车内声品质主客观评价与控制方法研究
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摘要
随着现代社会工业日益发达，汽车的概念正由“代步工具”向“生活空间”发展和延伸，由此，人们选购汽车的性能标准除节能、安全、少污染之外，对乘坐舒适性的要求也越来越高。汽车车内噪声品质是最直观反映汽车产品品质以及影响顾客购买心理的重要指标，不同类型的汽车因其使用需求的不同其声品质特性也有较大差异，因此根据车辆功能、风格的不同以及车况和行驶条件的差异应实施相应有针对性的车内声品质主动控制。该方法可以有效避免单纯利用A声级对声音进行测量描述的片面性，克服被动噪声控制对低频噪声控制效果差的缺点，解决为改善车内声品质而增加吸隔声材料导致的生产和运输成本增加及开发周期延长等问题，实现根据驾乘者偏好对车内噪声进行个性化定制。
本论文结合国家自然科学基金项目“车内噪声品质分析评价及其自适应主动控制方法研究”(50975119)，围绕车内噪声品质分析评价方法和主动控制策略等方面的问题展开研究，建立与主观评价结果相一致的声品质客观评价模型，研究可以全面准确描述声品质听觉属性的评价指标，力求从根本上掌握车内噪声品质频谱特性，寻求科学合理的车内噪声品质评价和控制方法，以解决理论和工程实践中广泛关注的车内噪声品质主、客观评价及主动噪声控制策略对于不同功能和不同风格汽车的适应性等问题。主要研究内容如下：
1）在确定车内声品质主、客观评价指标的基础上，分析和计算车内声品质的客观物理声学参量，构建与主观评价结果一致的车内声品质客观物理声学参量评价模型。以10辆家用轿车在不同稳态行驶工况下采集到的182个车内噪声样本为研究对象，选取其中有代表性的50个噪声样本，依据响度、尖锐度、粗糙度和抖动度4项心理声学客观评价参量数值和基于语义细分法的声品质主观评价结果，分别利用多元线性回归法、BP神经网络、广义回归神经网络及支持向量机回归原理4种方法构建车内声品质主客观评价模型，对比分析4种建模方法对于车内声品质评价的准确性和可靠性，相比较而言，支持向量机非线性回归预测模型精度高、泛化能力强、更适合解决小样本的非线性映射问题。
2）综合考虑声品质的多维度特性，在搜集整理大量国内外参考文献及汽车企业采用的车内噪声评价指标的基础上，结合国人对声音感受的描述习惯，利用专家主观打分法和主成分分析法及因子分析法对指标进行筛选，以准确、全面、客观、真实反映人耳感受为原则，建立了由“强度”、“音调音色”、“稳定感”、“心理情感”及“指向性”5个维度组成共包含12项评价指标的“车内声品质主观评价量表”。利用该量表进行主观评价试验，分别对评价者性别、年龄构成、声品质偏好、是否具有声学经验4项影响因素进行了分析，获得并分析了因群体特性不同引起的差异性评价结果。
3）结合我国国民的声学偏好，分析24个Bark尺度各声压幅值与听觉感受之间的关系，构建“车内声品质主观评价量表”中12项评价指标与Bark尺度各频段声压幅值之间的关系模型。基于该模型，利用LMS及B&K pulse软件对182车内噪声样本按临界频带划分后的声压幅值计算结果以及SVM声品质评价模型预测出的12项主观评价指标结果，初步形成不同音质特性的次级声源驱动信号库，构建“豪华感声品质”“运动感声品质”频谱特性模型。通过分析声音频域信息与主观评价值之间的联系，提出以声品质主动均衡化方法作为控制策略的思想。
4）基于3种多目标多属性决策方法，提出针对不同研究需求的车内噪声综合评价方法。分别利用模糊综合评价、基于熵权的TOPSIS方法、基于语言信息的多时段多属性决策方法以及基于对方案有偏好的语言多属性决策方法，研究多被测车辆、多运行工况下具有多评价指标的车内噪声综合评价问题，并用实例验证方法的有效性。
5）利用声品质主动均衡化方法，分别确定了“豪华感音质模式”或“运动感音质模式”下的声品质控制策略，提出分别以各Bark尺度中心频率为主频发出与初级噪声信号相位相同或相反的不同强度简谐信号，实现增强或抵消各频段初级噪声的控制方法。以上述研究为理论基础，设计开发80C51F120型单片机为硬件核心的声品质主动控制器，构建构建车内声品质主动控制系统。利用某国产轿车在4种稳态行驶工况时副驾驶员两耳旁声品质主动控制试验，验证声品质主动控制方法的有效性和可行性。
With the advance of modern industry, vehicle’s concept are developing from rideinstrument instead of walk to living space, so besides good performance such asenergy saving, safety and less pollusion, there is a growing emphasis on vehicle’s ridecomfort performance. Vehicle interior sound quality is an important index forintuitively reflecting the quality of automotive products and influencing customers’purchase psychology. Considering the variety of use demand of different types of cars,its sound quality characteristics are also quite different. Therefore, adopting effectmethod for evaluating and applying whatever active control strategies to improvevehicle interior sound quality according to the vehicle’s function and style areimportant research points. Though introducing advanced evaluation methods ofvehicle interior sound quality and active control technology, one-sidedness ofadopting the sound level A for measuring and describing sound is effectively avoided,and the disadvantage of passive noise control which has unsatisfied effect forlow-frequency noise control is well overcome, and many problems such as increasedproduction costs and longer development cycle lead by adding the absorption ofsound insulation material are perfectly solved, and individual customization of thevehicle interior noise based on the acoustic preference of driver and passengers couldbe commendably carried out as well.
Combined with the national natural science foundation project called “Researchon Analysis Evaluation And Adaptive Active Control for Sound Quality of VehicleInterior Noise(50975119)”,evaluation and active control of vehicle interior soundquality are studied. In view to the related researches, the aims of this paper are tomaster the essence of interior sound quality spectral characteristics, investigate forscientific and reasonable evaluation and control methods, and solve the theory and engineering problems such as subjective and objective evaluation and the adaption ofactive control method for different type vehicles. Specific contents are as following:
1) Though systemic analysis and study, objective and subjective evaluationindexes of vehicle interior sound quality are determined, then objective physicalacoustic parameters are analyzed and calculated, and the objective physical acousticparameters evaluation model which have consistent results with subjective evaluationhas been well established. Applying182interior noise samples collected by10familycars at different steady-state running conditions for the study, and according to therepresentatively selected50noise samples, objective evaluation with fourpsychoacoustic objective evaluation parameters, which contents loudness, sharpness,roughness and jitter degree based on semantic differential method have been done.Then respectively using multiple linear regression, BP neural networks, generalizedregression neural network and support vector regression principle, four kinds ofevaluation models for are vehicle interior sound quality are established. Predictionresults show that the effects of the4kinds of evaluation models.
2) Considering the multidimensional characteristics, collecting the vehicleinterior noise evaluation indexes listed by the reference literature and automotiveenterprises in our nation and abroad, and combined with the describing habits ofdomestic people for sound feeling, many suitable evaluation indexes are selected byscoring and principal component analysis and the noise quality subjective evaluationscale which could accurately and objectively reflect human ear feelings areestablished. Then according to the validity analysis and truth test,12evaluationindexes which contents loud and quite, stiff and weak, motive, sharp and deep, fulland thin, irritability and calm, directivity, are adopt. Though subjective evaluationexperiments with the evaluation scale, difference analysis of evaluators gender, age,sound quality preference and whether acoustic experience are implemented, anddifference evaluation results caused by group identity are obtained.
3) Combined with our national people’s acoustic preference, relationshipsbetween sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains and auditory perception are analyzed by subjective evaluation test and the relational model of12evaluationindexes and the sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains is established.UsingLMS and B&K pulse software,182vehicle interior noise samples is divided bycritical frequency band and then the amplitude of the sound pressure is calculated.Integrated with the subjective evaluation results of the12indexes predicted by theSVM noise quality evaluation models, relational model of12evaluation indexes andthe sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains are established by multiplelinear regression. And secondary sound source drive signal library of different soundquality characteristics is preliminary informed, then spectrum characteristic models ofluxury sound quality and sporty sound quality are established and relationshipsbetween sound audio domain information and subjective evaluation values areanalyzed.
4) Comprehensive interior noise evaluation methods for different research needsare proposed by multi-target and multi-attribute decision method. Conventionalresearches on vehicle interior noise evaluation are limited to single-attribute ormulti-attribute of single stationary noise, and comprehensive researches onmulti-attribute of multi stationary noise is very rare. In this paper, series of method,such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, TOPSIS method based on entropy weight,multi-period multi-attribute decision-making methods based on linguistic informationand language multi-attribute decision-making method based on preferred program arereasonably applied and their effects are verified by many examples.
5) According to the sound quality active the equalization control strategy of theluxury quality mode or sporty sound mode, different strength harmonic signals withsame phase or opposite phase of primary noise signals are transmitted based on theCenter frequency of the Bark threshold as dominant frequency, then the aim ofenhance or offset initial noise of each frequency could be achieved. Simulation modelof vehicle interior sound quality active control system is established and developed inMatlab/Simulink environment to verify the validity of the above algorithm. And basedon the introduced theory, vehicle interior sound quality active controller is developed by using80C51F120type microcontroller hardware. The active control test results forthe noise around two ears of copilot of a domestic car in4kinds of steady statedriving conditions show the perfect validity and feasibility of the sound quality activecontrol algorithm.
本论文结合国家自然科学基金项目“车内噪声品质分析评价及其自适应主动控制方法研究”(50975119)，围绕车内噪声品质分析评价方法和主动控制策略等方面的问题展开研究，建立与主观评价结果相一致的声品质客观评价模型，研究可以全面准确描述声品质听觉属性的评价指标，力求从根本上掌握车内噪声品质频谱特性，寻求科学合理的车内噪声品质评价和控制方法，以解决理论和工程实践中广泛关注的车内噪声品质主、客观评价及主动噪声控制策略对于不同功能和不同风格汽车的适应性等问题。主要研究内容如下：
1）在确定车内声品质主、客观评价指标的基础上，分析和计算车内声品质的客观物理声学参量，构建与主观评价结果一致的车内声品质客观物理声学参量评价模型。以10辆家用轿车在不同稳态行驶工况下采集到的182个车内噪声样本为研究对象，选取其中有代表性的50个噪声样本，依据响度、尖锐度、粗糙度和抖动度4项心理声学客观评价参量数值和基于语义细分法的声品质主观评价结果，分别利用多元线性回归法、BP神经网络、广义回归神经网络及支持向量机回归原理4种方法构建车内声品质主客观评价模型，对比分析4种建模方法对于车内声品质评价的准确性和可靠性，相比较而言，支持向量机非线性回归预测模型精度高、泛化能力强、更适合解决小样本的非线性映射问题。
2）综合考虑声品质的多维度特性，在搜集整理大量国内外参考文献及汽车企业采用的车内噪声评价指标的基础上，结合国人对声音感受的描述习惯，利用专家主观打分法和主成分分析法及因子分析法对指标进行筛选，以准确、全面、客观、真实反映人耳感受为原则，建立了由“强度”、“音调音色”、“稳定感”、“心理情感”及“指向性”5个维度组成共包含12项评价指标的“车内声品质主观评价量表”。利用该量表进行主观评价试验，分别对评价者性别、年龄构成、声品质偏好、是否具有声学经验4项影响因素进行了分析，获得并分析了因群体特性不同引起的差异性评价结果。
3）结合我国国民的声学偏好，分析24个Bark尺度各声压幅值与听觉感受之间的关系，构建“车内声品质主观评价量表”中12项评价指标与Bark尺度各频段声压幅值之间的关系模型。基于该模型，利用LMS及B&K pulse软件对182车内噪声样本按临界频带划分后的声压幅值计算结果以及SVM声品质评价模型预测出的12项主观评价指标结果，初步形成不同音质特性的次级声源驱动信号库，构建“豪华感声品质”“运动感声品质”频谱特性模型。通过分析声音频域信息与主观评价值之间的联系，提出以声品质主动均衡化方法作为控制策略的思想。
4）基于3种多目标多属性决策方法，提出针对不同研究需求的车内噪声综合评价方法。分别利用模糊综合评价、基于熵权的TOPSIS方法、基于语言信息的多时段多属性决策方法以及基于对方案有偏好的语言多属性决策方法，研究多被测车辆、多运行工况下具有多评价指标的车内噪声综合评价问题，并用实例验证方法的有效性。
5）利用声品质主动均衡化方法，分别确定了“豪华感音质模式”或“运动感音质模式”下的声品质控制策略，提出分别以各Bark尺度中心频率为主频发出与初级噪声信号相位相同或相反的不同强度简谐信号，实现增强或抵消各频段初级噪声的控制方法。以上述研究为理论基础，设计开发80C51F120型单片机为硬件核心的声品质主动控制器，构建构建车内声品质主动控制系统。利用某国产轿车在4种稳态行驶工况时副驾驶员两耳旁声品质主动控制试验，验证声品质主动控制方法的有效性和可行性。
With the advance of modern industry, vehicle’s concept are developing from rideinstrument instead of walk to living space, so besides good performance such asenergy saving, safety and less pollusion, there is a growing emphasis on vehicle’s ridecomfort performance. Vehicle interior sound quality is an important index forintuitively reflecting the quality of automotive products and influencing customers’purchase psychology. Considering the variety of use demand of different types of cars,its sound quality characteristics are also quite different. Therefore, adopting effectmethod for evaluating and applying whatever active control strategies to improvevehicle interior sound quality according to the vehicle’s function and style areimportant research points. Though introducing advanced evaluation methods ofvehicle interior sound quality and active control technology, one-sidedness ofadopting the sound level A for measuring and describing sound is effectively avoided,and the disadvantage of passive noise control which has unsatisfied effect forlow-frequency noise control is well overcome, and many problems such as increasedproduction costs and longer development cycle lead by adding the absorption ofsound insulation material are perfectly solved, and individual customization of thevehicle interior noise based on the acoustic preference of driver and passengers couldbe commendably carried out as well.
Combined with the national natural science foundation project called “Researchon Analysis Evaluation And Adaptive Active Control for Sound Quality of VehicleInterior Noise(50975119)”,evaluation and active control of vehicle interior soundquality are studied. In view to the related researches, the aims of this paper are tomaster the essence of interior sound quality spectral characteristics, investigate forscientific and reasonable evaluation and control methods, and solve the theory and engineering problems such as subjective and objective evaluation and the adaption ofactive control method for different type vehicles. Specific contents are as following:
1) Though systemic analysis and study, objective and subjective evaluationindexes of vehicle interior sound quality are determined, then objective physicalacoustic parameters are analyzed and calculated, and the objective physical acousticparameters evaluation model which have consistent results with subjective evaluationhas been well established. Applying182interior noise samples collected by10familycars at different steady-state running conditions for the study, and according to therepresentatively selected50noise samples, objective evaluation with fourpsychoacoustic objective evaluation parameters, which contents loudness, sharpness,roughness and jitter degree based on semantic differential method have been done.Then respectively using multiple linear regression, BP neural networks, generalizedregression neural network and support vector regression principle, four kinds ofevaluation models for are vehicle interior sound quality are established. Predictionresults show that the effects of the4kinds of evaluation models.
2) Considering the multidimensional characteristics, collecting the vehicleinterior noise evaluation indexes listed by the reference literature and automotiveenterprises in our nation and abroad, and combined with the describing habits ofdomestic people for sound feeling, many suitable evaluation indexes are selected byscoring and principal component analysis and the noise quality subjective evaluationscale which could accurately and objectively reflect human ear feelings areestablished. Then according to the validity analysis and truth test,12evaluationindexes which contents loud and quite, stiff and weak, motive, sharp and deep, fulland thin, irritability and calm, directivity, are adopt. Though subjective evaluationexperiments with the evaluation scale, difference analysis of evaluators gender, age,sound quality preference and whether acoustic experience are implemented, anddifference evaluation results caused by group identity are obtained.
3) Combined with our national people’s acoustic preference, relationshipsbetween sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains and auditory perception are analyzed by subjective evaluation test and the relational model of12evaluationindexes and the sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains is established.UsingLMS and B&K pulse software,182vehicle interior noise samples is divided bycritical frequency band and then the amplitude of the sound pressure is calculated.Integrated with the subjective evaluation results of the12indexes predicted by theSVM noise quality evaluation models, relational model of12evaluation indexes andthe sound pressure amplitude of the24Bark domains are established by multiplelinear regression. And secondary sound source drive signal library of different soundquality characteristics is preliminary informed, then spectrum characteristic models ofluxury sound quality and sporty sound quality are established and relationshipsbetween sound audio domain information and subjective evaluation values areanalyzed.
4) Comprehensive interior noise evaluation methods for different research needsare proposed by multi-target and multi-attribute decision method. Conventionalresearches on vehicle interior noise evaluation are limited to single-attribute ormulti-attribute of single stationary noise, and comprehensive researches onmulti-attribute of multi stationary noise is very rare. In this paper, series of method,such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, TOPSIS method based on entropy weight,multi-period multi-attribute decision-making methods based on linguistic informationand language multi-attribute decision-making method based on preferred program arereasonably applied and their effects are verified by many examples.
5) According to the sound quality active the equalization control strategy of theluxury quality mode or sporty sound mode, different strength harmonic signals withsame phase or opposite phase of primary noise signals are transmitted based on theCenter frequency of the Bark threshold as dominant frequency, then the aim ofenhance or offset initial noise of each frequency could be achieved. Simulation modelof vehicle interior sound quality active control system is established and developed inMatlab/Simulink environment to verify the validity of the above algorithm. And basedon the introduced theory, vehicle interior sound quality active controller is developed by using80C51F120type microcontroller hardware. The active control test results forthe noise around two ears of copilot of a domestic car in4kinds of steady statedriving conditions show the perfect validity and feasibility of the sound quality activecontrol algorithm.
引文
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