膨胀筛管基管材料性能研究及应用
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摘要
疏松砂岩的膨胀筛管防砂技术是防止井眼坍塌、减小筛管损坏、降低流动阻力、增加油田产量的新型完井技术。由于处于井下不同深度,油气藏开采采用不同方式(如热采井),使得膨胀筛管膨胀和工作处于50-350℃之间的温度场中。膨胀筛管完井是通过膨胀工具,将上述温度场中的膨胀筛管进行膨胀变形,使膨胀筛管紧贴井壁的新型防砂方式。
目前国内外膨胀筛管基管普遍采用316L不锈钢制造,对316L不锈钢在50-350℃进行膨胀并测试其性能,结果表明：316L不锈钢的强度随着温度的升高而下降,导致膨胀筛管基管的抗挤毁性能降低,严重影响膨胀筛管的安全使用。
本文针对316L不锈钢制造膨胀筛管基管存在的问题,进行了采用耐热钢15CrMo替代316L不锈钢制备膨胀筛管基管的实验研究,对15CrMo钢进行了双相区亚温淬火的热处理改性,对采用这种经过热处理改性的15CrMo基管进行组织结构和井下温度场条件下的机械性能试验,结果证明：处于这种温度场中,15CrMo钢管的膨胀过程在发生变形产生应变硬化的同时,还发生着动态回复软化过程、动态应变时效过程；同时分析了这种动态形变对膨胀筛管基管性能的影响。
在模拟井下膨胀速率ε=8.3×10-3mmS-1的条件下,对316L不锈钢和15CrMo钢进行在50-400℃温度范围内的动态拉伸实验,测定了不同温度条件下两种钢材的应力-应变曲线,结果证明：
对于316L不锈钢,在这一温度范围内的动态拉伸应力-应变曲线,是典型的流变金属的形变-回复曲线。试样进入塑性变形阶段后,随着应变量的增大,应力表现出一直上升的趋势；比较不同温度的应力-应变曲线,发现随着温度的升高,钢材的强度值下降,同时表征金属塑形的延伸率,也呈现明显的下降趋势；
对于15CrMo钢,动态拉伸应力-应变曲线同样是形变-回复的曲线形状,不同的是在金属进入屈服阶段后各个温度的应力-应变曲线都呈现出明显的锯齿状屈服的动态应变时效特征；而且,比较不同温度的应力-应变曲线,可以看出,15CrMo钢随动态形变温度升高,由于应变时效的缘故,其屈服强度不但没有下降,反而出现稍许的升高。
利用动态拉伸试验建立的动态应力应变曲线,采用ANSYS10有限元软件中的非线性接触问题算法,对316L及15CrMo基管的割缝参数、割缝方式、连接螺纹进行了有限元分析；在不同温度场条件下,对膨胀后筛管的抗挤毁、抗拉、抗压、抗弯曲载荷能力,进行了系统的计算,建立了基管膨胀后不同温度条件与基管性能的关系。对有限元残余应力云图与其他测试方法进行了对比。
对于15CrMo钢制成的膨胀筛管基管,采用近代断裂力学和现代损伤力学中的宏微观分析方法,分析了膨胀筛管基管在井下温度场膨胀过程中割缝前端的应力场和割缝前端裂纹开裂和止裂的发生条件,建立了15CrMo钢割缝前端膨胀过程裂纹开裂、止裂与裂纹前端强塑性与组织结构的关系。
采用动态电化学冲氢的慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)方法,对316L和15CrMo进行了H2S环境下的应力腐蚀敏感性测试对比,为膨胀筛管技术在高含H2S油气田中的应用,提供了基管材料安全界限的测定方法,并给出了316L和15CrMo的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性数值。
本文为石油天然气工程提供了一个完整的膨胀筛管选材、设计参考规范,这对于膨胀筛管在井下的正常工作具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文对膨胀筛管的几项关键技术进行了试验研究,采用有限元方法对筛管割缝结构进行了优化设计,选择了几种筛管基管的材料,带有割缝的螺纹膨胀后与筛管本体具有一样大小的内径,变径膨胀工具使得膨胀筛管可以紧贴井壁,增大了完井通径。
在地面试验及井下模拟试验的基础上,进行了膨胀筛管技术管内防砂的现场应用,膨胀筛管获得了较好的生产效果,筛管膨胀后紧贴套管内壁,膨胀后筛管内径比普通筛管内径增大,有利于增大泄油面积,提高了油井产量。目前,开发的膨胀筛管仅限于管内防砂应用,需要进一步完善膨胀筛管技术,尽快在裸眼井中实现膨胀筛管的应用。
Expandable screen for loose sandstone reservior is a new well completion technology, which can prevent the collapse of borehole, reduce the sieve damage of tube, decrease resistance of the flow into the tube, and increase the output. Due to the expandable screen corresponding to different depths underground and different production methods in the oil and gas reservoirs (which may be thermal recovery wells), causing the temperature field of its expansion and deformation is50-350℃. Expandable Screen Completion is such a new technology of sand control method that the base pipes of expandable screen are expanded and deformed by the expansion tools during that temperature, which makes expandable screen fit the wall of a well snugly.
Currently,316L stainless steel has been widely used for the base pipes of expandable screen. The results of measured performances of316L stainless steel expanded in the temperature field of50-350℃have proved that the strength of steel decreasing when temperature increasing and this results a decreasing anti-collapse property, which seriously influences the safe of expandable screen.
This paper focuses on the existing problems of the base pipe which is made of316L stainless steel. The experiment research about the base pipes of expandable screen is carried out, and15CrMo heat-resistant steel may substitute for316L strainless steel. The sub-critical quenching treatment of double phase for15CrMo and the experiment of structure&mechanical property in the downhole temperature field for the treated base pipes of expandable screen have been carried out. The results demonstrate that, when the metal deformation happens in this kind of temperature field, there are not only the work hardening occuring to metal materials, but also the dynamic recovery and dynamic strain aging. This article also analyzes the impact of dynamic deformation on base pipe and performance of the expandable tube.
In the condition of simulating the expansion rate of ε=8.3×10-3mmS-1, the dynamic tensile tests about316L stainless steel and15CrMo steel in the temperature range of50-350℃have been carried out, and the stress-strain curves of the two kinds of steel have been established in the different temperature conditions. The results show as follow:
For316L stainless steel, the dynamic tensile stress-strain curve is a typical deformation-recovery curve of the flow metal. The sample is entered the stage of plastic deformation, then stress has shown an upward trend with the increasing strain. The stress-strain curves of different temperatures have been compared and it could be find that the strength of steel decreases with the increasing temperature, at the same time, the elongation δ which characterizes the plasticity also decreases sharply.
For15CrMo steel, the dynamic tensile stress-strain curve presents the shape of deformation-recovery curve similarly and the difference is that when the metal is entered the yield stage, the stress-strain curves in different temperature have presented the dynamic strain aging which is of the obvious serrated yield. Moreover, the stress-strain curves in different temperatures have been compared and it could be find that with the increasing temperature of dynamic deformation, the yield strength of15CrMo does not decrease, but increases slightly because of the strain aging.
The dynamic stress-strain curves have been established by the dynamic tensile test in the temperature range above. With the arithmetic of nonlinear contact problems in the finite element software ANSYS10, the slot parameters, the slot mode and the thread of the base pipes made of316L stainless steel and15CrMo are analyzed systematically respectively, meanwhile the collapse strength, axial tensile strength, axial compression strength and bending loads are also calculated systematically. The relationships between the different temperature conditions of the two kinds of materials after expanding and the performances of the base pipes are set up.
For the base pipes made of15CrMo steel, the macroscopicalµscopical analysis methods of damage mechanics in recent period and fracture mechanics in modern times are adopted, and the stress field, cracking&crack-arresting in slot frontend of base pipes expanded in the underground temperature field are analyzed, and the condition of resulting in cracking and crack-arresting are also been discussed, the relationship between the crack initiation, crack arresting, plasticity in crack tip and structures in the slot frontend of15CrMo steel when being expanded are established.
The stress corrosion susceptibility tests on316L and15CrMo in the condition of H2S environment are carried out by SSRT, which provid safe limits to the materials adopted currently for the engineering applications in the high H2S condition.
This paper would supply an integrated reference specification of well completion design for the oil and gas engineering, which will have the important theoretical and practical significances for expandable screen to the production of oil and gas wells.
In this paper, several key technologies of expandable screen are studied. The optimal design of slotted structure is carried out by using the finite element method. Several base pipe materials of screen are chosen. The slotted thread after expansion has the same diameter as expandable screen. The adjustable expansion tool makes expandable screen close to the wall, which can increase the output.
The field application of expandable screen is performed after the success of the ground test and simulation test. The practical results show that expandable screen can obtain better production. After expansion, the screen is closed to the wall of the casing, and the diameter of expandable screen is larger than the diameter of the conventional screen. So, the drain area increases, and the oil production increases accordingly. Currently, the application of expandable screen is only used in tube sand control, the technology need to improve as soon as possible, to achieve the applications in open hole wells.
目前国内外膨胀筛管基管普遍采用316L不锈钢制造,对316L不锈钢在50-350℃进行膨胀并测试其性能,结果表明：316L不锈钢的强度随着温度的升高而下降,导致膨胀筛管基管的抗挤毁性能降低,严重影响膨胀筛管的安全使用。
本文针对316L不锈钢制造膨胀筛管基管存在的问题,进行了采用耐热钢15CrMo替代316L不锈钢制备膨胀筛管基管的实验研究,对15CrMo钢进行了双相区亚温淬火的热处理改性,对采用这种经过热处理改性的15CrMo基管进行组织结构和井下温度场条件下的机械性能试验,结果证明：处于这种温度场中,15CrMo钢管的膨胀过程在发生变形产生应变硬化的同时,还发生着动态回复软化过程、动态应变时效过程；同时分析了这种动态形变对膨胀筛管基管性能的影响。
在模拟井下膨胀速率ε=8.3×10-3mmS-1的条件下,对316L不锈钢和15CrMo钢进行在50-400℃温度范围内的动态拉伸实验,测定了不同温度条件下两种钢材的应力-应变曲线,结果证明：
对于316L不锈钢,在这一温度范围内的动态拉伸应力-应变曲线,是典型的流变金属的形变-回复曲线。试样进入塑性变形阶段后,随着应变量的增大,应力表现出一直上升的趋势；比较不同温度的应力-应变曲线,发现随着温度的升高,钢材的强度值下降,同时表征金属塑形的延伸率,也呈现明显的下降趋势；
对于15CrMo钢,动态拉伸应力-应变曲线同样是形变-回复的曲线形状,不同的是在金属进入屈服阶段后各个温度的应力-应变曲线都呈现出明显的锯齿状屈服的动态应变时效特征；而且,比较不同温度的应力-应变曲线,可以看出,15CrMo钢随动态形变温度升高,由于应变时效的缘故,其屈服强度不但没有下降,反而出现稍许的升高。
利用动态拉伸试验建立的动态应力应变曲线,采用ANSYS10有限元软件中的非线性接触问题算法,对316L及15CrMo基管的割缝参数、割缝方式、连接螺纹进行了有限元分析；在不同温度场条件下,对膨胀后筛管的抗挤毁、抗拉、抗压、抗弯曲载荷能力,进行了系统的计算,建立了基管膨胀后不同温度条件与基管性能的关系。对有限元残余应力云图与其他测试方法进行了对比。
对于15CrMo钢制成的膨胀筛管基管,采用近代断裂力学和现代损伤力学中的宏微观分析方法,分析了膨胀筛管基管在井下温度场膨胀过程中割缝前端的应力场和割缝前端裂纹开裂和止裂的发生条件,建立了15CrMo钢割缝前端膨胀过程裂纹开裂、止裂与裂纹前端强塑性与组织结构的关系。
采用动态电化学冲氢的慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)方法,对316L和15CrMo进行了H2S环境下的应力腐蚀敏感性测试对比,为膨胀筛管技术在高含H2S油气田中的应用,提供了基管材料安全界限的测定方法,并给出了316L和15CrMo的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性数值。
本文为石油天然气工程提供了一个完整的膨胀筛管选材、设计参考规范,这对于膨胀筛管在井下的正常工作具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文对膨胀筛管的几项关键技术进行了试验研究,采用有限元方法对筛管割缝结构进行了优化设计,选择了几种筛管基管的材料,带有割缝的螺纹膨胀后与筛管本体具有一样大小的内径,变径膨胀工具使得膨胀筛管可以紧贴井壁,增大了完井通径。
在地面试验及井下模拟试验的基础上,进行了膨胀筛管技术管内防砂的现场应用,膨胀筛管获得了较好的生产效果,筛管膨胀后紧贴套管内壁,膨胀后筛管内径比普通筛管内径增大,有利于增大泄油面积,提高了油井产量。目前,开发的膨胀筛管仅限于管内防砂应用,需要进一步完善膨胀筛管技术,尽快在裸眼井中实现膨胀筛管的应用。
Expandable screen for loose sandstone reservior is a new well completion technology, which can prevent the collapse of borehole, reduce the sieve damage of tube, decrease resistance of the flow into the tube, and increase the output. Due to the expandable screen corresponding to different depths underground and different production methods in the oil and gas reservoirs (which may be thermal recovery wells), causing the temperature field of its expansion and deformation is50-350℃. Expandable Screen Completion is such a new technology of sand control method that the base pipes of expandable screen are expanded and deformed by the expansion tools during that temperature, which makes expandable screen fit the wall of a well snugly.
Currently,316L stainless steel has been widely used for the base pipes of expandable screen. The results of measured performances of316L stainless steel expanded in the temperature field of50-350℃have proved that the strength of steel decreasing when temperature increasing and this results a decreasing anti-collapse property, which seriously influences the safe of expandable screen.
This paper focuses on the existing problems of the base pipe which is made of316L stainless steel. The experiment research about the base pipes of expandable screen is carried out, and15CrMo heat-resistant steel may substitute for316L strainless steel. The sub-critical quenching treatment of double phase for15CrMo and the experiment of structure&mechanical property in the downhole temperature field for the treated base pipes of expandable screen have been carried out. The results demonstrate that, when the metal deformation happens in this kind of temperature field, there are not only the work hardening occuring to metal materials, but also the dynamic recovery and dynamic strain aging. This article also analyzes the impact of dynamic deformation on base pipe and performance of the expandable tube.
In the condition of simulating the expansion rate of ε=8.3×10-3mmS-1, the dynamic tensile tests about316L stainless steel and15CrMo steel in the temperature range of50-350℃have been carried out, and the stress-strain curves of the two kinds of steel have been established in the different temperature conditions. The results show as follow:
For316L stainless steel, the dynamic tensile stress-strain curve is a typical deformation-recovery curve of the flow metal. The sample is entered the stage of plastic deformation, then stress has shown an upward trend with the increasing strain. The stress-strain curves of different temperatures have been compared and it could be find that the strength of steel decreases with the increasing temperature, at the same time, the elongation δ which characterizes the plasticity also decreases sharply.
For15CrMo steel, the dynamic tensile stress-strain curve presents the shape of deformation-recovery curve similarly and the difference is that when the metal is entered the yield stage, the stress-strain curves in different temperature have presented the dynamic strain aging which is of the obvious serrated yield. Moreover, the stress-strain curves in different temperatures have been compared and it could be find that with the increasing temperature of dynamic deformation, the yield strength of15CrMo does not decrease, but increases slightly because of the strain aging.
The dynamic stress-strain curves have been established by the dynamic tensile test in the temperature range above. With the arithmetic of nonlinear contact problems in the finite element software ANSYS10, the slot parameters, the slot mode and the thread of the base pipes made of316L stainless steel and15CrMo are analyzed systematically respectively, meanwhile the collapse strength, axial tensile strength, axial compression strength and bending loads are also calculated systematically. The relationships between the different temperature conditions of the two kinds of materials after expanding and the performances of the base pipes are set up.
For the base pipes made of15CrMo steel, the macroscopicalµscopical analysis methods of damage mechanics in recent period and fracture mechanics in modern times are adopted, and the stress field, cracking&crack-arresting in slot frontend of base pipes expanded in the underground temperature field are analyzed, and the condition of resulting in cracking and crack-arresting are also been discussed, the relationship between the crack initiation, crack arresting, plasticity in crack tip and structures in the slot frontend of15CrMo steel when being expanded are established.
The stress corrosion susceptibility tests on316L and15CrMo in the condition of H2S environment are carried out by SSRT, which provid safe limits to the materials adopted currently for the engineering applications in the high H2S condition.
This paper would supply an integrated reference specification of well completion design for the oil and gas engineering, which will have the important theoretical and practical significances for expandable screen to the production of oil and gas wells.
In this paper, several key technologies of expandable screen are studied. The optimal design of slotted structure is carried out by using the finite element method. Several base pipe materials of screen are chosen. The slotted thread after expansion has the same diameter as expandable screen. The adjustable expansion tool makes expandable screen close to the wall, which can increase the output.
The field application of expandable screen is performed after the success of the ground test and simulation test. The practical results show that expandable screen can obtain better production. After expansion, the screen is closed to the wall of the casing, and the diameter of expandable screen is larger than the diameter of the conventional screen. So, the drain area increases, and the oil production increases accordingly. Currently, the application of expandable screen is only used in tube sand control, the technology need to improve as soon as possible, to achieve the applications in open hole wells.
引文
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