轮轨黏着特性试验研究
摘要
随着高速重载铁路的快速发展,对轮轨间的黏着问题研究提出了更高的要求,尤其是速度的提高,使轮轨黏着问题的研究变得更加复杂。良好的轮轨黏着能有效地改善轮轨系统的工作性能、延长轮轨使用寿命,降低铁路设备的维护维修费用,有重大的经济意义。深入透彻的分析研究这个问题,从最根本上保障列车运行安全,保证乘客的生命安全。
本论文研究了干态和各种介质工况下的轮轨黏着特性,以及对旧的增粘方法的理论研究和对新的增粘方法的提出。论文研究结果为我国重载与高速铁路的发展及轮轨黏着特性的研究提供了参考依据,具有一定的工程意义。本文取得的主要结果和结论如下：
1、干态工况下,随蠕滑率的增加轮轨黏着系数先增加而后降低直至稳定。蠕滑率为1.5%时黏着系数最大。随着速度的提高,轮轨黏着系数有所下降；而降低轴重有利于提高轮轨的黏着系数。新模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数要小于旧的模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数。新模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数与生锈的模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数相差无几。随着冲角的增加,轮轨纵向黏着系数有所下降,而横向黏着系数呈现上升趋势。
2、干态工况下运行的模拟轮轨突然转入水介质工况时,黏着系数出现大幅下降,下降了约50-60%。水介质工况下,黏着系数随蠕滑率的增加出现先增加而后下降,最后逐渐趋于稳定。蠕滑率为1%时黏着系数最大。随着速度的增加,轮轨黏着系数下降较大。随着轴重的增加,黏着系数有所上升。利用三因素四水平试验方法仅考虑速度、轴重和轨道曲线半径时,干态工况下,影响轮轨黏着系数变化的因素由大及小分别为轴重,速度,轨道曲线半径；水介质工况下,影响轮轨黏着系数变化的因素由大及小分别为速度,轴重,轨道曲线半径。
3、在污油、油水混合物、油水砂混合物介质条件下,轮轨黏着系数均远远小于干态工况下轮轨黏着系数。其中油水砂介质下的轮轨黏着系数最大,约为0.08；污油介质下黏着系数次之,约为0.05；油水介质下的轮轨黏着系数最小约为0.03。通过比较三种油介质混合物试验后轮轨表面,发现油水砂试验后轮轨表面磨损最为明显,磨痕最宽；污油介质试验后轮轨表面磨损最小,磨痕最窄；油水介质工况下轮轨表面的磨损情况处于污油介质和油水砂介质之间。
4、坡道工况下,干态时轮轨黏着系数在0.23～0.33之间；有水时轮轨黏着系数在0.08～0.11之间；有污油存在时轮轨黏着系数约为0.03。坡道运行时,在干态和水介质工况下,轮轨黏着系数随速度的增加而减小。干态工况下轮轨黏着系数随轴重的增加而减小；在水介质工况下,轮轨黏着系数随轴重的增加而上升。在平直道运行时,污油介质工况下磨痕最窄,磨损最小；水介质工况下次之；干态工况下磨痕最宽,磨损最大；在坡道运行时,水介质工况下磨痕最窄,磨损最小；干态工况下次之；污油介质工况下磨痕最宽,磨损最大。
5、水介质工况下撒砂可增加轮轨黏着系数35～65%；干态工况下撒砂对轮轨黏着系数有较小影响。水介质下撒砂的增粘效果主要取决于砂子颗粒的直径及撒砂量,大砂粒直径的增粘效果更佳。随着速度的增加,水介质工况下撒砂的增加效果越差。水介质工况下撒粗砂比撒细砂磨损严重。撒粗砂后模拟轮试件表面硬度高于撒细砂后模拟轮试件表面硬度。水介质工况下撒砂会出现两条轨迹,内轨迹区域磨损相对严重,外轨迹与内轨迹之间区域磨损相对较小。
6、水和油介质工况下施加磁场作用后可显著增加轮轨黏着系数,其中水介质下增幅达20%以上,油介质下增加达到50%。水和油介质工况下,施加磁场时速度对轮轨黏着系数影响不大；不同磁场强度对轮轨黏着系数有一定的影响作用,随着磁场强度的增加,轮轨黏着系数也相应增加；并且两侧磁场最强的部分能吸附轮轨磨损产生的铁屑,从而减少了轮轨之间的第三体磨损。
7、通过CONTACT计算程序可以得知：蠕滑率为0时,粘着区很大,蠕滑区几乎为0；随着蠕滑率的增加,粘着区减小,蠕滑区增加,当蠕滑率为1.38%时为临界状态,即接触斑内粘着区较减小为0,蠕滑区增大至全部接触斑；随着蠕滑率的继续增加,接触斑内由蠕滑区变为宏观滑动区。纵向黏着力主要产生在轮轨蠕滑区。在蠕滑率开始增长阶段0—0.7%时,轮轨黏着系数大致呈现线性增长；随后随着蠕滑率的增大,轮轨黏着系数增长缓慢,直至出现最大值0.362,此时蠕滑率为1.38%；当蠕滑率继续增大时,轮轨黏着系数出现小幅下降,直至稳定。
With the rapid development of high-speed/heavy-haul rail, studies on the adhesion between wheel and rail required for higher level. In particular, due to the increasing speed, the research on adhesion in wheel-rail has become more complex. Sufficient wheel-rail adhesion can effectively improve the capacity of the wheel-rail system, extend the life of wheel and rail, reduce costs of railway equipment maintenance. Thus, it can bring great economic benefits. Above all, only in-depth and thorough analysis of this issue, can we guarantee safe operation of trains and ensure passenger safety.
This paper studies the wheel-rail adhesion properties under the dry conditions and with a variety of media, as well as theoretical research on the old methods to increase viscosity and proposes new methods. The results of paper provide an important reference basis for the development of heavy-haul and high-speed rail and research on characteristics of wheel-rail adhesion, with great scientific significance. This main results and conclusions obtained of paper are as follows:
1、When under the dry conditions, when the creepage is less than1.5%, the adhesion coefficient increases rapidly. When creepage is about1.5%, adhesion coefficient reaches the maximum value, and then, As the creepage increases, the adhesion coefficient declines slightly and gradually becomes stable at last. Adhesion coefficient decreases with the increasing of speed. With the axle load decreased, adhesion coefficient increases. The adhesion coefficient obtained by new simulating wheel is smaller than that obtained by old simulating wheel, meanwhile, There is no difference between the adhesion coefficient obtained by new simulating wheel and that obtained by rusted simulating wheel.with the decrease of the radius of curve, while the lateral adhesion coefficient increases but longitudinal adhesive coefficient decreases.
2、The adhesion coefficient decreases fifty to sixty percent when adding water between wheel and rail under dry condition compared with dry conditon.When under water conditions,speed is the main factor causing adhesion coefficient decreasing and the adhesion coefficient becomes smaller when speed is higher. As the creepage increases, the adhesion coefficient increases before it reaches the maximum value, after that the coefficient declines slightly and gradually becomes stable at last. As far as influence degree of three testing factors which have effect on adhesion coefficient is concerned, axle load is the fires one, then speed, finally track curve radius under dry condition, and speed is the first one, then axle load, finally track curve radius under water medium condition.
3、The adhesion coefficient under waste oil, oil-water mixture, oil-water-sand mixture condition is smaller than the adhesion coefficient under dry condtion. By comparing the surface of the rail-wheel after experiment under three kinds of mixtures of oil dielectric, the wear of rail-wheel surface after experiment under oil-water-sand mixture is the most obvious and the wear scar is the widest; while under waste oil dielectric conditions the wear is the smallest and the wear scar is the narrowest; and under oil-water medium the wear is the mediate. The adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail under oil-water-sand media is the largest, under the oil-water media the adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail is the smallest.
4、With the ramp condition, the adhesion coefficient between0.23and0.33under dry condition and the adhesion coefficient between0.08and0.llunder water condition; By comparing the surface of the rail-wheel after experiment under three kinds of mixtures of oil dielectric, the wear of rail-wheel surface after experiment under oil sand is the most obvious and the wear scar is the widest; while under waste oil dielectric conditions the wear is the smallest and the wear scar is the narrowest; and under oil-water medium the wear is the mediate. The adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail under oil-water-sand media is the largest, under the oil-water media the adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail is the smallest.
5、The adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail increases by35-65%when sand was sprayed into contact surface under wet condition. However, the adhesion coefficient increases slightly when sand was sprayed under dry condition. The adhesion improving properties of sand mainly depend on diameter of sand particle and sand volume under water medium conditions, and the sand with bigger diameter would contribute to better adhesion improving properties, which means that the adhension coefficient of wheel/rail increase with sand volume sprayed increasing. Additionally, the adhesion improving properties of sand reduced with speed increasing, Inner and external track appeared on simulating specimen surface after experiment under water medium conditons, while the wear degree of inner track was more serious that external track. Results also showed wear degree of specimen surface which sprayed coarse sand on was more serious than that sprayed fine sand on; accordingly, hardness of specimen surface sprayed coarse sand on was bigger than that sprayed fine sand on.
6、the magnetic field can increase obviously adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail under water and oil conditions. The increase rate of adhesion coefficient under water condition exceeds20%and the increase rate of adhesion coefficient under oil condition is50%. Under water and oil conditions, the speed has no obvious effecton adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail when magnetic field is used. Different magnetic field strength of the wheel-rail adhesion have a certain influence, as the magnetic field strength increases, a corresponding increase in wheel-rail adhesion; and some of the strongest magnetic field on both sides of the wheel-rail wear can be produced by adsorption of iron, thereby reducing the third body between the wheel and rail wear.
7、Numerical methods CONTACT has been employed that study the effect of slip ratio to wheel/rail adhesive coefficient. When the slip ratio is among0-1.38%, with the increases of the slip ratio,the adhesion area in the contact area decreases, the slip area increases, longitudinal adhesive force density increases,and the adhesion coefficient increases too. When the slip ratio is1.38%,to the a boundary station, then the contact area is completely slip, longitudinal adhesive force density go to the biggest, also the adhesion coefficient.While the slip ratio is more than1.38%,the contact area is macroscopic area, longitudinal adhesive force density decreases a little,that adhesion decreases and gradually becomes stable.
本论文研究了干态和各种介质工况下的轮轨黏着特性,以及对旧的增粘方法的理论研究和对新的增粘方法的提出。论文研究结果为我国重载与高速铁路的发展及轮轨黏着特性的研究提供了参考依据,具有一定的工程意义。本文取得的主要结果和结论如下：
1、干态工况下,随蠕滑率的增加轮轨黏着系数先增加而后降低直至稳定。蠕滑率为1.5%时黏着系数最大。随着速度的提高,轮轨黏着系数有所下降；而降低轴重有利于提高轮轨的黏着系数。新模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数要小于旧的模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数。新模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数与生锈的模拟轮与模拟轨转动产生的黏着系数相差无几。随着冲角的增加,轮轨纵向黏着系数有所下降,而横向黏着系数呈现上升趋势。
2、干态工况下运行的模拟轮轨突然转入水介质工况时,黏着系数出现大幅下降,下降了约50-60%。水介质工况下,黏着系数随蠕滑率的增加出现先增加而后下降,最后逐渐趋于稳定。蠕滑率为1%时黏着系数最大。随着速度的增加,轮轨黏着系数下降较大。随着轴重的增加,黏着系数有所上升。利用三因素四水平试验方法仅考虑速度、轴重和轨道曲线半径时,干态工况下,影响轮轨黏着系数变化的因素由大及小分别为轴重,速度,轨道曲线半径；水介质工况下,影响轮轨黏着系数变化的因素由大及小分别为速度,轴重,轨道曲线半径。
3、在污油、油水混合物、油水砂混合物介质条件下,轮轨黏着系数均远远小于干态工况下轮轨黏着系数。其中油水砂介质下的轮轨黏着系数最大,约为0.08；污油介质下黏着系数次之,约为0.05；油水介质下的轮轨黏着系数最小约为0.03。通过比较三种油介质混合物试验后轮轨表面,发现油水砂试验后轮轨表面磨损最为明显,磨痕最宽；污油介质试验后轮轨表面磨损最小,磨痕最窄；油水介质工况下轮轨表面的磨损情况处于污油介质和油水砂介质之间。
4、坡道工况下,干态时轮轨黏着系数在0.23～0.33之间；有水时轮轨黏着系数在0.08～0.11之间；有污油存在时轮轨黏着系数约为0.03。坡道运行时,在干态和水介质工况下,轮轨黏着系数随速度的增加而减小。干态工况下轮轨黏着系数随轴重的增加而减小；在水介质工况下,轮轨黏着系数随轴重的增加而上升。在平直道运行时,污油介质工况下磨痕最窄,磨损最小；水介质工况下次之；干态工况下磨痕最宽,磨损最大；在坡道运行时,水介质工况下磨痕最窄,磨损最小；干态工况下次之；污油介质工况下磨痕最宽,磨损最大。
5、水介质工况下撒砂可增加轮轨黏着系数35～65%；干态工况下撒砂对轮轨黏着系数有较小影响。水介质下撒砂的增粘效果主要取决于砂子颗粒的直径及撒砂量,大砂粒直径的增粘效果更佳。随着速度的增加,水介质工况下撒砂的增加效果越差。水介质工况下撒粗砂比撒细砂磨损严重。撒粗砂后模拟轮试件表面硬度高于撒细砂后模拟轮试件表面硬度。水介质工况下撒砂会出现两条轨迹,内轨迹区域磨损相对严重,外轨迹与内轨迹之间区域磨损相对较小。
6、水和油介质工况下施加磁场作用后可显著增加轮轨黏着系数,其中水介质下增幅达20%以上,油介质下增加达到50%。水和油介质工况下,施加磁场时速度对轮轨黏着系数影响不大；不同磁场强度对轮轨黏着系数有一定的影响作用,随着磁场强度的增加,轮轨黏着系数也相应增加；并且两侧磁场最强的部分能吸附轮轨磨损产生的铁屑,从而减少了轮轨之间的第三体磨损。
7、通过CONTACT计算程序可以得知：蠕滑率为0时,粘着区很大,蠕滑区几乎为0；随着蠕滑率的增加,粘着区减小,蠕滑区增加,当蠕滑率为1.38%时为临界状态,即接触斑内粘着区较减小为0,蠕滑区增大至全部接触斑；随着蠕滑率的继续增加,接触斑内由蠕滑区变为宏观滑动区。纵向黏着力主要产生在轮轨蠕滑区。在蠕滑率开始增长阶段0—0.7%时,轮轨黏着系数大致呈现线性增长；随后随着蠕滑率的增大,轮轨黏着系数增长缓慢,直至出现最大值0.362,此时蠕滑率为1.38%；当蠕滑率继续增大时,轮轨黏着系数出现小幅下降,直至稳定。
With the rapid development of high-speed/heavy-haul rail, studies on the adhesion between wheel and rail required for higher level. In particular, due to the increasing speed, the research on adhesion in wheel-rail has become more complex. Sufficient wheel-rail adhesion can effectively improve the capacity of the wheel-rail system, extend the life of wheel and rail, reduce costs of railway equipment maintenance. Thus, it can bring great economic benefits. Above all, only in-depth and thorough analysis of this issue, can we guarantee safe operation of trains and ensure passenger safety.
This paper studies the wheel-rail adhesion properties under the dry conditions and with a variety of media, as well as theoretical research on the old methods to increase viscosity and proposes new methods. The results of paper provide an important reference basis for the development of heavy-haul and high-speed rail and research on characteristics of wheel-rail adhesion, with great scientific significance. This main results and conclusions obtained of paper are as follows:
1、When under the dry conditions, when the creepage is less than1.5%, the adhesion coefficient increases rapidly. When creepage is about1.5%, adhesion coefficient reaches the maximum value, and then, As the creepage increases, the adhesion coefficient declines slightly and gradually becomes stable at last. Adhesion coefficient decreases with the increasing of speed. With the axle load decreased, adhesion coefficient increases. The adhesion coefficient obtained by new simulating wheel is smaller than that obtained by old simulating wheel, meanwhile, There is no difference between the adhesion coefficient obtained by new simulating wheel and that obtained by rusted simulating wheel.with the decrease of the radius of curve, while the lateral adhesion coefficient increases but longitudinal adhesive coefficient decreases.
2、The adhesion coefficient decreases fifty to sixty percent when adding water between wheel and rail under dry condition compared with dry conditon.When under water conditions,speed is the main factor causing adhesion coefficient decreasing and the adhesion coefficient becomes smaller when speed is higher. As the creepage increases, the adhesion coefficient increases before it reaches the maximum value, after that the coefficient declines slightly and gradually becomes stable at last. As far as influence degree of three testing factors which have effect on adhesion coefficient is concerned, axle load is the fires one, then speed, finally track curve radius under dry condition, and speed is the first one, then axle load, finally track curve radius under water medium condition.
3、The adhesion coefficient under waste oil, oil-water mixture, oil-water-sand mixture condition is smaller than the adhesion coefficient under dry condtion. By comparing the surface of the rail-wheel after experiment under three kinds of mixtures of oil dielectric, the wear of rail-wheel surface after experiment under oil-water-sand mixture is the most obvious and the wear scar is the widest; while under waste oil dielectric conditions the wear is the smallest and the wear scar is the narrowest; and under oil-water medium the wear is the mediate. The adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail under oil-water-sand media is the largest, under the oil-water media the adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail is the smallest.
4、With the ramp condition, the adhesion coefficient between0.23and0.33under dry condition and the adhesion coefficient between0.08and0.llunder water condition; By comparing the surface of the rail-wheel after experiment under three kinds of mixtures of oil dielectric, the wear of rail-wheel surface after experiment under oil sand is the most obvious and the wear scar is the widest; while under waste oil dielectric conditions the wear is the smallest and the wear scar is the narrowest; and under oil-water medium the wear is the mediate. The adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail under oil-water-sand media is the largest, under the oil-water media the adhesion coefficient of wheel-rail is the smallest.
5、The adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail increases by35-65%when sand was sprayed into contact surface under wet condition. However, the adhesion coefficient increases slightly when sand was sprayed under dry condition. The adhesion improving properties of sand mainly depend on diameter of sand particle and sand volume under water medium conditions, and the sand with bigger diameter would contribute to better adhesion improving properties, which means that the adhension coefficient of wheel/rail increase with sand volume sprayed increasing. Additionally, the adhesion improving properties of sand reduced with speed increasing, Inner and external track appeared on simulating specimen surface after experiment under water medium conditons, while the wear degree of inner track was more serious that external track. Results also showed wear degree of specimen surface which sprayed coarse sand on was more serious than that sprayed fine sand on; accordingly, hardness of specimen surface sprayed coarse sand on was bigger than that sprayed fine sand on.
6、the magnetic field can increase obviously adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail under water and oil conditions. The increase rate of adhesion coefficient under water condition exceeds20%and the increase rate of adhesion coefficient under oil condition is50%. Under water and oil conditions, the speed has no obvious effecton adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail when magnetic field is used. Different magnetic field strength of the wheel-rail adhesion have a certain influence, as the magnetic field strength increases, a corresponding increase in wheel-rail adhesion; and some of the strongest magnetic field on both sides of the wheel-rail wear can be produced by adsorption of iron, thereby reducing the third body between the wheel and rail wear.
7、Numerical methods CONTACT has been employed that study the effect of slip ratio to wheel/rail adhesive coefficient. When the slip ratio is among0-1.38%, with the increases of the slip ratio,the adhesion area in the contact area decreases, the slip area increases, longitudinal adhesive force density increases,and the adhesion coefficient increases too. When the slip ratio is1.38%,to the a boundary station, then the contact area is completely slip, longitudinal adhesive force density go to the biggest, also the adhesion coefficient.While the slip ratio is more than1.38%,the contact area is macroscopic area, longitudinal adhesive force density decreases a little,that adhesion decreases and gradually becomes stable.
引文
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