剖宫产新生儿临床特点的前瞻性多中心研究
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摘要
目的：近20年来,全球范围内的剖宫产率呈普遍增长趋势,尤其在我国,各家医院的剖宫产率远高于其他国家,维持在40%-60%。同时,剖宫产指征也发生了明显变化,非医学指征剖宫产率迅速上升。而国外大型多中心临床研究证实,高剖宫产率并不能降低新生儿疾病的发病率并改善预后。那么,我国现状如何?目前国内尚缺乏全国范围的多中心临床调查数据。因此,本研究旨在建立全国出生新生儿数据库,并通过该数据库了解全国剖宫产率、分析剖宫产指征、了解剖宫产新生儿的临床特点,为今后的进一步研究提供基础数据,并检验建立长期全国出生新生儿网络的可行性。
方法：(1)设计出生新生儿主要临床资料登记表格,建立专用数据库。(2)联系医院,确定合作单位并进行资料填写和数据录入的培训。(3)病例登记：共纳入2010年5月1日到2011年12月31日全国52家医院出生新生儿,共计100308例。(4)统计分析：将登记表记录的新生儿数据录入数据库,通过SPSS软件进行分析。
结果：(1)剖宫产率：在研究时间内全国52家医院出生新生儿100308例,其中剖宫产新生儿46823例,剖宫产率达46.68%(11.49-73.79%)。选择性剖宫产比例高达总剖宫产的84.41%。(2)剖宫产新生儿基本情况：剖宫产新生儿平均胎龄为38.6±1.9周(21+5-49+5周),早产儿占10.28%(n=4815)；平均出生体重为3248.0±583.9g(265-7795g),巨大儿占8.74%(n=4092),低出生体重儿占8.02%(n=3753),超低出生体重儿32例。(3)围产期情况：1.03%(n=480)剖宫产新生儿为试管婴儿。胎龄≤34周剖宫产新生儿中30.10%(n=570)母亲产前接受预防性激素治疗。7.49%(n=3509)剖宫产新生儿诊断宫内窘迫。2.93%(n=1372)剖宫产新生儿生后1分钟Apgar评分≤7分,0.82%(n=383)5分钟Apgar评分≤7分。(4)剖宫产指征：50.33%为非医学指征剖宫产,其次为胎膜早破(11.15%,n=5223)、巨大儿(8.74%,n=4092)、宫内窘迫(7.49%,n=3509)、多胎(5.71%,n=2672)、妊高征(5.11%,n=2394)、疤痕子宫(4.34%,n=2032)、糖尿病(包含糖耐量异常,2.89%,n=1352)等。(5)症状与体征：主要为黄疸(14.47%,n=6775)、呼吸困难(4.62%,n=2161)和青紫(2.86%,n=1338),其发生率均高于阴道产新生儿(p<0.05)。(6)出院诊断及疾病谱情况：高胆红素血症(15.11%,n=7076)是最常见的诊断,主要原因是病理性黄疸和生理性黄疸,发病率均较阴道产新生儿高(p<0.05)。与阴道产新生儿相比,剖宫产新生儿RDS、湿肺、肺炎和窒息发病率较高(p<0.05)。足月儿中,胎龄37周的剖宫产新生儿发生RDS的风险高于胎龄39周的新生儿(OR=7.312)。临产剖宫产新生儿发生RDS的风险较选择性剖宫产小(OR=0.640)。湿肺发生风险与母亲是否临产没有关联(p>0.05)。与阴道产新生儿相比,剖宫产新生儿循环系统各疾病发病率均较高(p<0.05)。阴道产新生儿脑室内出血和蛛网膜下腔出血发病率高于剖宫产新生儿(p<0.05),后者新生儿脑损伤发病率较前者高(p<0.05)。剖宫产新生儿贫血发病率较高(p<0.05),感染性肺炎和败血症发病率也较高(p<0.05)。(7)治疗措施：剖宫产新生儿主要治疗措施有普通吸氧(4.57%,n=2140)、光疗(6.96%,n=3260)、静脉营养(4.19%,n=1960)和抗感染治疗(2.97%,n=1390)。除光疗外,剖宫产新生儿接受治疗率更高(p<0.05)。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,治疗率越高。(8)预后：82.21%(n=38494)剖宫产新生儿生后母婴同室。平均住院天数为6.0±4.4天,较阴道产新生儿长(p<0.05)。仅1.06%(n=494)剖宫产新生儿登记住院费用。总体预后良好,死亡率0.41%(n=191),与阴道产新生儿无差别(p>0.05)。主要死亡原因是RDS、早产和窒息。
结论：(1)全国52家医院剖宫产率为46.68%,远高于20-25%的合适剖宫产率。(2)选择性剖宫产比例高达总剖宫产的84.41%。(3)剖宫产新生儿平均胎龄小于阴道产新生儿,平均体重大于后者。(4)胎龄≤34周的剖宫产新生儿母亲产前激素规范使用率低。(5)50.33%的剖宫产为无医学指征的剖宫产,其他的剖宫产指征主要有胎膜早破、胎儿问题(如巨大儿、宫内窘迫及多胎)及母亲问题(如妊高征、疤痕子宫和糖尿病)。(6)黄疸、呼吸困难和青紫是剖宫产新生儿最常见的症状及体征,发生率均较阴道产新生儿高。(7)高胆红素血症、早产儿、巨大儿、大于胎龄儿和低出生体重儿是排名前5位的诊断。剖宫产新生儿呼吸系统疾病发病率普遍高于阴道产新生儿,尤以湿肺为著。神经系统疾病中,剖宫产新生儿脑损伤发病率较高,阴道产新生儿颅内出血和蛛网膜下腔出血发病率较高。对于其他各系统疾病,剖宫产新生儿发病率亦普遍较高。(8)剖宫产新生儿呼吸支持、光疗、静脉营养及抗感染治疗率较高。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,治疗率越高。(9)剖宫产新生儿住院率较高,住院时间更长。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,住院天数越长。(10)剖宫产新生儿死亡率0.41%,与阴道产新生儿相比无明显降低。剖宫产新生儿死亡病例胎龄及出生体重均较大。主要死亡原因为RDS、早产和窒息。
Objectives:In the recent20years, the cesarean delivery rate has been growing steadily all over the world. In China, the rates of many hospitals maintained at40%-60%which are much higher than those of other countries. At the same time, the indications for cesarean delivery have changed a lot which non-medical-indication cesarean delivery rate rises rapidly. Many major multi-center clinical researches abroad have approved that high cesarean delivery rate can't reduce the morbidities and improve the prognosis of newborns. What is the current situation in China? We lack multi-center clinical data nationwide so far. Thus, one purpose of this thesis is to establish a nationwide newborn database. Furthermore, we aim at finding out the cesarean delivery rate, analyzing the indications for cesarean delivery and understanding the clinical characteristics of cesarean delivery newborns. In this way, we want to provide basic data for further researches and inspect the possibility of setting up a nationwide newborn network for a long period.
Methods:(1) Clinical form of newborns was designed and a standardized database was established.(2) We contacted with hospitals nationwide, confirmed the cooperative ones then provided trainings on filling the form and inputting the data.(3) Data collection:100308neonatals borned from May1st2010to December31st2011were enrolled in the study.(4)Analysis:Input the data into the database and analyze it using SPSS software.
Results:(1) Cesarean delivery rate:Among the100308newborns from52hospitals during the research period, there were46823cesarean delivery newborns. The overall cesarean delivery rate was46.68%(range11.49-73.79%). The proportion of elective cesarean delivery among all cesarean delivery was84.41%.(2) Basic characteristics of cesarean delivery newborns:The gestational age was38.6±1.9wk (range21+5-49+5wk); preterm birth rate was10.28%(n=4815); birth weight was3248.0±583.9g (range265-7795g); macrosomia rate was8.74%(n=4092); LBW rate was8.02%(n=3753). There were32ELBW infants.(3)Maternal history of cesarean delivery newborns:1.03%(n=480) cesarean delivery newborns were test tube babies.30.10%(n=570) mothers of GA less than or equal to34wk received antenatal dexamethasone treatment.7.49%(n=3509) were diagnosed as fetal distress.2.93%(n=1372) at1min postnatal age and0.82%(n=383) at5min postnatal age had an Apgar score less than or equal to7.(4) Indications for cesarean delivery:50.33%cesarean deliveries were non-medical-indication ones followed by indications as PROM (11.15%, n=5223), macrosomia (8.74%, n=4092), fetal distress (7.49%, n=3509), multiple births (5.71%, n=2672), PIH (5.11%, n=2394), previous cesarean delivery (4.34%, n=2032), diabetes (including IGT,2.89%, n=1352) etc.(5) Symptoms and signs:The major symptoms were jaundice (14.47%, n=6775), dyspnea (4.62%, n=2161) and cyanosis (2.86%, n=1338). All three incidences were higher as to cesarean delivery newborns (p<0.05).(6) Discharge diagnosis and disease spectrum: The most popular diagnosis was hyperbilirubinemia (15.11%, n=7076) which mainly caused by pathological and physiological reasons. Both incidences were higher than those of vaginal delivery infants (p<0.05). And the morbidities of RDS, TTN, pneumonia and asphyxia were all higher in cesarean delivery newborns (p<0.05). As to term cesarean delivery newborns, the risk of RDS at GA of37wk was higher than that of39wk (OR=7.312). The risk of RDS of cesarean delivery in labor was lower than that of elective cesarean delivery (OR=0.640). The risk of TTN had no relationship with labor (p>0.05). The circulatory morbidities were all higher in cesarean delivery newborns (p>0.05). The morbidities of IVH and SAH were higher in vaginal delivery newborns (p<0.05) while that of brain injury was lower (p<0.05). In cesarean delivery newborns, the morbidities of anemia, infectious pneumonia and sepsis were higher (p<0.05).(7) Treatments:Main treatments of cesarean delivery newborns included inhaling oxygen (4.57%, n=2140), photo therapy (6.96%, n=3260), intravenous nutrition (4.19%, n=1960) and anti-infective therapy (2.97%, n=1390). The treatment rates were higher in cesarean delivery newborns except photo therapy (p<0.05). The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the higher the treatment rates were.(8) Prognosis:82.21%(n=38494) cesarean delivery newborns stayed with their mothers after born. The overall length of hospitalization was6.0±4.4d and longer than that of vaginal delivery newborns (p<0.05). Only1.06%(n=494) cesarean delivery newborns registered hospitalization costs. The overall prognosis of all newborns was good. The mortality rate of cesarean delivery newborns was0.41%(n=191) which had no significant difference with that of vaginal delivery ones (p>0.05). The main causes of death were RDS, preterm birth and asphyxia.
Conclusions:(1) The overall cesarean delivery rate nationwide was46.68%which was much higher than the appropriate rate:20-25%.(2) The proportion of elective cesarean delivery among all cesarean delivery was84.41%.(3) The rate of proper treatment of antenatal dexamethasone in mothers of GA less than or equal to34wk was low.(4)50.33%cesarean deliveries were non-medical-indication ones followed by indications as PROM, fetal problems (e.g. macrosomia, fetal distress, multiple births) and maternal problems (e.g. PIH, previous cesarean delivery, diabetes).(6) Three main symptoms of cesarean delivery newborns were jaundice, dyspnea and cyanosis which the incidences were higher than those in vaginal delivery ones.(7) Hyperbilirubinemia, preterm, macrosomia, LGA and LBW listed top5among all the discharge diagnosis. The respiratory morbidities were higher in cesarean delivery newborns, especially that of TTN. The morbidities of IVH and SAH were higher in vaginal delivery newborns while that of brain injury was lower. As to other systems, the morbidities were generally higher in cesarean delivery newborns.(8) The treatment rates of respiratory support, photo therapy, intravenous nutrition and anti-infective therapy were higher in cesarean delivery newborns. The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the higher the treatment rates were.(9) In cesarean delivery newborns, the hospitalization rate was higher and the length was longer. The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the longer the hospitalization length was.(10) The overall prognosis of cesarean delivery newborns was good. The mortality rate was0.41%which had no significant difference with that of vaginal delivery ones. GA and birth weight were bigger in cesarean delivery newborns. The main causes of death were RDS, preterm birth and asphyxia.
方法：(1)设计出生新生儿主要临床资料登记表格,建立专用数据库。(2)联系医院,确定合作单位并进行资料填写和数据录入的培训。(3)病例登记：共纳入2010年5月1日到2011年12月31日全国52家医院出生新生儿,共计100308例。(4)统计分析：将登记表记录的新生儿数据录入数据库,通过SPSS软件进行分析。
结果：(1)剖宫产率：在研究时间内全国52家医院出生新生儿100308例,其中剖宫产新生儿46823例,剖宫产率达46.68%(11.49-73.79%)。选择性剖宫产比例高达总剖宫产的84.41%。(2)剖宫产新生儿基本情况：剖宫产新生儿平均胎龄为38.6±1.9周(21+5-49+5周),早产儿占10.28%(n=4815)；平均出生体重为3248.0±583.9g(265-7795g),巨大儿占8.74%(n=4092),低出生体重儿占8.02%(n=3753),超低出生体重儿32例。(3)围产期情况：1.03%(n=480)剖宫产新生儿为试管婴儿。胎龄≤34周剖宫产新生儿中30.10%(n=570)母亲产前接受预防性激素治疗。7.49%(n=3509)剖宫产新生儿诊断宫内窘迫。2.93%(n=1372)剖宫产新生儿生后1分钟Apgar评分≤7分,0.82%(n=383)5分钟Apgar评分≤7分。(4)剖宫产指征：50.33%为非医学指征剖宫产,其次为胎膜早破(11.15%,n=5223)、巨大儿(8.74%,n=4092)、宫内窘迫(7.49%,n=3509)、多胎(5.71%,n=2672)、妊高征(5.11%,n=2394)、疤痕子宫(4.34%,n=2032)、糖尿病(包含糖耐量异常,2.89%,n=1352)等。(5)症状与体征：主要为黄疸(14.47%,n=6775)、呼吸困难(4.62%,n=2161)和青紫(2.86%,n=1338),其发生率均高于阴道产新生儿(p<0.05)。(6)出院诊断及疾病谱情况：高胆红素血症(15.11%,n=7076)是最常见的诊断,主要原因是病理性黄疸和生理性黄疸,发病率均较阴道产新生儿高(p<0.05)。与阴道产新生儿相比,剖宫产新生儿RDS、湿肺、肺炎和窒息发病率较高(p<0.05)。足月儿中,胎龄37周的剖宫产新生儿发生RDS的风险高于胎龄39周的新生儿(OR=7.312)。临产剖宫产新生儿发生RDS的风险较选择性剖宫产小(OR=0.640)。湿肺发生风险与母亲是否临产没有关联(p>0.05)。与阴道产新生儿相比,剖宫产新生儿循环系统各疾病发病率均较高(p<0.05)。阴道产新生儿脑室内出血和蛛网膜下腔出血发病率高于剖宫产新生儿(p<0.05),后者新生儿脑损伤发病率较前者高(p<0.05)。剖宫产新生儿贫血发病率较高(p<0.05),感染性肺炎和败血症发病率也较高(p<0.05)。(7)治疗措施：剖宫产新生儿主要治疗措施有普通吸氧(4.57%,n=2140)、光疗(6.96%,n=3260)、静脉营养(4.19%,n=1960)和抗感染治疗(2.97%,n=1390)。除光疗外,剖宫产新生儿接受治疗率更高(p<0.05)。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,治疗率越高。(8)预后：82.21%(n=38494)剖宫产新生儿生后母婴同室。平均住院天数为6.0±4.4天,较阴道产新生儿长(p<0.05)。仅1.06%(n=494)剖宫产新生儿登记住院费用。总体预后良好,死亡率0.41%(n=191),与阴道产新生儿无差别(p>0.05)。主要死亡原因是RDS、早产和窒息。
结论：(1)全国52家医院剖宫产率为46.68%,远高于20-25%的合适剖宫产率。(2)选择性剖宫产比例高达总剖宫产的84.41%。(3)剖宫产新生儿平均胎龄小于阴道产新生儿,平均体重大于后者。(4)胎龄≤34周的剖宫产新生儿母亲产前激素规范使用率低。(5)50.33%的剖宫产为无医学指征的剖宫产,其他的剖宫产指征主要有胎膜早破、胎儿问题(如巨大儿、宫内窘迫及多胎)及母亲问题(如妊高征、疤痕子宫和糖尿病)。(6)黄疸、呼吸困难和青紫是剖宫产新生儿最常见的症状及体征,发生率均较阴道产新生儿高。(7)高胆红素血症、早产儿、巨大儿、大于胎龄儿和低出生体重儿是排名前5位的诊断。剖宫产新生儿呼吸系统疾病发病率普遍高于阴道产新生儿,尤以湿肺为著。神经系统疾病中,剖宫产新生儿脑损伤发病率较高,阴道产新生儿颅内出血和蛛网膜下腔出血发病率较高。对于其他各系统疾病,剖宫产新生儿发病率亦普遍较高。(8)剖宫产新生儿呼吸支持、光疗、静脉营养及抗感染治疗率较高。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,治疗率越高。(9)剖宫产新生儿住院率较高,住院时间更长。且胎龄越小、出生体重越低,住院天数越长。(10)剖宫产新生儿死亡率0.41%,与阴道产新生儿相比无明显降低。剖宫产新生儿死亡病例胎龄及出生体重均较大。主要死亡原因为RDS、早产和窒息。
Objectives:In the recent20years, the cesarean delivery rate has been growing steadily all over the world. In China, the rates of many hospitals maintained at40%-60%which are much higher than those of other countries. At the same time, the indications for cesarean delivery have changed a lot which non-medical-indication cesarean delivery rate rises rapidly. Many major multi-center clinical researches abroad have approved that high cesarean delivery rate can't reduce the morbidities and improve the prognosis of newborns. What is the current situation in China? We lack multi-center clinical data nationwide so far. Thus, one purpose of this thesis is to establish a nationwide newborn database. Furthermore, we aim at finding out the cesarean delivery rate, analyzing the indications for cesarean delivery and understanding the clinical characteristics of cesarean delivery newborns. In this way, we want to provide basic data for further researches and inspect the possibility of setting up a nationwide newborn network for a long period.
Methods:(1) Clinical form of newborns was designed and a standardized database was established.(2) We contacted with hospitals nationwide, confirmed the cooperative ones then provided trainings on filling the form and inputting the data.(3) Data collection:100308neonatals borned from May1st2010to December31st2011were enrolled in the study.(4)Analysis:Input the data into the database and analyze it using SPSS software.
Results:(1) Cesarean delivery rate:Among the100308newborns from52hospitals during the research period, there were46823cesarean delivery newborns. The overall cesarean delivery rate was46.68%(range11.49-73.79%). The proportion of elective cesarean delivery among all cesarean delivery was84.41%.(2) Basic characteristics of cesarean delivery newborns:The gestational age was38.6±1.9wk (range21+5-49+5wk); preterm birth rate was10.28%(n=4815); birth weight was3248.0±583.9g (range265-7795g); macrosomia rate was8.74%(n=4092); LBW rate was8.02%(n=3753). There were32ELBW infants.(3)Maternal history of cesarean delivery newborns:1.03%(n=480) cesarean delivery newborns were test tube babies.30.10%(n=570) mothers of GA less than or equal to34wk received antenatal dexamethasone treatment.7.49%(n=3509) were diagnosed as fetal distress.2.93%(n=1372) at1min postnatal age and0.82%(n=383) at5min postnatal age had an Apgar score less than or equal to7.(4) Indications for cesarean delivery:50.33%cesarean deliveries were non-medical-indication ones followed by indications as PROM (11.15%, n=5223), macrosomia (8.74%, n=4092), fetal distress (7.49%, n=3509), multiple births (5.71%, n=2672), PIH (5.11%, n=2394), previous cesarean delivery (4.34%, n=2032), diabetes (including IGT,2.89%, n=1352) etc.(5) Symptoms and signs:The major symptoms were jaundice (14.47%, n=6775), dyspnea (4.62%, n=2161) and cyanosis (2.86%, n=1338). All three incidences were higher as to cesarean delivery newborns (p<0.05).(6) Discharge diagnosis and disease spectrum: The most popular diagnosis was hyperbilirubinemia (15.11%, n=7076) which mainly caused by pathological and physiological reasons. Both incidences were higher than those of vaginal delivery infants (p<0.05). And the morbidities of RDS, TTN, pneumonia and asphyxia were all higher in cesarean delivery newborns (p<0.05). As to term cesarean delivery newborns, the risk of RDS at GA of37wk was higher than that of39wk (OR=7.312). The risk of RDS of cesarean delivery in labor was lower than that of elective cesarean delivery (OR=0.640). The risk of TTN had no relationship with labor (p>0.05). The circulatory morbidities were all higher in cesarean delivery newborns (p>0.05). The morbidities of IVH and SAH were higher in vaginal delivery newborns (p<0.05) while that of brain injury was lower (p<0.05). In cesarean delivery newborns, the morbidities of anemia, infectious pneumonia and sepsis were higher (p<0.05).(7) Treatments:Main treatments of cesarean delivery newborns included inhaling oxygen (4.57%, n=2140), photo therapy (6.96%, n=3260), intravenous nutrition (4.19%, n=1960) and anti-infective therapy (2.97%, n=1390). The treatment rates were higher in cesarean delivery newborns except photo therapy (p<0.05). The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the higher the treatment rates were.(8) Prognosis:82.21%(n=38494) cesarean delivery newborns stayed with their mothers after born. The overall length of hospitalization was6.0±4.4d and longer than that of vaginal delivery newborns (p<0.05). Only1.06%(n=494) cesarean delivery newborns registered hospitalization costs. The overall prognosis of all newborns was good. The mortality rate of cesarean delivery newborns was0.41%(n=191) which had no significant difference with that of vaginal delivery ones (p>0.05). The main causes of death were RDS, preterm birth and asphyxia.
Conclusions:(1) The overall cesarean delivery rate nationwide was46.68%which was much higher than the appropriate rate:20-25%.(2) The proportion of elective cesarean delivery among all cesarean delivery was84.41%.(3) The rate of proper treatment of antenatal dexamethasone in mothers of GA less than or equal to34wk was low.(4)50.33%cesarean deliveries were non-medical-indication ones followed by indications as PROM, fetal problems (e.g. macrosomia, fetal distress, multiple births) and maternal problems (e.g. PIH, previous cesarean delivery, diabetes).(6) Three main symptoms of cesarean delivery newborns were jaundice, dyspnea and cyanosis which the incidences were higher than those in vaginal delivery ones.(7) Hyperbilirubinemia, preterm, macrosomia, LGA and LBW listed top5among all the discharge diagnosis. The respiratory morbidities were higher in cesarean delivery newborns, especially that of TTN. The morbidities of IVH and SAH were higher in vaginal delivery newborns while that of brain injury was lower. As to other systems, the morbidities were generally higher in cesarean delivery newborns.(8) The treatment rates of respiratory support, photo therapy, intravenous nutrition and anti-infective therapy were higher in cesarean delivery newborns. The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the higher the treatment rates were.(9) In cesarean delivery newborns, the hospitalization rate was higher and the length was longer. The smaller the GA and the lower the birth weight were, the longer the hospitalization length was.(10) The overall prognosis of cesarean delivery newborns was good. The mortality rate was0.41%which had no significant difference with that of vaginal delivery ones. GA and birth weight were bigger in cesarean delivery newborns. The main causes of death were RDS, preterm birth and asphyxia.
引文
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