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外资并购上市公司国有股溢价问题研究
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摘要
随着中国加入WTO和中国资本市场的发展,外资并购我国上市公司股权的案例不断增多。如果以1995年北旅股份首开外资并购的先河算起,我国证券市场上的外资并购已悄然走过了16年。16年来,以境外产业资本为收购主体、以战略并购为主要特征的外资并购案例无不引起实务界和理论界的广泛关注,围绕外资并购所引发的上市公司国有股并购溢价是否被低估的争论从未停止,有的学者认为外资并购时支付了高溢价;有的学者认为外资并购国有股的溢价水平严重偏低。这些争论的存在既说明了外资并购国有股溢价估算问题在理论上和实践上的复杂性,也反映了我国学术界目前在外资并购溢价问题研究上存在的不足。
     本文通过对外资并购上市公司国有股的溢价问题展开研究,深入分析了股权并购溢价的形成机理、影响因素和估算方法,构建了股权并购溢价的估算模型,对于丰富和发展股权并购溢价估算理论和方法具有重要的理论价值。同时,本文的研究有助于国有股东准确地评价上市公司的并购价值,进一步增强其并购议价能力,有助于国有资产监督管理部门完善和规范国有股权的并购与转让,对于防止国有资产流失具有重要的现实意义。
     本文沿着“问题提出→并购溢价形成机理分析→外资并购上市公司国有股溢价的现状分析→外资并购国有股溢价影响因素的实证分析→外资并购溢价估算模型的构建→政策建议”的基本思路开展研究。
     本文采用了定性分析与定量分析、规范研究与实证研究相结合的方法,在对股权并购溢价展开理论分析的基础上,对外资并购上市公司国有股的溢价现状、影响因素和估算模型等相关问题展开研究。
     全文共分七章,各章的研究内容和结论如下:
     第一章是绪论。主要介绍了本文的研究背景、研究意义、研究思路与方法、主要内容与结构安排、本文创新。
     第二章是文献综述。本章将学术界关于股权并购溢价问题的相关研究文献分为三类:目标公司股权内在价值评估、股权并购溢价问题和外资并购国有股溢价问题,通过对国内外的代表性文献进行评述,指出了已有文献存在的不足,从而奠定了本文的研究起点和主要问题。
     第三章是股权并购溢价形成的理论分析。本章首先分析了股权并购溢价的形成机理,将并购溢价分为协同溢价和实物期权溢价两部分;其次,将现阶段测算股权并购溢价的主要方法分为可比交易法、增值成分法和经验分析法,并阐述了三种方法的优缺点;最后,对影响股权并购溢价的因素进行了理论分析。
     第四章是外资并购上市公司国有股溢价现状分析。本章在回顾外资并购上市公司国有股发展历程的基础上,分别计算了外资并购上市公司国有股的净资产溢价率、市场价格溢价率与内在价值溢价率,并对三种溢价率的测算结果进行了对比分析。研究发现:外资并购上市公司国有股的内在价值并购溢价水平普遍偏低。
     第五章是外资并购上市公司国有股溢价影响因素的实证检验。本章选取了2002-2009年间的外资并购上市公司国有股与非国有股的案例为研究样本,采用统计方法对外资并购溢价的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果证实了上市公司的内在价值、产权性质以及国有股的代理问题是影响外资并购溢价水平有重要因素。
     第六章是外资并购上市公司国有股溢价估算模型的构建。本章首先运用F-O模型和B-S模型构建了外资并购溢价估算模型,然后通过重庆啤酒的外资并购案例详细介绍了模型的应用过程,并对模型的运用效果进行了检验。该模型具有预测参数较少,计算过程简便、估算效果良好的显著特点。
     第七章是结论与政策建议。首先,本章归纳和阐述论文的主要结论;其次,围绕外资并购上市公司国有股溢价的相关问题,提出了针对性的政策建议;最后,针对本文的研究局限提出了下一步研究的展望。
     本文的创新点主要体现在:
     (1)本文以F-O模型和B-S模型为基础,按照增值成份法的思路,构建了外资并购上市公司国有股权溢价估算模型。该模型通过对协同价值与实物期权价值的测算,估算出了外资并购溢价的理论范围。该模型具有预测参数少、计算过程简便、估算效果良好的显著特点,该研究成果对于研究并购溢价估算问题的研究具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义。
     (2)本文利用修正的F-O模型对外资并购国有股的内在价值溢价率进行测算,在国内首次对1995-2010年间外资并购上市公司国有股溢价的总体水平进行了全面评价,这一研究结论不仅破解了外资并购国有股的“溢价悖论”,也为开展相关问题的研究提供了重要的基础性依据和研究线索。
     (3)目前国内关于对外资并购溢价影响的研究多停留在理论分析的层面,相关的理论假说有待实证检验,本文采用实证研究的方法,运用相关分析和回归分析等统计技术检验了产权性质对外资并购溢价的影响,得出了国有股的产权性质及其代理问题是影响外资并购溢价率的主要因素的重要结论。
With China accessed into WTO and the development of Chinese capital market, thecase of the foreign capital merging shares of listed companies is gradually increasing.Since BLC (Beijing Lightbus Corp, Ltd) become the first case in1995, foreign investorsmerger and acquire the shares of Chinese listed companies have quietly passed through16years. In the past16years, all the cases of foreign industrial capital launched strategicM&A had been widely concerned by the practitioners and academicians. The researchershad never ceased arguing the relative issues concerning the foreign capital mergingstated-owned shares of listed companies. Some scholars regard that the foreign capitalpaid high premium on M&A, and Other scholars although other scholars agree to that thepremium level on M&A by foreign capital is seriously underestimated. These discussionsand debates not only indicated the complexity on the premium estimation’ of the foreigncapital merging stated-owned shares in theoretical and practical area, but also reflect theinadequate researchers on the M&A Premium by foreign capital in the academia.
     Based on the researching on the M&A premium on the state-owned shares of lisitedcompanies by foreign capital, this paper makes a deep analysis of the formationmechanism, influencing factors, estimating methods of the M&A premium on shares andconstructs estimating model of the M&A premium on shares. The results of study haveimportant theoretical value for enriching and developing theories and methods ofestimation of the M&A premium on shares. At the same time, the research can helpstate-owned shareholders to accuratly estimate the value of M&A on listed companiesand further enhance state-owned shareholders’ abilitiy of negotiating and bargining. Inaddtion, the study can help the state owned asset supervision and administrationdepartment to improve and standardize the M&A and transfer of the state-owned shares.The research has important practical significance for preventing the loss of state assets.
     This paper is in light of the following train of thought: raising the question→analyzing the formation mechanism on M&A premium→assessing the status of thepremium on the foreign capital merging stated-owned shares of listed companies →analyzing the influence factors on M&A premium by foreign capital by positivemethod→constructing the premium estimating model on the M&A by foreign capital→Putting forward the policies and recommendations.
     This paper adopts the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods,and normal and empirical analysis methods. Based on the theorical analysis for the sharesM&A premium, this paper studys the present status, influence factoes and estmatingmodel of the M&A premium on the state-owned shares of lisited companies by foreigncapital.
     This paper is divided into seven chapters, the main contents and results are asfollows:
     Chapter1is introduction. It introduces the research background, research value,research train of thought and methods, the main content and structure organization, aswell as innovation of this paper.
     Chapter2is literatures review. All the relative literatures of the M&A premium onshares fall into three categories: valuation of the intrinsic value of target campany’ share,the issues on the M&A premium on shares and the M&A premium on the state-ownedshares by foreign capital. On the basis of reviewing the representative literatures at homeand abroad, this chapter points out some problems in the present researches, whichestablishes the starting point and main issues of this paper.
     Chapter3is the theoretical analysis on the M&A premium on shares. First, thischapter analyzes the formation mechanism of the M&A premium on shares and dividesM&A premium into two parts: synergy premiun and real option premium; Second, thischapter divides the present estmating methods of M&A premium on shares intocomparable transactions method, value-added component method and experiencesanalysis method, as well as discusses the advangtage and disadvangtage of three methods;third, this chapter analyzes the influencing factors of the M&A premium on shares.
     Chapter4is the analysis of present situation about the M&A premium on thestate-owned shares of lisited companies by foreign capital. Based on reviewing thedevelopment process of foreign capital merges and acquires the state-owned shares oflisited companies, this chapter calculates the net assets premium rate, market pricepremium rate and intrinsic value premium rate, and takes the comparative analysis on the results of three types of premium rate. The research shows: it is common that the intrinsicvalue premium rate on the state-owned shares of lisited companies purchased by foreigncapital is lower.
     Chapter5is an empirical test on influencing factors of the M&A premium on thestate-owned shares of lisited companies by foreign capital. This chapter selects the casesof the shares of lisited companies purchased by foreign capital in2002-2009as sampleand adpots the positive study method to analyze the influencing factors of the M&Apremium. The research results confirm the intrinsic value of listed copmanies, the natureof propriertorial right, agency problem of state-owned shareholders are significentinflunencing factors.
     Chapter6is the process of constructing evaluation model of the M&A premium onthe state-owned shares of lisited companies by foreign capital. At first, this chapteradopts F-O model and B-S model to construct estmating model of the M&A premium byforeign capital. And then, this chapter detailedly introduces the application process of themodel by the case of Chongqing Brewery Co. Ltd, as well as evaluates the applicationeffects of the model. It indicates that the charateristics of this model are few forecastingparameter being used, simple calculating process and perfect estmating ability.
     Chapter7is the conclusions and suggestions. This chapter summarizes andelaborates the main conclusions of this paper, puts forward the correspondingsuggestions which are concerned with these issues of the state-owned shares of lisitedcompanies purchased by foreign capital, and puts forward the prospect of the futureresearch according to this paper’ limitations.
     The innovations are mainly embodied in the following aspects:
     (1) Based on the F-O model and the B-S model, this paper is in the light of thevalue-added component method to construct the evaluating model of the M&A premiumon the state-owned shares of lisited companies by foreign capital. This model evaluatesthe theoretical range of the M&A premium by foreign capital in accordance withestimating the value of the synergy and real option. This significant charateristics of thismodel are few forecasting parameter being used, simple calculating process and perfectestmating ability. This model has important value in theory and instructional significancein practice for researching the evaluating M&A premium.
     (2) This paper makes use of the modified F-O model to evaluate the intrinsic valuepremium rate on the state-owned shares purchased by foreign capital, and it is the firsttime in china that comprehensively evaluates the general level of the M&A premium onthe state-owned shares of lisited companies purchased by foreign capital in1995-2010.This research results not noly resolve the “premium paradox” about the foreign capitalmerges and aquires state-owned shares, but also provide the important references andindications to carry out the relative research.
     (3) Now, the research on the influencing factors of the M&A premium by foreigncapital is still on the theoretical perspective in our country, relative theoretical hypotheseshave yet to be positively proved. This paper adpots the positive study method and makesuse of the correlativity analysis and regression analysis to analyze the influencing factorsof the M&A premium on the state-owned shares of lisited companies by foreign capital.The research results confirm the intrinsic value of listed copmanies, the nature ofpropriertorial right and agency problem of state-owned shareholders are significentinflunencing factors.
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