硬岩脆性破坏过程机理与应用研究
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摘要
随着我国国民经济的高速增长,采矿向深部发展将成为我国采矿业的一个主要发展方向。随着矿山开采深度的不断增加,深部岩体处于“三高一扰动的”[1]恶劣环境中,开采条件的恶化,导致开采时出现冒顶、片帮等现象明显增多,甚至出现岩爆等动力地压灾害,例如,红透山铜矿在1999年5月发生中等程度的岩爆,导致近100m长的斜坡道一次性崩塌报废和部分采场停产；凡口铅锌矿深部采区地压明显增大,岩石弹射现象时有发生,井巷工程的支护量与浅部采区相比大大增加。这些由岩体脆性破坏所产生的一系列地质灾害问题给国家、矿山企业和人民群众造成了巨大的生命财产和经济损失,严重制约了国民经济和矿山企业的可持续发展。因此,开展硬岩脆性破坏过程机理及应用方面的研究是十分有必要的。
本文以采自湖南郴州柿竹园多金属矿山的矽卡岩为研究对象,首先,通过单轴循环加卸载试验研究了矽卡岩的岩爆倾向性、能量释放规律及弹脆性特征；再通过一系列的真三轴试验,研究了矽卡岩在不同中间主应力水平不同应力路径下的强度特征、声发射特征及破坏模式；在深入分析矽卡岩在声发射试验中临近破坏阶段的声发射事件率及能量释放率变化规律的基础上,提出了基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标；针对湖南郴州多金属矿山矿柱回采过程中出现的地压问题,采用微震监测、数值分析及本文提出的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标相结合的方法成功地预测了P4盘区C3巷道的破坏。论文的主要内容如下：
1、通过单轴压缩试验、单轴循环加卸载声发射试验试验,系统地研究了矽卡岩在该试验条件下的强度特征,破坏模式,声发射特征、能量释放规律及弹脆性特征,通过计算弹性能量指数确定了矽卡岩的岩爆倾向性,并结合声发射监测结果,得到了单轴压缩及单轴循环加卸载条件下不同加载阶段矽卡岩的声发射特征；循环加卸载作用下矽卡岩具有费利西蒂效应,通过费利西蒂比的计算及卸载过程的声发射描述对此效应给予定性分析。
2、通过真三轴试验,研究了矽卡岩在双轴加载,真三轴加载,真三轴卸载条件下的强度特征,声发射规律及破坏特征；通过对比描述声发射撞击数-时间关系曲线及声发射绝对能量-时间关系曲线随中间主应力的变化情况,分析了声发射信号在不同加载条件下随中间主应力变化的演化规律。
3、针对声发射监测中噪声信号影响分析准确性的问题,在总结了现场声发射监测及室内声发射试验中噪声产生的原因及类型的基础上,通过深入研究声发射噪声信号与有效信号的特征参数,结合人工神经网络及BP算法特点,提出了一种利用神经网络过滤室内试验声发射噪声信号的方法。
4、针对硬岩破坏及其引起的地质灾害的预测问题,通过总结矽卡岩在室内试验中临近破坏阶段的声发射事件率变化特征,对硬岩脆性破坏声发射事件率类型进行划分,在深入分析了不同类型岩样声发射事件率及能量释放率变化特征的基础上,提出了基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标。
5、在工程应用方面,针对湖南郴州柿竹园多金属矿山矿柱回采过程中出现的地压问题,采用微震监测、数值计算及本文提出的基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩破坏预测指标相结合的方法,对矿柱回采过程导致的P4盘区C3巷道垮塌进行了成功地预测,证明了本文提出的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标的实用性。
With the high-speed development of Chinese economy, deep mining is becoming the main future development direction. With the increase of mining depth, the environment of rock mass is becoming worse and worse. The deterioration of mining condition brings about the phenomenon of roof collapse and rib spalling, even dynamic geological disaster such as rock burst. For example, rock burst happens in Hong Tou Shan copper mine and led to collapse of ramp for nearly100m and even out of production; the ground pressure of Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine increased dramatically and rock ejection occurs occasionally, meanwhile, the quantity of supporting greatly increased. These series of geological hazard problems cause huge losses of life and property for nation, mining enterprises and people, and seriously impede sustainable development of national economy and mining enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to launch research work for Study on mechanism and application of hard rock brittle failure process.
This thesis presents a thorough study of skarn collected from Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province. Firstly, uniaxial compression test and uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading test were carried out, and both rock burst proneness and AE characteristics were studied carefully. By thoroughly analyzing the variation trend of AE events rate and energy release rate of skarn in true triaxial test, a new hard rock brittle failure prediction index based on AE (microseismic) monitoring precursory information was proposed. Aiming at the problems in the mining process in Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province, synthesizing the methods of microseismic monitoring, numerical simulation and hard rock brittle failure prediction index, a collapse event was predicted accurately at the cross region of P4and C3. The main contents of the thesis are represented as following:
1. Both uniaxial compressive test and unaxial cyclic test were carried out and the characteristics of skarn such as strength, failure mode, AE, energy release were studied. The energy release regularity and elastic-brittle behavior were specially focused. Rockburst tendency of skarn was determined. By analyzing the result of AE monitoring, the acoustic emission characteristics of skarn in uniaxial compressive test and unaxial cyclic test was aquired. Felicity effect exists in the cyclic process, and the mechanics of this phenomenon was quanitative analyzed by AE description and Felicity ratio.
2. True triaxial tests such as biaxial test, true triaxial loading test and true triaxial unloading test were carried out with different stress paths. The characteristics of strength, AE regularity and failure mode were studied respectively. The existence of intermediate principle effect under true triaxial loading condition was proved. The rules of AE hits and energy were studied.
3. Aiming at the noise problem in the AE monitoring process, by analyzing the characteristics of noises and effective sigals, a new noise identifying and filtering method based on neural networks was put forward.
4. Aiming at the problems of hard rock brittle failure and geo-disasters, the AE events rate types were classified. By thoroughly analyzing the variation characteristics of AE events rate and energy release rate, a new rockburst prediction index based on AE (microseismic) monitoring precursory information was proposed.
5. Aiming at the problems in the mining process in Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province, synthesizing the methods of microseismic monitoring, numerical simulation and hard rock brittle failure prediction index, a collapse event was predicted accurately at the cross region of P4and C3, and the index has been proved practical.
本文以采自湖南郴州柿竹园多金属矿山的矽卡岩为研究对象,首先,通过单轴循环加卸载试验研究了矽卡岩的岩爆倾向性、能量释放规律及弹脆性特征；再通过一系列的真三轴试验,研究了矽卡岩在不同中间主应力水平不同应力路径下的强度特征、声发射特征及破坏模式；在深入分析矽卡岩在声发射试验中临近破坏阶段的声发射事件率及能量释放率变化规律的基础上,提出了基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标；针对湖南郴州多金属矿山矿柱回采过程中出现的地压问题,采用微震监测、数值分析及本文提出的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标相结合的方法成功地预测了P4盘区C3巷道的破坏。论文的主要内容如下：
1、通过单轴压缩试验、单轴循环加卸载声发射试验试验,系统地研究了矽卡岩在该试验条件下的强度特征,破坏模式,声发射特征、能量释放规律及弹脆性特征,通过计算弹性能量指数确定了矽卡岩的岩爆倾向性,并结合声发射监测结果,得到了单轴压缩及单轴循环加卸载条件下不同加载阶段矽卡岩的声发射特征；循环加卸载作用下矽卡岩具有费利西蒂效应,通过费利西蒂比的计算及卸载过程的声发射描述对此效应给予定性分析。
2、通过真三轴试验,研究了矽卡岩在双轴加载,真三轴加载,真三轴卸载条件下的强度特征,声发射规律及破坏特征；通过对比描述声发射撞击数-时间关系曲线及声发射绝对能量-时间关系曲线随中间主应力的变化情况,分析了声发射信号在不同加载条件下随中间主应力变化的演化规律。
3、针对声发射监测中噪声信号影响分析准确性的问题,在总结了现场声发射监测及室内声发射试验中噪声产生的原因及类型的基础上,通过深入研究声发射噪声信号与有效信号的特征参数,结合人工神经网络及BP算法特点,提出了一种利用神经网络过滤室内试验声发射噪声信号的方法。
4、针对硬岩破坏及其引起的地质灾害的预测问题,通过总结矽卡岩在室内试验中临近破坏阶段的声发射事件率变化特征,对硬岩脆性破坏声发射事件率类型进行划分,在深入分析了不同类型岩样声发射事件率及能量释放率变化特征的基础上,提出了基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标。
5、在工程应用方面,针对湖南郴州柿竹园多金属矿山矿柱回采过程中出现的地压问题,采用微震监测、数值计算及本文提出的基于声发射前兆信息的硬岩破坏预测指标相结合的方法,对矿柱回采过程导致的P4盘区C3巷道垮塌进行了成功地预测,证明了本文提出的硬岩脆性破坏预测指标的实用性。
With the high-speed development of Chinese economy, deep mining is becoming the main future development direction. With the increase of mining depth, the environment of rock mass is becoming worse and worse. The deterioration of mining condition brings about the phenomenon of roof collapse and rib spalling, even dynamic geological disaster such as rock burst. For example, rock burst happens in Hong Tou Shan copper mine and led to collapse of ramp for nearly100m and even out of production; the ground pressure of Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine increased dramatically and rock ejection occurs occasionally, meanwhile, the quantity of supporting greatly increased. These series of geological hazard problems cause huge losses of life and property for nation, mining enterprises and people, and seriously impede sustainable development of national economy and mining enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to launch research work for Study on mechanism and application of hard rock brittle failure process.
This thesis presents a thorough study of skarn collected from Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province. Firstly, uniaxial compression test and uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading test were carried out, and both rock burst proneness and AE characteristics were studied carefully. By thoroughly analyzing the variation trend of AE events rate and energy release rate of skarn in true triaxial test, a new hard rock brittle failure prediction index based on AE (microseismic) monitoring precursory information was proposed. Aiming at the problems in the mining process in Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province, synthesizing the methods of microseismic monitoring, numerical simulation and hard rock brittle failure prediction index, a collapse event was predicted accurately at the cross region of P4and C3. The main contents of the thesis are represented as following:
1. Both uniaxial compressive test and unaxial cyclic test were carried out and the characteristics of skarn such as strength, failure mode, AE, energy release were studied. The energy release regularity and elastic-brittle behavior were specially focused. Rockburst tendency of skarn was determined. By analyzing the result of AE monitoring, the acoustic emission characteristics of skarn in uniaxial compressive test and unaxial cyclic test was aquired. Felicity effect exists in the cyclic process, and the mechanics of this phenomenon was quanitative analyzed by AE description and Felicity ratio.
2. True triaxial tests such as biaxial test, true triaxial loading test and true triaxial unloading test were carried out with different stress paths. The characteristics of strength, AE regularity and failure mode were studied respectively. The existence of intermediate principle effect under true triaxial loading condition was proved. The rules of AE hits and energy were studied.
3. Aiming at the noise problem in the AE monitoring process, by analyzing the characteristics of noises and effective sigals, a new noise identifying and filtering method based on neural networks was put forward.
4. Aiming at the problems of hard rock brittle failure and geo-disasters, the AE events rate types were classified. By thoroughly analyzing the variation characteristics of AE events rate and energy release rate, a new rockburst prediction index based on AE (microseismic) monitoring precursory information was proposed.
5. Aiming at the problems in the mining process in Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province, synthesizing the methods of microseismic monitoring, numerical simulation and hard rock brittle failure prediction index, a collapse event was predicted accurately at the cross region of P4and C3, and the index has been proved practical.
引文
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