规模化畜禽养殖业控制外部环境成本的补贴政策研究
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摘要
随着畜禽养殖业的发展,特别是畜禽养殖规模化程度的提高,畜禽养殖废弃物排放大量增加,给环境造成了很大的压力。畜禽养殖成为农业生态环境、农村生活环境的重要污染源,生态破坏和环境污染问题成为制约畜禽养殖业可持续发展的最为重要的因素。基于外部环境成本控制行为的补贴政策可以激励畜禽养殖者治理污染,是畜禽养殖业发展与农村环境保护一体化的政策。
本论文是关于规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的理论与实证研究：首先界定了规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的内涵与构成,展示并比较分析了规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的政策工具,在此基础上重点研究补贴政策作用于规模化畜禽养殖业外部环境成本控制行为的机理及其构成要素,形成了研究的理论框架；补贴标准的定量化是补贴政策研究的核心问题,论文以重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场(户)沼气工程建造补贴为例,在估算重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的基础上,分别基于沼气工程的外部环境成本控制效果和养殖者的接受补贴意愿确定了补贴标准的量值范围；合理的补贴方式是保障补贴政策顺利实施的关键,论文通过对畜禽养殖者的补贴方式意愿调查,分析了畜禽养殖者的补贴方式偏好,确定了外部环境成本控制补贴的方式；养殖者响应补贴政策的意愿受到多种因素的影响,论文运用实地调研数据,采用计量经济模型,研究了养殖者响应政府外部环境成本控制补贴政策意愿的显著影响因素；最后,论文基于以上理论与实证研究,提出了完善我国规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的建议。
本研究得出以下基本结论：
1.经过估算,2009年重庆市规模化畜禽养殖的外部环境成本约为15.71亿元,相当于当年畜牧业总产值的4.92%,以猪单位换算,平均每个出栏猪单位的外部环境成本高达99.86元。因此,对畜禽养殖污染治理上,如果拘泥于“谁污染,谁治理”的原则,高昂的污染治理费用将是养殖者难以承受的,势必影响畜禽养殖产业发展。在各种外部环境成本控制政策中,补贴政策可以较好地避开技术操作层面的问题,激励养殖者对污染物进行减量化、无害化处理和资源化利用,同时通过分摊畜禽养殖者污染治理行为所增加的私人成本,不至于增加养殖者的负担。因此,在当前我国支农扶农的大政策背景下,应结合我国畜禽养殖行业特征以及畜禽养殖污染的特点,制定科学的补贴政策,与其他环境政策工具构成我国规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的政策组合,引导养殖者采纳清洁生产技术,从源头减少污染,控制畜禽养殖产生的外部环境成本,实现畜禽养殖业发展和农村环境保护的一体化,走可持续发展道路。
2.规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的基本要素包括补贴主体、补贴客体、补贴标准以及补贴方式等。其中,补贴标准的定量化是补贴政策研究的核心问题：从政府的角度出发,补贴额度不能超过畜禽养殖者采取污染控制措施后削减的外部环境成本；从养殖者角度出发,原则上补贴标准应能保证畜禽养殖者接受补贴采取外部环境成本控制技术以后,经济净收益不降低或有所增加,以激励其控制外部环境成本的行为；在实践中,还应通过调查畜禽养殖者的补贴标准意愿(WTA),作为确定最终补贴标准量值的参考。在重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本估算结果的基础上,论文分析了当前主要的畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制技术模式——沼气工程技术模式的环境经济效益,理论上如果重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场(户)的畜禽粪便均采用沼气工程项目进行污染治理,最少可以削减外部环境成本11.55亿元,占2009年重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的73.52%,以此为依据,估算出通过建造和使用沼气工程对重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本进行控制的效果可以达到367元/m3,此数值可以作为沼气工程建造补贴标准的上限；对于养殖者来说,不同的沼气工程副产品(沼气、沼液和沼渣)财务收入转化率水平下盈亏平衡点不同,需要政府提供的补贴额度也不同。通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿调查,估算出养殖者希望获得的沼气工程建造补贴标准平均为沼气工程建造成本的40.18%,以重庆市沼气工程的平均造价为依据,补贴标准约为334元/m3,此标准低于沼气技术对畜禽养殖外部环境成本的削减值,可以作为确定最终补贴标准量值的参考。
3.通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿进行调查,发现：大多数的规模化畜禽养殖场(户)愿意响应政府补贴政策(建造或扩建沼气处理设施),说明政府以补贴手段激励养殖者的外部环境成本控制行为是有效的；规模化畜禽养殖场(户)更偏好于现金补贴方式,同时也渴求政府提供技术指导方式的补贴；养殖者不愿意响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的主要原因是“沼气工程建造成本和维护费用太高”以及“缺乏技术指导”,说明了政府补贴分摊养殖者污染防治成本以及提供技术服务补贴的必要性。
4.通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策意愿影响因素的实证研究,发现养殖者是否响应政府补贴政策进行外部环境成本控制,受到多种因素的影响,其中：外部环境成本控制技术给养殖者带来的净收益、养殖者对畜禽养殖污染程度的评价、政府环境监督力度与养殖者响应政策的意愿显著相关,因此政府需要以多种配套措施激励养殖者响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策。
本文提出以下政策建议：
1.建立用于规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的专项补贴
目前,我国尚无用于规模化畜禽养殖场(户)污染治理的国家层面专项补贴资金,仅靠少数地方政府或环保、畜牧管理部门利用自有资金进行小额污染防治补贴,补贴力度不足,很难给养殖者控制外部环境成本的行为提供动力。应建立用于规模化畜禽养殖场(户)污染治理的专项补贴,以区别于支持畜禽养殖业发展的补贴,在政府预算中单列出充足的补贴项目资金,以保证补贴政策的实施有相应的财源保障和财政资金的合理、高效及科学的使用,使对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)外部环境成本控制的补贴成为长效机制。
2.科学制定补贴方案,积极实施补贴政策
我国现有的规模化畜禽养殖污染治理补贴政策存在着补贴覆盖面较小,补贴方式单一,补贴环节不足等问题。应扩大补贴对象范围,激励更多的规模化畜禽养殖者采纳污染控制技术,建造污染治理设施；丰富现有补贴方式,在现金补贴方式之外,考虑合理配置其他补贴方式；在补贴环节上,应增加对污染物韵资源化利用以及有机肥施用等环节的补贴,激励养殖者不仅建造、而且积极使用污染治理设施；在补贴政策的具体实施上,采用“后补助”或“以奖代补”的形式,避免部分养殖者建造污染治理设施“等、靠、要”的想法,提高养殖者建造污染治理设施的积极性。
3.建立与完善补贴政策的配套措施
外部环境成本控制技术的采纳能够给养殖者带来的净收益,养殖者对畜禽养殖污染程度的评价、政府的环保监督力度等因素对养殖者响应政府外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿有显著影响,因此,政府应该建立与完善相关配套措施,形成有效的激励—约束机制,以提高政府补贴政策的效率。具体包括：建立长效机制提高污染治理行为的经济收益；加强环保教育,强化养殖者对规模化畜禽养殖污染的认知,提高其治理污染的自觉性；加强环保监督力度,组合使用环境政策工具等。
The development of animal husbandry, especially the scaled livestock and poultry cultivation brings about increasing wastes which put substantial pressure on the environment. Livestock and poultry breeding has been sources of pollution in agricultural ecology and rural lives, and in turn problems of ecological damage and environmental pollution constrained sustainable development of animal husbandry. Since the subsidy policy of external environment cost control can encourage breeders to reduce pollution from livestock and poultry. The control of external environmental cost becomes an integrative policy to balance the development of animal husbandry and protection of rural environment.
This thesis focuse on theoretical and empirical studies of the scaled livestock and poultry breeding and subsidy policy of external environmental cost. It first defines the connotation and formation of external environment cost, then extends to policy means which restrained the external cost in breeding livestock and poultry, and finally put an emphasis on the essence, theoretical grounds and mechanism of external cost control so that the framework of this study was set up. Quantitive study on subsidy standard is one of the core issues, and the thesis takes an example of the biogas construction allowance for scaled livestock and poultry breeders (households) in Chongqing city. It estimated the range of subsidy standard value; analyzed factors that affected breeders'response to subsidy policy, and finally, based on the above theoretical and empirical research, put forward to policy suggestions to perfect subsidy policy of external environmental cost control in large-scale animal husbandry in China.
The study came to essential conclusions as follows:
First, the external environment cost of scaled animal husbandry in Chongqing city in2009is around1.571billion RMB by estimation,4.92%of total value of livestock output, which means average external environment cost of each hog for sale is as high as99.86RMB. High cost of pollution abatement is so high that animal breeders cannot afford, therefore the principle of "Those who created pollution to clearing it up" will hinder the development of our industry of livestock and poultry cultivation. The integration of environmental policy instruments is suggested to put emphases on both "big stick" and "carrot", that means the government is supposed to make subsidy policy of motivation, to share private cost resulted from pollution abatement in raising animals, to guide breeders to decrease sources of pollution by clean production such as the use of biogas, to control external environment cost in animal husbandry, to achieve the win-win target of industrial development and environmental protection and finally to realize sustainable development.
Second, the subsidy policy of external cost control in scaled breeding includes essential factors such as the subject, object, standard and forms of subsidy with the core issue of quantitive standard of subsidy. Subsidy, from the standpoint of the government is supposed not to higher than the external environment cost resulted from pollution abatement by animal breeders; and from the standpoint of breeders subsidy is suggested to ensure the breeders'income that will increase or at least not decrease when they take measures to control external environment cost. In practice, the final subsidy standard refers to WTA of animal breeders.
With the estimation of external environment cost in large scale livestock and poultry cultivation in the city of Chongqing, this paper analyzes the environmental economic benefits of current technical model in controlling external environmental cost--biogas engineering. Theoretically, application of biogas technology in disposal of animal wastes will reduce1.155billion RMB external environment cost of water pollution and greenhouse effect which can be referred as total amount of biogas engineering allowance in Chongqing City.
The construction of each cubic meter biogas engineering will decrease367RMB external environment cost, which can be taken as top limit of biogas subsidy. Various by products of biogas have different financial percent conversion and breakeven point which require different amount of subsidy from government. The study investigated the WAT of breeders to respond to subsidy policy of external environment cost control in large scale cultivation, and estimated breeders expected subsidy standard of334RMB per cubic meter for biogas engineering which can be referred as final subsidy for it is lower than external environment cost.
By surveying the WAT of breeders to respond to subsidy policy of external environment cost control in large scale cultivation, the case of biogas engineering shows that most scaled breeding farmers are willing to respond to government subsidy policy to construct facilities of biogas that means the motivation policy to control external environment cost is effective, that scaled breeding farmers expect subsidy standard averages40.18%of biogas engineering; that scaled breeding farmers prefer to cash subsidy and need other subsidy such as technical guidance from government; that major barriers to respond subsidy policy are "excessive maintenance cost" and "shortage of technical guidance" that confirmed the necessity to share external environment cost of breeders and to provide technical support subsidy.
By empirical study on factors influencing breeders' response to subsidy policy in controlling external environment cost, the thesis found that whether breeders respond to government subsidy policy is affected by multi factors such as net benefits from technology of external environment cost control, assessment of pollution degree from animal raising, government supervision of environment and the willing of farmers to respond. The government needs to design integrated measures to motivate animal breeders to respond to control external environment control for these factors are of remarkable correlation.
The thesis put forward to policy suggestion as follows:
First, there is no special subsidy for pollution abatement of scaled animal husbandry besides small amounts of subsidies from authorities of local governments, environmental protection or animal husbandry; consequently the insufficient subsidy can hardly propel animal breeders to treat problems of pollution. It is suggested to establish special subsidy for pollution abatement by scaled breeding which is different from other subsidies to support breeding industry, to arrange enough finance for special subsidy in budget, to guarantee the finance and its proper use with high efficiency, and finally to establish long-term mechanism that control external environment cost.
Second, it is suggested to make scientific plan of subsidy and implement subsidy policies actively. The present subsidy polices have the problems such as small coverage, single means, insufficient amounts etc. that requires to strengthen financial subsidy, to expand subjects of subsidy, and to encourage breeders of scaled production to employ pollution-control technology and/or construct pollution abatement facilities. It is also advised to provide additional means of subsidy besides cash, for instance, the availability of biogas technical service, the establishment of technical stations, the supply of discount loan to breeders who build pollution control facilities, tax deductions to breeders who are active to control pollution to increase their internal rate of return, subsidy increase for pollution control facilities operation, reuse of wastes and manure application, etc.. When implementing subsidy polices, it is recommended to give subsidy afterwards or replace subsidy by award in order to improve their motivation of pollution abatement and avoid "just waiting, depending and claiming".
Third, it is suggested to establish and complete supporting measures of subsidy policies. Some factors, for instance, net benefits from pollution abatement, farmers' assessment of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding, and governmental supervisor of environment protection, have great influences upon breeders willing to respond subsidy policies, therefore the government is supposed to establish and perfect supporting measures to promote efficiency of government subsidy. The supporting measures include the following:to increase economic benefits by establishing long term mechanism, to strengthen environmental education and increase the recognition of pollution from scaled husbandry, to promote consciousness of pollution treatment, to strengthen environmental supervision and to integrate policy instruments of environment policies.
The thesis has innovations as follows:
First, it innovated the content of study by systematical investigation of internal mechanism to control external environment cost. It also illustrated the theoretical grounds of subsidy polices, and designed the structural factors of subsidy policy, and empirically surveyed the factors influencing breeders willing to respond to polies.
Second, it did quantitive researches on subsidy standard both theoretically and empirically, which is one of the essential factors to control external environment cost and has a fresh perspective for study.
本论文是关于规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的理论与实证研究：首先界定了规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的内涵与构成,展示并比较分析了规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的政策工具,在此基础上重点研究补贴政策作用于规模化畜禽养殖业外部环境成本控制行为的机理及其构成要素,形成了研究的理论框架；补贴标准的定量化是补贴政策研究的核心问题,论文以重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场(户)沼气工程建造补贴为例,在估算重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的基础上,分别基于沼气工程的外部环境成本控制效果和养殖者的接受补贴意愿确定了补贴标准的量值范围；合理的补贴方式是保障补贴政策顺利实施的关键,论文通过对畜禽养殖者的补贴方式意愿调查,分析了畜禽养殖者的补贴方式偏好,确定了外部环境成本控制补贴的方式；养殖者响应补贴政策的意愿受到多种因素的影响,论文运用实地调研数据,采用计量经济模型,研究了养殖者响应政府外部环境成本控制补贴政策意愿的显著影响因素；最后,论文基于以上理论与实证研究,提出了完善我国规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的建议。
本研究得出以下基本结论：
1.经过估算,2009年重庆市规模化畜禽养殖的外部环境成本约为15.71亿元,相当于当年畜牧业总产值的4.92%,以猪单位换算,平均每个出栏猪单位的外部环境成本高达99.86元。因此,对畜禽养殖污染治理上,如果拘泥于“谁污染,谁治理”的原则,高昂的污染治理费用将是养殖者难以承受的,势必影响畜禽养殖产业发展。在各种外部环境成本控制政策中,补贴政策可以较好地避开技术操作层面的问题,激励养殖者对污染物进行减量化、无害化处理和资源化利用,同时通过分摊畜禽养殖者污染治理行为所增加的私人成本,不至于增加养殖者的负担。因此,在当前我国支农扶农的大政策背景下,应结合我国畜禽养殖行业特征以及畜禽养殖污染的特点,制定科学的补贴政策,与其他环境政策工具构成我国规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的政策组合,引导养殖者采纳清洁生产技术,从源头减少污染,控制畜禽养殖产生的外部环境成本,实现畜禽养殖业发展和农村环境保护的一体化,走可持续发展道路。
2.规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制补贴政策的基本要素包括补贴主体、补贴客体、补贴标准以及补贴方式等。其中,补贴标准的定量化是补贴政策研究的核心问题：从政府的角度出发,补贴额度不能超过畜禽养殖者采取污染控制措施后削减的外部环境成本；从养殖者角度出发,原则上补贴标准应能保证畜禽养殖者接受补贴采取外部环境成本控制技术以后,经济净收益不降低或有所增加,以激励其控制外部环境成本的行为；在实践中,还应通过调查畜禽养殖者的补贴标准意愿(WTA),作为确定最终补贴标准量值的参考。在重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本估算结果的基础上,论文分析了当前主要的畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制技术模式——沼气工程技术模式的环境经济效益,理论上如果重庆市规模化畜禽养殖场(户)的畜禽粪便均采用沼气工程项目进行污染治理,最少可以削减外部环境成本11.55亿元,占2009年重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本的73.52%,以此为依据,估算出通过建造和使用沼气工程对重庆市规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本进行控制的效果可以达到367元/m3,此数值可以作为沼气工程建造补贴标准的上限；对于养殖者来说,不同的沼气工程副产品(沼气、沼液和沼渣)财务收入转化率水平下盈亏平衡点不同,需要政府提供的补贴额度也不同。通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿调查,估算出养殖者希望获得的沼气工程建造补贴标准平均为沼气工程建造成本的40.18%,以重庆市沼气工程的平均造价为依据,补贴标准约为334元/m3,此标准低于沼气技术对畜禽养殖外部环境成本的削减值,可以作为确定最终补贴标准量值的参考。
3.通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿进行调查,发现：大多数的规模化畜禽养殖场(户)愿意响应政府补贴政策(建造或扩建沼气处理设施),说明政府以补贴手段激励养殖者的外部环境成本控制行为是有效的；规模化畜禽养殖场(户)更偏好于现金补贴方式,同时也渴求政府提供技术指导方式的补贴；养殖者不愿意响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策的主要原因是“沼气工程建造成本和维护费用太高”以及“缺乏技术指导”,说明了政府补贴分摊养殖者污染防治成本以及提供技术服务补贴的必要性。
4.通过对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策意愿影响因素的实证研究,发现养殖者是否响应政府补贴政策进行外部环境成本控制,受到多种因素的影响,其中：外部环境成本控制技术给养殖者带来的净收益、养殖者对畜禽养殖污染程度的评价、政府环境监督力度与养殖者响应政策的意愿显著相关,因此政府需要以多种配套措施激励养殖者响应外部环境成本控制补贴政策。
本文提出以下政策建议：
1.建立用于规模化畜禽养殖外部环境成本控制的专项补贴
目前,我国尚无用于规模化畜禽养殖场(户)污染治理的国家层面专项补贴资金,仅靠少数地方政府或环保、畜牧管理部门利用自有资金进行小额污染防治补贴,补贴力度不足,很难给养殖者控制外部环境成本的行为提供动力。应建立用于规模化畜禽养殖场(户)污染治理的专项补贴,以区别于支持畜禽养殖业发展的补贴,在政府预算中单列出充足的补贴项目资金,以保证补贴政策的实施有相应的财源保障和财政资金的合理、高效及科学的使用,使对规模化畜禽养殖场(户)外部环境成本控制的补贴成为长效机制。
2.科学制定补贴方案,积极实施补贴政策
我国现有的规模化畜禽养殖污染治理补贴政策存在着补贴覆盖面较小,补贴方式单一,补贴环节不足等问题。应扩大补贴对象范围,激励更多的规模化畜禽养殖者采纳污染控制技术,建造污染治理设施；丰富现有补贴方式,在现金补贴方式之外,考虑合理配置其他补贴方式；在补贴环节上,应增加对污染物韵资源化利用以及有机肥施用等环节的补贴,激励养殖者不仅建造、而且积极使用污染治理设施；在补贴政策的具体实施上,采用“后补助”或“以奖代补”的形式,避免部分养殖者建造污染治理设施“等、靠、要”的想法,提高养殖者建造污染治理设施的积极性。
3.建立与完善补贴政策的配套措施
外部环境成本控制技术的采纳能够给养殖者带来的净收益,养殖者对畜禽养殖污染程度的评价、政府的环保监督力度等因素对养殖者响应政府外部环境成本控制补贴政策的意愿有显著影响,因此,政府应该建立与完善相关配套措施,形成有效的激励—约束机制,以提高政府补贴政策的效率。具体包括：建立长效机制提高污染治理行为的经济收益；加强环保教育,强化养殖者对规模化畜禽养殖污染的认知,提高其治理污染的自觉性；加强环保监督力度,组合使用环境政策工具等。
The development of animal husbandry, especially the scaled livestock and poultry cultivation brings about increasing wastes which put substantial pressure on the environment. Livestock and poultry breeding has been sources of pollution in agricultural ecology and rural lives, and in turn problems of ecological damage and environmental pollution constrained sustainable development of animal husbandry. Since the subsidy policy of external environment cost control can encourage breeders to reduce pollution from livestock and poultry. The control of external environmental cost becomes an integrative policy to balance the development of animal husbandry and protection of rural environment.
This thesis focuse on theoretical and empirical studies of the scaled livestock and poultry breeding and subsidy policy of external environmental cost. It first defines the connotation and formation of external environment cost, then extends to policy means which restrained the external cost in breeding livestock and poultry, and finally put an emphasis on the essence, theoretical grounds and mechanism of external cost control so that the framework of this study was set up. Quantitive study on subsidy standard is one of the core issues, and the thesis takes an example of the biogas construction allowance for scaled livestock and poultry breeders (households) in Chongqing city. It estimated the range of subsidy standard value; analyzed factors that affected breeders'response to subsidy policy, and finally, based on the above theoretical and empirical research, put forward to policy suggestions to perfect subsidy policy of external environmental cost control in large-scale animal husbandry in China.
The study came to essential conclusions as follows:
First, the external environment cost of scaled animal husbandry in Chongqing city in2009is around1.571billion RMB by estimation,4.92%of total value of livestock output, which means average external environment cost of each hog for sale is as high as99.86RMB. High cost of pollution abatement is so high that animal breeders cannot afford, therefore the principle of "Those who created pollution to clearing it up" will hinder the development of our industry of livestock and poultry cultivation. The integration of environmental policy instruments is suggested to put emphases on both "big stick" and "carrot", that means the government is supposed to make subsidy policy of motivation, to share private cost resulted from pollution abatement in raising animals, to guide breeders to decrease sources of pollution by clean production such as the use of biogas, to control external environment cost in animal husbandry, to achieve the win-win target of industrial development and environmental protection and finally to realize sustainable development.
Second, the subsidy policy of external cost control in scaled breeding includes essential factors such as the subject, object, standard and forms of subsidy with the core issue of quantitive standard of subsidy. Subsidy, from the standpoint of the government is supposed not to higher than the external environment cost resulted from pollution abatement by animal breeders; and from the standpoint of breeders subsidy is suggested to ensure the breeders'income that will increase or at least not decrease when they take measures to control external environment cost. In practice, the final subsidy standard refers to WTA of animal breeders.
With the estimation of external environment cost in large scale livestock and poultry cultivation in the city of Chongqing, this paper analyzes the environmental economic benefits of current technical model in controlling external environmental cost--biogas engineering. Theoretically, application of biogas technology in disposal of animal wastes will reduce1.155billion RMB external environment cost of water pollution and greenhouse effect which can be referred as total amount of biogas engineering allowance in Chongqing City.
The construction of each cubic meter biogas engineering will decrease367RMB external environment cost, which can be taken as top limit of biogas subsidy. Various by products of biogas have different financial percent conversion and breakeven point which require different amount of subsidy from government. The study investigated the WAT of breeders to respond to subsidy policy of external environment cost control in large scale cultivation, and estimated breeders expected subsidy standard of334RMB per cubic meter for biogas engineering which can be referred as final subsidy for it is lower than external environment cost.
By surveying the WAT of breeders to respond to subsidy policy of external environment cost control in large scale cultivation, the case of biogas engineering shows that most scaled breeding farmers are willing to respond to government subsidy policy to construct facilities of biogas that means the motivation policy to control external environment cost is effective, that scaled breeding farmers expect subsidy standard averages40.18%of biogas engineering; that scaled breeding farmers prefer to cash subsidy and need other subsidy such as technical guidance from government; that major barriers to respond subsidy policy are "excessive maintenance cost" and "shortage of technical guidance" that confirmed the necessity to share external environment cost of breeders and to provide technical support subsidy.
By empirical study on factors influencing breeders' response to subsidy policy in controlling external environment cost, the thesis found that whether breeders respond to government subsidy policy is affected by multi factors such as net benefits from technology of external environment cost control, assessment of pollution degree from animal raising, government supervision of environment and the willing of farmers to respond. The government needs to design integrated measures to motivate animal breeders to respond to control external environment control for these factors are of remarkable correlation.
The thesis put forward to policy suggestion as follows:
First, there is no special subsidy for pollution abatement of scaled animal husbandry besides small amounts of subsidies from authorities of local governments, environmental protection or animal husbandry; consequently the insufficient subsidy can hardly propel animal breeders to treat problems of pollution. It is suggested to establish special subsidy for pollution abatement by scaled breeding which is different from other subsidies to support breeding industry, to arrange enough finance for special subsidy in budget, to guarantee the finance and its proper use with high efficiency, and finally to establish long-term mechanism that control external environment cost.
Second, it is suggested to make scientific plan of subsidy and implement subsidy policies actively. The present subsidy polices have the problems such as small coverage, single means, insufficient amounts etc. that requires to strengthen financial subsidy, to expand subjects of subsidy, and to encourage breeders of scaled production to employ pollution-control technology and/or construct pollution abatement facilities. It is also advised to provide additional means of subsidy besides cash, for instance, the availability of biogas technical service, the establishment of technical stations, the supply of discount loan to breeders who build pollution control facilities, tax deductions to breeders who are active to control pollution to increase their internal rate of return, subsidy increase for pollution control facilities operation, reuse of wastes and manure application, etc.. When implementing subsidy polices, it is recommended to give subsidy afterwards or replace subsidy by award in order to improve their motivation of pollution abatement and avoid "just waiting, depending and claiming".
Third, it is suggested to establish and complete supporting measures of subsidy policies. Some factors, for instance, net benefits from pollution abatement, farmers' assessment of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding, and governmental supervisor of environment protection, have great influences upon breeders willing to respond subsidy policies, therefore the government is supposed to establish and perfect supporting measures to promote efficiency of government subsidy. The supporting measures include the following:to increase economic benefits by establishing long term mechanism, to strengthen environmental education and increase the recognition of pollution from scaled husbandry, to promote consciousness of pollution treatment, to strengthen environmental supervision and to integrate policy instruments of environment policies.
The thesis has innovations as follows:
First, it innovated the content of study by systematical investigation of internal mechanism to control external environment cost. It also illustrated the theoretical grounds of subsidy polices, and designed the structural factors of subsidy policy, and empirically surveyed the factors influencing breeders willing to respond to polies.
Second, it did quantitive researches on subsidy standard both theoretically and empirically, which is one of the essential factors to control external environment cost and has a fresh perspective for study.
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