土壤物理性质对玉米生长影响及高产农田土壤物理特征研究
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摘要
作物高产不但需要土壤有充足的养分供给,还要求土壤有水、气、热相协调的物理环境条件。近二、三十年来,由于玉米生产中采取长年连作、旋耕、单施化肥、少施或不施有机肥,导致土壤质量严重下降,表现为：土壤板结,耕层浅、容重大、结构性差等。尽管目前有关土壤物理性质与作物生长的定性关系已经非常明确,但是在不同土壤类型上,不同作物生长适宜土壤物理性质的定量关系研究还非常欠缺。本文首先通过大田研究了高产玉米田土壤物理特征,然后以棕壤为试验材料,通过盆栽与大田小区试验的方法,进一步研究了容重、孔隙度、耕层厚度等土壤物理性质对玉米生长的影响。研究结果将对高产稳产农田建设具有重要的理论意义,对农业生产实践具有重要的参考价值。研究结论如下：
1.通过玉米田调查发现,产量>750公斤/亩的玉米田,有90%的地块耕层、犁底层厚度分别在20～25cm、7-10cm之间；耕层容重、硬度分别在1.30-1.33g cm-3与3.1～5.1Kg cm-2范围；耕层土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别介于50%-52%、10%～15%之间；耕层土壤的水稳性团聚体含量在20%以上,团聚体的水稳性系数在25%以上。产量450～750公斤/亩的玉米田,有90%的地块耕层、犁底层厚度分别在16～19cm、10～16cm之间；耕层容重、硬度分别在1.33～1.38g cm-3与5.5～7.5Kg cm-2范围；耕层土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别介于41%-44%、8%-12%之间；耕层土壤的水稳性团聚体含量小于18%,团聚体的水稳性系数小于22%。
2.通过不同耕层厚度处理的小区试验研究结果发现,耕层厚度在10-50cm范围内,随着耕层厚度增加,玉米地上、地下部位生长都有不同程度的增加,对叶绿素、光合特性没有影响。当耕层厚度＞30cm时,株高、茎粗增长不明显,平均增加10%左右,同时,其他玉米生长指标增加幅度也较小。盆栽结果表明,当耕层深度小于15cm时,总根量下降,表层根系分布比例增加10%-20%,表现为根系补偿；当耕层深度大于30cm时,不同处理对根总生长量无显著影响,综合小区试验结果可知,适宜玉米生长的耕层厚度为20～30cm,耕层厚度再增加对玉米生长促进作用减少,经济性下降。
3.通过不同容重处理的盆栽试验研究结果发现：
1)利用有机质含量为13.79g Kg-1的棕壤进行1.1～1.4g cm-3不同的容重处理,结果容重均从播种到出苗期迅速增高,之后的整个生育期缓慢升高,但在灌浆期略有下降。1.1和1.2g cm-3容重处理在玉米生育期分别稳定在1.26～1.31g cm-3和1.28～1.33g cm-3之间。1.3和1.4g cm-3容重处理则分别稳定在1.34-1.38g cm-3和1.43-1.45g cm-3之间。说明有机质含量低的土壤耕作后低容重很难保持,均会大幅度增高。
2)土壤总孔隙度对玉米根系生长有极大的影响。当总孔隙度为49.9%-51.2%时,玉米根系生长指标极显著高于低孔隙度处理；当总孔隙度低于48%时,随着孔隙度的减少,根系生长指标虽然呈减少趋势,但总孔隙度的影响不显著。不同孔隙度对根系活力有影响,根系活力在灌浆期前都呈上升趋势,总孔隙度>49.9%时影响不显著,当总孔隙度低于48%时,根系活力极显著下降。
3)叶绿素含量在玉米生育期内始终增长,不同通气孔隙度处理对叶绿素含量的影响从拔节期后极显著。光合速率与容重、胞间二氧化碳浓度呈负相关,与气孔导度呈正相关。当通气孔隙度在8.6%-11.0%范围时,玉米光合效率较高。
4)容重对玉米根、茎、叶中N、P、K元素的吸收与积累影响显著(P<0.05),随设计容重增加,在相同生育期同一玉米生理部位同一元素的积累下降,除根茎中K含量随生育期先下降后上升外,其它元素在玉米生育期都表现为下降,这种结果的累积效应导致容重1.1、1.2处理产量极显著高于容重1.3、1.4处理(P<0.01)。1.26～1.33g cm-3处理各项指标差异较小,是玉米生长适宜的土壤容重范围。
5)土壤有机质含量小于1.5%时制约玉米生长,有机物料含量为3%-5%时,显著提高了土壤的总孔隙度(增加9%左右)、通气孔隙度(增加40%-50%)、田间持水量(增加9%-30%),显著降低了容重(降低5%-12%)。低容重(1.2g cm-3)土壤有机物料增加到3%,高容重(1.4g cm-3)土壤有机物料增加4%时,土壤物理指标较好,达到玉米高产所需的物理条件。
4.综合大田调查、小区及盆栽试验,高产玉米田的土壤物理特征应该满足耕层厚度在20～30cm之间,总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别在50%-51.2%、10%-11%的范围,在玉米整个生育期容重稳定在1.26～1.33g cm-3范围。
High yield not merely requires soil could provide sufficient nutrients, but also require soil has the coordinating physical environment condition within water, air and heat. Due to long time continuous cropping, rotary tillage, applying fertilizer alone and no or less manure in maize cultivation, soil quality declined seriously which showed as soil hardening, thin topsoil layer, large soil bulk density, poor soil structure, etc. In spite of the relationship of soil physical properties and crop growth were very clearly, however there was less research on soil physical properties that fitting different crop growth in different soil types. This paper firstly studied the characteristics of physical properties of high yield maize farmland, afterwards took brown soil as experimental material, using pot and field pot experiment studied soil bulk density, porosity and topsoil layer thickness which affect maize growth. The research results have important theoretical significance of high and stable yield. It also has reference value of agricultural production practice. The results were as follows:
1.90%field's topsoil, subsoil thickness were between20～25cm and7～10cm when yield is greater than750kg/mu, soil bulk density and hardness were range from1.30～1.33g cm-3and3.1～5.1kg cm-2, respectively. Total porosity and aeration porosity of topsoil were range from50%～52%and10%～15%, respectively. Topsoil waterstable aggregate content was greater than20%, water stability coefficient was greater than25%after maize cropland investigation. When the yield was between450and750kg/mu, almost90%topsoil and subsoil thickness were range from16to19cm and10to16cm, topsoil bulk density and hardness were range from1.33to1.38g cm-3and5.5to7.5kg cm-2. Topsoil total porosity and aeration porosity were range from41%to44%and8%to12%. Waterstable aggregate content was less than18%, water stability coefficient was less than22%.
2. Results of different topsoil thickness plot experiment showed that, the overground and underground part of maize increased as the thickness of topsoil increased, and it had no effect on chlorophyll and photosynthetic characteristic. There was no significant difference in plant height and spear thickness which increased10%when topsoil thickness was greater than30cm, and the other maize growth index increased slowly. Plot experiment showed that total root amount decreased when topsoil thickness was less than15cm, and the topsoil root distribution rate increased10%and20%which showed a compensation of root. There was no significant difference of different treatment to total root amount, when topsoil thickness was greater than30cm. To sum up the plot experiment results, it can be concluded that topsoil thickness which fit maize growth was range from20to30cm. It will have the negative effect on maize growth if increased topsoil thickness more than30cm, and the economical efficiency will decrease.
3. Results of different soil bulk density plot experiment showed that:
1) Soil bulk density increased from sowing to seeding stage, then increased slowly during the whole growth stage and decreased during filling stage when soil bulk density was range from1.1to1.4g cm-3and soil organic matter was13.79g kg-1. The soil bulk density treatments of1.1and1.2g cm-3were stabled at1.26to1.31g cm-3and1.28to1.33g cm-3during the growth stage. While the1.3and1.4g cm-3treatments were stabled at1.34to1.38 g cm-3and1.43to1.45g cm-3. This result illustrate that low soil bulk density could not be stable and increased sharply after tillage in low organic matter soil.
2) Soil total porosity affect maize root deeply. Maize root growth index significant higher than low porosity treatment when total porosity was range from49.9%to51.2%. Root growth index decreased as total index decreased, however, it had no significant difference in total porosity when total porosity was less than48%. Different porosity influenced root activity, root activity showed an increasing tendency during filling stage. There was no significant difference when total porosity was greater than49.9%and root activity significant decreased when total porosity was less than48%.
3) Chlorophyll content increased during the whole maize growth stage. Significant affect was after the jointing stage of different aeration porosity treatment. There was a negative relationship between photosynthetic rate with soil bulk density and the intercellular CO: concentration, and photosynthetic and stomatal conductance had a positive relationship. Maize photosynthetic efficiency was higher when aeration porosity was range from8.6%to11.0%.
4) Soil bulk density had a significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize root, stem and leaves (P<0.5). The accumulation of the same element of the same maize physiology part in the same growth stage decreased, except potassium content was decreased first then increased, all the other element content decreased. This result lead to yield in the soil bulk density treatment of1.1and1.2were significant higher than1.3and1.4treatment (p<0.01). There was no significant difference of all indexes in the treatment of1.26to1.33g cm-3, this range of soil bulk density was the suitable scope which fit maize growth.
5) When soil organic matter was less than1.5%, it restricted maize growth. Soil total porosity significant increased with9%, aeration porosity increased40%to50%, field moisture capacity increased9%to30%and soil bulk density was decreased5%to12%when soil organic material content was3%to5%. With low soil bulk density (1.2g cm-3) and high soil bulk density (1.4g cm-3), soil organic material should increased to3%and4%,respectively which could meet the standard requirement of physical conditions of maize high yield.
4. Took field investigation, field plot experiment and plot as a whole, the physical character of high yield maize cropland need the topsoil thickness range from20to30cm, total porosity and aeration porosity was range from50%to51.2%and10%to11%, respectively. Soil bulk density should be stabled at1.26to1.33g cm-3
1.通过玉米田调查发现,产量>750公斤/亩的玉米田,有90%的地块耕层、犁底层厚度分别在20～25cm、7-10cm之间；耕层容重、硬度分别在1.30-1.33g cm-3与3.1～5.1Kg cm-2范围；耕层土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别介于50%-52%、10%～15%之间；耕层土壤的水稳性团聚体含量在20%以上,团聚体的水稳性系数在25%以上。产量450～750公斤/亩的玉米田,有90%的地块耕层、犁底层厚度分别在16～19cm、10～16cm之间；耕层容重、硬度分别在1.33～1.38g cm-3与5.5～7.5Kg cm-2范围；耕层土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别介于41%-44%、8%-12%之间；耕层土壤的水稳性团聚体含量小于18%,团聚体的水稳性系数小于22%。
2.通过不同耕层厚度处理的小区试验研究结果发现,耕层厚度在10-50cm范围内,随着耕层厚度增加,玉米地上、地下部位生长都有不同程度的增加,对叶绿素、光合特性没有影响。当耕层厚度＞30cm时,株高、茎粗增长不明显,平均增加10%左右,同时,其他玉米生长指标增加幅度也较小。盆栽结果表明,当耕层深度小于15cm时,总根量下降,表层根系分布比例增加10%-20%,表现为根系补偿；当耕层深度大于30cm时,不同处理对根总生长量无显著影响,综合小区试验结果可知,适宜玉米生长的耕层厚度为20～30cm,耕层厚度再增加对玉米生长促进作用减少,经济性下降。
3.通过不同容重处理的盆栽试验研究结果发现：
1)利用有机质含量为13.79g Kg-1的棕壤进行1.1～1.4g cm-3不同的容重处理,结果容重均从播种到出苗期迅速增高,之后的整个生育期缓慢升高,但在灌浆期略有下降。1.1和1.2g cm-3容重处理在玉米生育期分别稳定在1.26～1.31g cm-3和1.28～1.33g cm-3之间。1.3和1.4g cm-3容重处理则分别稳定在1.34-1.38g cm-3和1.43-1.45g cm-3之间。说明有机质含量低的土壤耕作后低容重很难保持,均会大幅度增高。
2)土壤总孔隙度对玉米根系生长有极大的影响。当总孔隙度为49.9%-51.2%时,玉米根系生长指标极显著高于低孔隙度处理；当总孔隙度低于48%时,随着孔隙度的减少,根系生长指标虽然呈减少趋势,但总孔隙度的影响不显著。不同孔隙度对根系活力有影响,根系活力在灌浆期前都呈上升趋势,总孔隙度>49.9%时影响不显著,当总孔隙度低于48%时,根系活力极显著下降。
3)叶绿素含量在玉米生育期内始终增长,不同通气孔隙度处理对叶绿素含量的影响从拔节期后极显著。光合速率与容重、胞间二氧化碳浓度呈负相关,与气孔导度呈正相关。当通气孔隙度在8.6%-11.0%范围时,玉米光合效率较高。
4)容重对玉米根、茎、叶中N、P、K元素的吸收与积累影响显著(P<0.05),随设计容重增加,在相同生育期同一玉米生理部位同一元素的积累下降,除根茎中K含量随生育期先下降后上升外,其它元素在玉米生育期都表现为下降,这种结果的累积效应导致容重1.1、1.2处理产量极显著高于容重1.3、1.4处理(P<0.01)。1.26～1.33g cm-3处理各项指标差异较小,是玉米生长适宜的土壤容重范围。
5)土壤有机质含量小于1.5%时制约玉米生长,有机物料含量为3%-5%时,显著提高了土壤的总孔隙度(增加9%左右)、通气孔隙度(增加40%-50%)、田间持水量(增加9%-30%),显著降低了容重(降低5%-12%)。低容重(1.2g cm-3)土壤有机物料增加到3%,高容重(1.4g cm-3)土壤有机物料增加4%时,土壤物理指标较好,达到玉米高产所需的物理条件。
4.综合大田调查、小区及盆栽试验,高产玉米田的土壤物理特征应该满足耕层厚度在20～30cm之间,总孔隙度、通气孔隙度分别在50%-51.2%、10%-11%的范围,在玉米整个生育期容重稳定在1.26～1.33g cm-3范围。
High yield not merely requires soil could provide sufficient nutrients, but also require soil has the coordinating physical environment condition within water, air and heat. Due to long time continuous cropping, rotary tillage, applying fertilizer alone and no or less manure in maize cultivation, soil quality declined seriously which showed as soil hardening, thin topsoil layer, large soil bulk density, poor soil structure, etc. In spite of the relationship of soil physical properties and crop growth were very clearly, however there was less research on soil physical properties that fitting different crop growth in different soil types. This paper firstly studied the characteristics of physical properties of high yield maize farmland, afterwards took brown soil as experimental material, using pot and field pot experiment studied soil bulk density, porosity and topsoil layer thickness which affect maize growth. The research results have important theoretical significance of high and stable yield. It also has reference value of agricultural production practice. The results were as follows:
1.90%field's topsoil, subsoil thickness were between20～25cm and7～10cm when yield is greater than750kg/mu, soil bulk density and hardness were range from1.30～1.33g cm-3and3.1～5.1kg cm-2, respectively. Total porosity and aeration porosity of topsoil were range from50%～52%and10%～15%, respectively. Topsoil waterstable aggregate content was greater than20%, water stability coefficient was greater than25%after maize cropland investigation. When the yield was between450and750kg/mu, almost90%topsoil and subsoil thickness were range from16to19cm and10to16cm, topsoil bulk density and hardness were range from1.33to1.38g cm-3and5.5to7.5kg cm-2. Topsoil total porosity and aeration porosity were range from41%to44%and8%to12%. Waterstable aggregate content was less than18%, water stability coefficient was less than22%.
2. Results of different topsoil thickness plot experiment showed that, the overground and underground part of maize increased as the thickness of topsoil increased, and it had no effect on chlorophyll and photosynthetic characteristic. There was no significant difference in plant height and spear thickness which increased10%when topsoil thickness was greater than30cm, and the other maize growth index increased slowly. Plot experiment showed that total root amount decreased when topsoil thickness was less than15cm, and the topsoil root distribution rate increased10%and20%which showed a compensation of root. There was no significant difference of different treatment to total root amount, when topsoil thickness was greater than30cm. To sum up the plot experiment results, it can be concluded that topsoil thickness which fit maize growth was range from20to30cm. It will have the negative effect on maize growth if increased topsoil thickness more than30cm, and the economical efficiency will decrease.
3. Results of different soil bulk density plot experiment showed that:
1) Soil bulk density increased from sowing to seeding stage, then increased slowly during the whole growth stage and decreased during filling stage when soil bulk density was range from1.1to1.4g cm-3and soil organic matter was13.79g kg-1. The soil bulk density treatments of1.1and1.2g cm-3were stabled at1.26to1.31g cm-3and1.28to1.33g cm-3during the growth stage. While the1.3and1.4g cm-3treatments were stabled at1.34to1.38 g cm-3and1.43to1.45g cm-3. This result illustrate that low soil bulk density could not be stable and increased sharply after tillage in low organic matter soil.
2) Soil total porosity affect maize root deeply. Maize root growth index significant higher than low porosity treatment when total porosity was range from49.9%to51.2%. Root growth index decreased as total index decreased, however, it had no significant difference in total porosity when total porosity was less than48%. Different porosity influenced root activity, root activity showed an increasing tendency during filling stage. There was no significant difference when total porosity was greater than49.9%and root activity significant decreased when total porosity was less than48%.
3) Chlorophyll content increased during the whole maize growth stage. Significant affect was after the jointing stage of different aeration porosity treatment. There was a negative relationship between photosynthetic rate with soil bulk density and the intercellular CO: concentration, and photosynthetic and stomatal conductance had a positive relationship. Maize photosynthetic efficiency was higher when aeration porosity was range from8.6%to11.0%.
4) Soil bulk density had a significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize root, stem and leaves (P<0.5). The accumulation of the same element of the same maize physiology part in the same growth stage decreased, except potassium content was decreased first then increased, all the other element content decreased. This result lead to yield in the soil bulk density treatment of1.1and1.2were significant higher than1.3and1.4treatment (p<0.01). There was no significant difference of all indexes in the treatment of1.26to1.33g cm-3, this range of soil bulk density was the suitable scope which fit maize growth.
5) When soil organic matter was less than1.5%, it restricted maize growth. Soil total porosity significant increased with9%, aeration porosity increased40%to50%, field moisture capacity increased9%to30%and soil bulk density was decreased5%to12%when soil organic material content was3%to5%. With low soil bulk density (1.2g cm-3) and high soil bulk density (1.4g cm-3), soil organic material should increased to3%and4%,respectively which could meet the standard requirement of physical conditions of maize high yield.
4. Took field investigation, field plot experiment and plot as a whole, the physical character of high yield maize cropland need the topsoil thickness range from20to30cm, total porosity and aeration porosity was range from50%to51.2%and10%to11%, respectively. Soil bulk density should be stabled at1.26to1.33g cm-3
引文
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