城市污水处理厂水质提高与污泥堆肥技术研究
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摘要
随着经济发展和城市化进程的加快,城市用水供需矛盾日益加大。进一步开发城市污水,实现污水资源化和中水回用并妥善处置剩余污泥,对于保障城市安全供水和环境资源的可持续利用具有重大的战略意义。近年来,A2/O(Anoxic/Anaerobic/Oxic)工艺在城市污水处理中已得到了广泛应用,但作为二级单元处理城市污水,A2/O工艺仍然面临着氮磷去除性能不稳定、碳源不足和剩余污泥处置难等问题。
本文针对我国城市污水处理厂进水水质特征,模拟并开展了A2/O工艺处理城市污水的中试研究,重点考察了调整工艺运行参数、外加碳源以及化学药剂辅助除磷等措施对工艺氮磷去除性能的影响并进行了优化,随后又在此基础上后置高效纤维滤池和紫外消毒对A2/o工艺出水做进一步深度处理,探讨其工艺参数,系统的提出了一套水质再提高技术集成优化方案并用于指导实际工艺调试运行。此外,围绕城市污水处理厂剩余污泥的处置问题,本文还着重开展了利用污泥制备生物菌肥的技术研究,综合考察了污泥特性、原料构成、生物菌种配比以及功能菌的投加对污泥堆肥的影响,在注重工程实际应用的同时,从理论上阐明了采用活性污泥制备生物菌肥的可行性。主要工作如下：
(1)对A2/O工艺运行参数进行优化调整并考察了外加碳源和化学辅助药剂对工艺氮磷去除性能的强化作用效果。
①水力停留时间和内回流比对工艺氮磷去除性能的影响大于对有机物的去除。延长水力停留时间和增加回流比在一定程度上有助于提高工艺的硝化效率和氮磷去除效果。综合考察,确定水力停留时间10h、内回流比200%为实现工艺最佳污染物去除效果的参数条件。此外,工艺在较短的水力停留时间(6h)和较小的内回流比(100%)下能够实现较高的COD去除效率,体现出较强的耐有机负荷能力。
②投加碳源甲醇能够改善工艺对氮磷的去除效果,但对工艺的COD去除性能影响较小。研究结果表明,当甲醇投加量超过40mg/L,工艺对氮磷的去除效率提高不明显,基本趋于稳定,实验确定甲醇投加最佳量范围为20-40mg/L。关于厌氧区硝酸盐氮对聚磷菌除磷效果的影响研究表明,当厌氧区硝酸盐氮浓度大于2mg/L时,厌氧区聚磷菌的释磷特性就会受到明显的抑制。甲醇的投加对聚磷菌的释磷性能的影响不明显。
③三种化学药剂聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁和聚合硫酸铝均能起到强化工艺除磷性能的作用,但聚合硫酸铝的效果最好。实验确定实现工艺出水满足一级A排放标准的最佳聚合硫酸铝投加量为40mg/L,最佳投加点为二沉池前端。
(2)研究了后置纤维滤池对A2/O工艺出水水质再提高的强化效果并探讨了工艺参数。
①纤维滤池在初始滤速分别为10m/h、20m/h、30m/h、40m/h的条件下,对于不同进水浊度和初始滤速,纤维滤池在有效过滤期内的滤出水浊度均能稳定在1NTU以下,运行周期长并体现出良好的反洗效果。
②通过优化,最终确定滤速20m/h,有效过滤周期22h为最佳运行参数条件,此时,工艺周期产水量为440m3/m2(滤料),反冲洗耗水率为3%左右。
③纤维滤池在最佳操作条件下对进水悬浮物中所携带的COD的去除率在56%以上,但对溶解性的COD基本没有去除。
(3)现场实际工艺的调试运行
①根据中试实验结果对光大水务济南有限公司二厂工艺运行参数进行调整,确定最佳参数条件范围为：水力停留时间10-12h、内回流比150-200%、外回流比100%、污泥龄20d。
②A2/O工艺出水在投加化学除磷药剂并经过高效纤维滤池和紫外消毒处理后,最终出水能够稳定达到一级A排放标准。
③受济南市南水北调工程和城市管网建设的影响,光大水务济南有限公司二厂进水水质较改造前有了明显变化,目前碳源基本满足工艺需要,不需要额外增加。
(4)污泥制备生物菌肥技术研究
①通过对光大水务(济南)有限公司污泥性质的分析,发现污泥中含有丰富的有机质和植物营养成分,同时重金属含量很低,能够满足污泥农用要求。
②污泥、稻壳、蘑菇渣的肥料组成在发酵时间、发酵温度、腐熟效果上均明显优于污泥、稻壳、草炭、粉煤灰的肥料组成,说明将脱水污泥、稻壳和蘑菇渣以57.25：16.20：24.50的比例混合有较好的发酵效果,适宜制备生物菌肥。
③在堆肥过程中添加0.2%-0.3%的复合菌有利于物料的高效发酵,并且添加的有益菌可以为作物提供良好的微生态环境。
④物料发酵后添加功能菌种枯草芽孢杆菌能够提高菌肥的肥效,增加作物的抗病能力,最终产品能够达到《生物有机肥》(NY884-2004)国家标准。
With the development of economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the contradiction between supply and demand of urban water is rising. To realize the reuse of wastewater and reclaimed water, it is very necessary to further develop the urban sewage and proper dispose surplus sludge. And it is of great strategic significance for ensuring safety of city water and sustainable use of environmental resources. In recent years, A2/O (Anoxic/Anaerobic/Oxic) technology has been widely used in the urban sewage treatment. However, as a secondary unit of urban sewage treatment, A2/O process still faced with some problems like removal performance instability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), carbon source deficiency and disposal difficulty of excess sludge.
This study simulated and developed pilot test of A2/O process to treatment urban wastewater according to China's urban sewage treatment plants feed water quality characteristics. The influence on the performance of N and P removal process and measures were studied and optimized, like operation parameters of adjustment process, dosing carbon sources and auxiliary chemicals, etc. Following to these treatments, the effluent of A2/O were post further processed by high efficiency fibrous filter chamber and UV disinfection measure, and the process parameters of these treatments were discussed. A scheme of integration and optimization of further improvement technology of municipal sewage treatment plant water quality was proposed and applied to guide practical test and operation process. In addition, the urban sewage treatment plants surplus sludge was used to prepare bacterial manure. And the influence factors of sludge compost were investigated, like sludge characteristics, raw material composition, and ratio of biological strains and dosing of functional bacteria. While the application effects were considered, the feasibility to prepare bacterial manure by active sludge was discussed theoretically. The main works are as follows:
(1) Optimization of process parameters of A2/O and investigation the performance to N and P removal of adding carbon sources and auxiliary chemicals
①The hydraulic retention time (HRT) and inner recycling ratio have greater influence to N and P removal than organics removal process. Prolonging HRT and increasing reflux ratio contribute to improve nitrification efficiency and N/P removal effect to some extent. It is shown that under the optimum parameter conditions:HRT is10h, inner recycling ratio is200%, the effect of pollutants removal is the best. In addition, the process could achieve high COD removal efficiency in a relatively short period of HRT (6h) and small reflux ratio (100%), which reflects the strong resistance to organic load capacity.
②Dosing methanol could improve removal effect of N and P while it has little influence to the removal performance of COD and NH3-N. The results indicate that, the efficiency of N and P removal process is not apparent, tending to be stable when the dosing quantity of methanol is more than40mg/L. And the optimum dosing range of methanol is20-40mg/L. Study on the influence of nitrate N to P removal effect of P enrichment bacteria in anaerobic zone indicates that the release P characteristic P of enrichment bacteria will be obviously inhibited when nitrate N concentrations is more than2mg/L in anaerobic zone. The influence on dosing methanol to the performance of release P of P enrichment bacteria is not obvious.
③Three kinds of chemicals, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) and polyaluminium sulfate (PAS), could strengthen P removal function of treatment process. And the effluent quality can meet the first class of A standard while the optimum dosing quantity of chemicals is40mg/L PAC in the front of secondary sedimentation tank.
(2) Study on the treatment effect and process parameters of high efficiency fibrous filter chamber to effluent of A2/O
①The filter water turbidity could be reduced to1NTU or less in4min when the initial speed of fibrous filter chamber are10m/h,20m/h,30m/h,40m/h. In addition, the effluent turbidities from fibrous filter chamber are all below1NTU in different turbidities and initial filter speeds, and there are long running period and get a good result in backwashing.
②The optimum operation parameters were obtained with the filter speed of20m/h and filtration cycle22h. The periodic quantity of water produce is440m3/m2and water consumption rate of backwashing is about3%.
③The COD removal rate of suspended substances is above56%by fibrous filter chamber in the optimum operating conditions, while it does not work with the dissolution of COD.
(3) Commissioning and operation of field process
①The pilot plant test results indicate that the optimum operating condition of Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd Plant2is HRT10-12h, inner and external recycling ratio150-200%and100%and sludge age20d.
②The effluent of A2/O were added chemicals, post further processed by high efficiency fibrous filter chamber and UV disinfection measure. And the final effluent water quality could reach the first class of A standard.
③Compared with the influent quality before transformation, a significant change was discovered in Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd Plant2, under the influence of South-to-North Water Transfer Project and municipal water supply network construction in Jinan City. At present, carbon source could meet the need of process.
(4) Preparation technology of bacterial manure by active sludge
①The analysis of sludge properties of Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd indicate that the sludge are rich in organic matter and plant nutrition ingredient while the heavy metals concentrations was low, which can meet the requirements of farmland application.
②The composting effect, fermentation time and temperature of the fertilizer composition of sludge, rice husk and mushroom residue are much better than the composition of sludge, rice husk, peat and fly ash. And the most feasible conditions to prepare bacterial manure are the ratio of dewatered sludge, rice husk and mushroom residue is57.25:16.20:24.50.
③It is beneficial to high efficient fermentative material for dosing compound bacteria with0.2%-0.3%during the composting process. And it could provide a suitable micro-ecological environment for crops adding beneficial bacteria.
④It could improve fertilizer efficiency of bacterial manure, enhance the crops' resistance to disease and the final product could reach the national standard of biological organic fertilizer (NY884-2004), adding bacillus subtilis after the material fermentation.
本文针对我国城市污水处理厂进水水质特征,模拟并开展了A2/O工艺处理城市污水的中试研究,重点考察了调整工艺运行参数、外加碳源以及化学药剂辅助除磷等措施对工艺氮磷去除性能的影响并进行了优化,随后又在此基础上后置高效纤维滤池和紫外消毒对A2/o工艺出水做进一步深度处理,探讨其工艺参数,系统的提出了一套水质再提高技术集成优化方案并用于指导实际工艺调试运行。此外,围绕城市污水处理厂剩余污泥的处置问题,本文还着重开展了利用污泥制备生物菌肥的技术研究,综合考察了污泥特性、原料构成、生物菌种配比以及功能菌的投加对污泥堆肥的影响,在注重工程实际应用的同时,从理论上阐明了采用活性污泥制备生物菌肥的可行性。主要工作如下：
(1)对A2/O工艺运行参数进行优化调整并考察了外加碳源和化学辅助药剂对工艺氮磷去除性能的强化作用效果。
①水力停留时间和内回流比对工艺氮磷去除性能的影响大于对有机物的去除。延长水力停留时间和增加回流比在一定程度上有助于提高工艺的硝化效率和氮磷去除效果。综合考察,确定水力停留时间10h、内回流比200%为实现工艺最佳污染物去除效果的参数条件。此外,工艺在较短的水力停留时间(6h)和较小的内回流比(100%)下能够实现较高的COD去除效率,体现出较强的耐有机负荷能力。
②投加碳源甲醇能够改善工艺对氮磷的去除效果,但对工艺的COD去除性能影响较小。研究结果表明,当甲醇投加量超过40mg/L,工艺对氮磷的去除效率提高不明显,基本趋于稳定,实验确定甲醇投加最佳量范围为20-40mg/L。关于厌氧区硝酸盐氮对聚磷菌除磷效果的影响研究表明,当厌氧区硝酸盐氮浓度大于2mg/L时,厌氧区聚磷菌的释磷特性就会受到明显的抑制。甲醇的投加对聚磷菌的释磷性能的影响不明显。
③三种化学药剂聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁和聚合硫酸铝均能起到强化工艺除磷性能的作用,但聚合硫酸铝的效果最好。实验确定实现工艺出水满足一级A排放标准的最佳聚合硫酸铝投加量为40mg/L,最佳投加点为二沉池前端。
(2)研究了后置纤维滤池对A2/O工艺出水水质再提高的强化效果并探讨了工艺参数。
①纤维滤池在初始滤速分别为10m/h、20m/h、30m/h、40m/h的条件下,对于不同进水浊度和初始滤速,纤维滤池在有效过滤期内的滤出水浊度均能稳定在1NTU以下,运行周期长并体现出良好的反洗效果。
②通过优化,最终确定滤速20m/h,有效过滤周期22h为最佳运行参数条件,此时,工艺周期产水量为440m3/m2(滤料),反冲洗耗水率为3%左右。
③纤维滤池在最佳操作条件下对进水悬浮物中所携带的COD的去除率在56%以上,但对溶解性的COD基本没有去除。
(3)现场实际工艺的调试运行
①根据中试实验结果对光大水务济南有限公司二厂工艺运行参数进行调整,确定最佳参数条件范围为：水力停留时间10-12h、内回流比150-200%、外回流比100%、污泥龄20d。
②A2/O工艺出水在投加化学除磷药剂并经过高效纤维滤池和紫外消毒处理后,最终出水能够稳定达到一级A排放标准。
③受济南市南水北调工程和城市管网建设的影响,光大水务济南有限公司二厂进水水质较改造前有了明显变化,目前碳源基本满足工艺需要,不需要额外增加。
(4)污泥制备生物菌肥技术研究
①通过对光大水务(济南)有限公司污泥性质的分析,发现污泥中含有丰富的有机质和植物营养成分,同时重金属含量很低,能够满足污泥农用要求。
②污泥、稻壳、蘑菇渣的肥料组成在发酵时间、发酵温度、腐熟效果上均明显优于污泥、稻壳、草炭、粉煤灰的肥料组成,说明将脱水污泥、稻壳和蘑菇渣以57.25：16.20：24.50的比例混合有较好的发酵效果,适宜制备生物菌肥。
③在堆肥过程中添加0.2%-0.3%的复合菌有利于物料的高效发酵,并且添加的有益菌可以为作物提供良好的微生态环境。
④物料发酵后添加功能菌种枯草芽孢杆菌能够提高菌肥的肥效,增加作物的抗病能力,最终产品能够达到《生物有机肥》(NY884-2004)国家标准。
With the development of economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the contradiction between supply and demand of urban water is rising. To realize the reuse of wastewater and reclaimed water, it is very necessary to further develop the urban sewage and proper dispose surplus sludge. And it is of great strategic significance for ensuring safety of city water and sustainable use of environmental resources. In recent years, A2/O (Anoxic/Anaerobic/Oxic) technology has been widely used in the urban sewage treatment. However, as a secondary unit of urban sewage treatment, A2/O process still faced with some problems like removal performance instability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), carbon source deficiency and disposal difficulty of excess sludge.
This study simulated and developed pilot test of A2/O process to treatment urban wastewater according to China's urban sewage treatment plants feed water quality characteristics. The influence on the performance of N and P removal process and measures were studied and optimized, like operation parameters of adjustment process, dosing carbon sources and auxiliary chemicals, etc. Following to these treatments, the effluent of A2/O were post further processed by high efficiency fibrous filter chamber and UV disinfection measure, and the process parameters of these treatments were discussed. A scheme of integration and optimization of further improvement technology of municipal sewage treatment plant water quality was proposed and applied to guide practical test and operation process. In addition, the urban sewage treatment plants surplus sludge was used to prepare bacterial manure. And the influence factors of sludge compost were investigated, like sludge characteristics, raw material composition, and ratio of biological strains and dosing of functional bacteria. While the application effects were considered, the feasibility to prepare bacterial manure by active sludge was discussed theoretically. The main works are as follows:
(1) Optimization of process parameters of A2/O and investigation the performance to N and P removal of adding carbon sources and auxiliary chemicals
①The hydraulic retention time (HRT) and inner recycling ratio have greater influence to N and P removal than organics removal process. Prolonging HRT and increasing reflux ratio contribute to improve nitrification efficiency and N/P removal effect to some extent. It is shown that under the optimum parameter conditions:HRT is10h, inner recycling ratio is200%, the effect of pollutants removal is the best. In addition, the process could achieve high COD removal efficiency in a relatively short period of HRT (6h) and small reflux ratio (100%), which reflects the strong resistance to organic load capacity.
②Dosing methanol could improve removal effect of N and P while it has little influence to the removal performance of COD and NH3-N. The results indicate that, the efficiency of N and P removal process is not apparent, tending to be stable when the dosing quantity of methanol is more than40mg/L. And the optimum dosing range of methanol is20-40mg/L. Study on the influence of nitrate N to P removal effect of P enrichment bacteria in anaerobic zone indicates that the release P characteristic P of enrichment bacteria will be obviously inhibited when nitrate N concentrations is more than2mg/L in anaerobic zone. The influence on dosing methanol to the performance of release P of P enrichment bacteria is not obvious.
③Three kinds of chemicals, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) and polyaluminium sulfate (PAS), could strengthen P removal function of treatment process. And the effluent quality can meet the first class of A standard while the optimum dosing quantity of chemicals is40mg/L PAC in the front of secondary sedimentation tank.
(2) Study on the treatment effect and process parameters of high efficiency fibrous filter chamber to effluent of A2/O
①The filter water turbidity could be reduced to1NTU or less in4min when the initial speed of fibrous filter chamber are10m/h,20m/h,30m/h,40m/h. In addition, the effluent turbidities from fibrous filter chamber are all below1NTU in different turbidities and initial filter speeds, and there are long running period and get a good result in backwashing.
②The optimum operation parameters were obtained with the filter speed of20m/h and filtration cycle22h. The periodic quantity of water produce is440m3/m2and water consumption rate of backwashing is about3%.
③The COD removal rate of suspended substances is above56%by fibrous filter chamber in the optimum operating conditions, while it does not work with the dissolution of COD.
(3) Commissioning and operation of field process
①The pilot plant test results indicate that the optimum operating condition of Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd Plant2is HRT10-12h, inner and external recycling ratio150-200%and100%and sludge age20d.
②The effluent of A2/O were added chemicals, post further processed by high efficiency fibrous filter chamber and UV disinfection measure. And the final effluent water quality could reach the first class of A standard.
③Compared with the influent quality before transformation, a significant change was discovered in Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd Plant2, under the influence of South-to-North Water Transfer Project and municipal water supply network construction in Jinan City. At present, carbon source could meet the need of process.
(4) Preparation technology of bacterial manure by active sludge
①The analysis of sludge properties of Guangda water resources Jinan Co., Ltd indicate that the sludge are rich in organic matter and plant nutrition ingredient while the heavy metals concentrations was low, which can meet the requirements of farmland application.
②The composting effect, fermentation time and temperature of the fertilizer composition of sludge, rice husk and mushroom residue are much better than the composition of sludge, rice husk, peat and fly ash. And the most feasible conditions to prepare bacterial manure are the ratio of dewatered sludge, rice husk and mushroom residue is57.25:16.20:24.50.
③It is beneficial to high efficient fermentative material for dosing compound bacteria with0.2%-0.3%during the composting process. And it could provide a suitable micro-ecological environment for crops adding beneficial bacteria.
④It could improve fertilizer efficiency of bacterial manure, enhance the crops' resistance to disease and the final product could reach the national standard of biological organic fertilizer (NY884-2004), adding bacillus subtilis after the material fermentation.
引文
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