聊城市水资源市场化运作、流域生态资源利用、污水防治和发展循环经济等方面提供了一些有益的建议,取得了经济社会的良好效益。
As economic growth, sustainable development of industrialization and urbanization has brought tremendous pressure to the environment, specially to the water environment, which has seriously hindered the further economic and social development in China.Therefore, it's extremely urgent issue that studying on water environmental pollution and its control, maintaining the balance between water environmental protection and economic development. Liaocheng city underdeveloped in haihe River basin was selected to study the current status and management of water resource and surface water environmental quality. The Countermeasures of environment management was discussed to provide a reference on improvin the water envionment of Liaocheng.
The research results show that the water supply is dominated by surface water, mainly used for agricultural production in Liaocheng city, where is serious water shortage. In resent years, rapid economic growth as well as lax environmental oversight has increased water pollution, which caused the total sewage emission larger. As some highly polluting companies such as papermaking, printing and dyeing, chemical industry, still exist in some counties, together with local protectionism, waste water is discharged so enormously. There were two or more monitoring indexs exceeding standard seriously. The pollution caused by the production and living in rural areas was also very serious. Although the rapid progress of constructing sewage treatment facilities in township and major urban was made, county regional pipeline construction was not completed and rural wastewater were not collected for disposal.
On the basis of lots of research and data,the available surface water resources and the utilization rate of surface water was estimated by the method of based on base flow in non-flood season and abandoned floodwater. By principal components analysis, the main influence factors of the water resource bearing-capacity in Liaocheng were the growth of population, increasing of water consumption and the fast development of city construction. Through the artificial neural network method,it was predicted that surface water consumption around785million m3by2015. With the water pollution, the problem of water shortage maybe become very serious in the future.This research ideas provide a new method to study on environmental hazards in the process of urbanization in our country.
Nitrogen is the most serious pollutant of the surface water in Liaocheng, which from pollution causing by daily lives and non-point source pollution of agricultural lands. Except Ergan channel, others have been serious polluted. The concentrations of various pollutants change depending on rivers, season, water period.
Point and non-point source pollution loads for eight years in Liaocheng were estimated by the general modelling system MIKE11, and which were forecasted by the artificial neural network method during the latest five-year plan. The gradation of the pollution loads were as followings:life/commercial, industrial, animal husbandry and agriculture. James's "loss-concentration curve" was used to estimate the economic loss induced by urban surface water pollution.Through single factor potential ecological risk index and multiple linear regression, heavy metal pollution was studied at the sewage irrigation area. The economic losses of Liaocheng caused by water pollution was around4.21%of GDP in2007, which caused by wastewater discharge was the greatest, with the total amount of2.9billion RMB. We should focus on treat of Cd and Hg in farmland soil at the sewage irrigation area.It's very important that maintain the pH of the soil neutral or alkaline for the heavy metal pollution prevention.
The environmental capacity of six rivers was estimated by one-dimension mathematical model of water quality. The results show the environmental capacity of CODcr and NH3-N were36809.25t and4155.08t per year respectively, deduction of non-point source pollution into the river, with the gradation of environmental capacity as follows:Tuhai River, Majia River, Small Canals, Zhangwei River, Jindi River and the Yellow River. There almost is no capacity can be used in surface water in Liaocheng, so we need to cut the emissions of CODCr and NH3-N.
Partial correlation analysis shows that the adjustment of secondary industrial structure has the most impact on water resources, followed by service sector and agriculture. Industry and urbanization development has led to the increasing in water consumption and discharge amount.
Several main problems were found through the study of water resource management system in Liaocheng, which contain too much water carrying capacity of the upstream, the functional overlapping and dislocation among management agencies about surface water resources, and the narrow channels of financing on water environment treatment.
Combined with the actual situation in Liaocheng, the corresponding solving measures were given including the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, increasing environmental protection investment, the implementation of key environmental protection projects, the establishment of regional surface water environment risk early warning and emergency response system and so on, which can provide certain theory basis and the technical support for a coordinated development among water resources, ecological environment and social economic.Some proposals such as the market operation of water resources, the utilization of watershed ecological resources, the sewage control and the development of recycling economy, were made and accepted, which has achieved certain economic and social benefits.
研究结果表明,聊城市水资源严重不足,其水资源供水以地表水为主,且主要用于农业生产。近年来经济快速发展加剧了水环境的污染,使得聊城市污水排放总量较大。由于一些县区仍然存在一些造纸、化工、印染等高污染企业,加之地方经济保护主义,工业废水排放量大,且存在大量超标排放。各监测点均有2种以上污染指标严重超标。农药、化肥污染,养殖生产、农村生活及农业垃圾污染也十分严重。聊城市主要城区、县的污水处理设施建设有了很大的发展,但城县区域管网等建设尚未完全到位,许多农村污水没有进行收集处理。
本文在大量调研和数据收集基础上,使用非汛期流量和汛期弃水量联合估算方法对聊城市连续8年的地表水可利用量及可利用率进行了较为详尽的估算研究。同时利用主成分分析研究,得出了影响聊城市水资源承载力的主要因素是人口增长、人均生活用水量提高,以及城市建设的快速发展。通过人工神经网络方法预测,到2015年,地表水取用量达到7.85×108m3,加之水污染,届时,缺水问题可能将会变得非常严重。这种思路为我国城市化过程中导致环境危害的研究提供了一种新方法。
聊城市地表水的主要污染物中三氮最严重,生活污染和农业非点源污染是其主要排放源,在主要河流中除二干渠外,其它河流污染严重。各种污染物浓度因河流、季节、水期的不同而变化。
利用MIKE11负荷评估模型估算了聊城市8年间点源污染和非点源污染的负荷,并用人工神经网络方法对聊城市“十二五”期间点源污染和非点源污染负荷进行了预测,其污染负荷由大到小依次为生活/商业、工业、畜禽养殖业和农业。从聊城市经济社会的各个方面,定量综合分析了聊城市水污染对当地社会、经济和人类生活的危害,使用詹姆斯的“损失-浓度曲线”估算了聊城市地表水污染所致的经济损失；使用单因子潜在生态风险指数及多元线性回归法研究了该市污水灌溉区重金属污染问题。综合估算2007年聊城市水环境污染所导致对经济的损害,约占当年聊城市GDP总量的4.21%,经济损害以废水排放所致的经济损失为主,高达29×108元人民币。污灌区农田土壤的重金属污染治理应以金属Cd、Hg为主,使土壤pH值维持在中碱性环境对土壤的重金属污染防治非常重要。
采用一维水质数学模型分析了聊城市6条主要河流主要污染物的容量,扣除非点源污染入河量后,CODCr、NH3-N的水环境容量分别为36809.25t/年和4155.08t/年,分配量由大到小依次为徒骇河、马颊河、小运河、漳卫河、金堤河、黄河。综合考虑所有经济、治理措施及污染源对水体贡献等因素,聊城市地表水不能满足相应的水域功能要求,几乎已无容量可利用,需削减污染物CODCr和NH3-N的排放量。
偏相关分析表明,第二产业工业结构的调整对水资源影响较大；其次是第三产业；农业产值与用水量相关度较弱。工业与城市化发展导致排污量和耗水量增加。
在对聊城市地表水资源管理体制研究中,发现存在的问题主要有：聊城市上游水域被赋予过大的纳污能力；聊城市地表水资源管理机构之间存在职能交叉和职能错位；聊城市地表水环境治理融资渠道狭窄等问题。
结合聊城市实际情况,从环境战略与规划、水污染防治技术、调整优化产业经济结构、增加环保投入、实施重点环保工程、建立区域地表水环境风险预警应急体系等方面提出相应的解决措施,为聊城市水资源、生态环境与社会经济的协调持续发展提供了一定的理论依据和技术支持,在聊城市水资源市场化运作、流域生态资源利用、污水防治和发展循环经济等方面提供了一些有益的建议,取得了经济社会的良好效益。
As economic growth, sustainable development of industrialization and urbanization has brought tremendous pressure to the environment, specially to the water environment, which has seriously hindered the further economic and social development in China.Therefore, it's extremely urgent issue that studying on water environmental pollution and its control, maintaining the balance between water environmental protection and economic development. Liaocheng city underdeveloped in haihe River basin was selected to study the current status and management of water resource and surface water environmental quality. The Countermeasures of environment management was discussed to provide a reference on improvin the water envionment of Liaocheng.
The research results show that the water supply is dominated by surface water, mainly used for agricultural production in Liaocheng city, where is serious water shortage. In resent years, rapid economic growth as well as lax environmental oversight has increased water pollution, which caused the total sewage emission larger. As some highly polluting companies such as papermaking, printing and dyeing, chemical industry, still exist in some counties, together with local protectionism, waste water is discharged so enormously. There were two or more monitoring indexs exceeding standard seriously. The pollution caused by the production and living in rural areas was also very serious. Although the rapid progress of constructing sewage treatment facilities in township and major urban was made, county regional pipeline construction was not completed and rural wastewater were not collected for disposal.
On the basis of lots of research and data,the available surface water resources and the utilization rate of surface water was estimated by the method of based on base flow in non-flood season and abandoned floodwater. By principal components analysis, the main influence factors of the water resource bearing-capacity in Liaocheng were the growth of population, increasing of water consumption and the fast development of city construction. Through the artificial neural network method,it was predicted that surface water consumption around785million m3by2015. With the water pollution, the problem of water shortage maybe become very serious in the future.This research ideas provide a new method to study on environmental hazards in the process of urbanization in our country.
Nitrogen is the most serious pollutant of the surface water in Liaocheng, which from pollution causing by daily lives and non-point source pollution of agricultural lands. Except Ergan channel, others have been serious polluted. The concentrations of various pollutants change depending on rivers, season, water period.
Point and non-point source pollution loads for eight years in Liaocheng were estimated by the general modelling system MIKE11, and which were forecasted by the artificial neural network method during the latest five-year plan. The gradation of the pollution loads were as followings:life/commercial, industrial, animal husbandry and agriculture. James's "loss-concentration curve" was used to estimate the economic loss induced by urban surface water pollution.Through single factor potential ecological risk index and multiple linear regression, heavy metal pollution was studied at the sewage irrigation area. The economic losses of Liaocheng caused by water pollution was around4.21%of GDP in2007, which caused by wastewater discharge was the greatest, with the total amount of2.9billion RMB. We should focus on treat of Cd and Hg in farmland soil at the sewage irrigation area.It's very important that maintain the pH of the soil neutral or alkaline for the heavy metal pollution prevention.
The environmental capacity of six rivers was estimated by one-dimension mathematical model of water quality. The results show the environmental capacity of CODcr and NH3-N were36809.25t and4155.08t per year respectively, deduction of non-point source pollution into the river, with the gradation of environmental capacity as follows:Tuhai River, Majia River, Small Canals, Zhangwei River, Jindi River and the Yellow River. There almost is no capacity can be used in surface water in Liaocheng, so we need to cut the emissions of CODCr and NH3-N.
Partial correlation analysis shows that the adjustment of secondary industrial structure has the most impact on water resources, followed by service sector and agriculture. Industry and urbanization development has led to the increasing in water consumption and discharge amount.
Several main problems were found through the study of water resource management system in Liaocheng, which contain too much water carrying capacity of the upstream, the functional overlapping and dislocation among management agencies about surface water resources, and the narrow channels of financing on water environment treatment.
Combined with the actual situation in Liaocheng, the corresponding solving measures were given including the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, increasing environmental protection investment, the implementation of key environmental protection projects, the establishment of regional surface water environment risk early warning and emergency response system and so on, which can provide certain theory basis and the technical support for a coordinated development among water resources, ecological environment and social economic.Some proposals such as the market operation of water resources, the utilization of watershed ecological resources, the sewage control and the development of recycling economy, were made and accepted, which has achieved certain economic and social benefits.
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