油井井筒结蜡机理及清防蜡技术研究
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摘要
在原油生产过程中，结蜡可能发生在储集层、井筒和地面集输管线，油井井筒受到结蜡影响尤为突出。油井井筒结蜡会引起油流通道堵塞，严重影响油井的正常生产，导致油井产量下降。而一旦“蜡堵”，会造成有杆抽油系统蜡卡等生产性故障，直接导致油井停产。本文以油井井筒结蜡为研究对象，基于热力学、流体力学、模式识别和多属性决策理论，采用实验研究、理论计算、数值模拟和现场试验等相结合的方法，系统、深入地研究了油井井筒结蜡机理及相应的清防蜡技术。本文的主要研究成果和结论有：
①以石蜡基本性质分析为基础，综合考虑井筒热传导、对流和热辐射影响，建立了有杆泵抽油井井筒温度瞬态预测数学模型；通过有杆泵抽油井井筒温度瞬态预测，结合动态管流实验，处于析蜡点和凝点温度区域的井筒会出现较长井段的结蜡，这一预测的研究结论与现场实际相符；同时，研究表明，含水率、油温、流速和管壁温差等条件的变化会直接影响结蜡井段的改变，而产量、油管尺寸、导热系数、表面粗糙度和开井生产时间等则通过对井筒温度的影响间接影响结蜡井段的变化。
②针对采油系统截面突变部位严重结蜡问题，运用FLUENT软件对抽油杆接箍和抽油泵处的流场进行了仿真分析；由不同产量条件下抽油杆接箍和抽油泵处原油流动的速度矢量图和速度云图可知，抽油杆接箍处、固定阀和游动阀周围易出现严重结蜡，而且仅通过增加产量提高流动速度无法有效地解决结蜡问题；为此，应采取相应的清防蜡措施防止蜡沉积。
③以直井和定向井内抽油杆柱微元体的力学分析为基础，建立了有杆抽油系统故障诊断数学模型，并采用有限差分法或精细时域积分法对模型进行了精确求解；在此基础上，分别利用交叉验证（K-CV）、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法（POS）优化支持向量机(SVM)参数，实现了有杆抽油系统结蜡故障的智能诊断。
④通过熵理论、模糊层次分析法、正负理想点逼近法和灰色关联法等多属性决策方法集成，构建了基于多属性决策的油井清防蜡措施优选模型；该模型利用新相对贴近度代替欧式距离和灰色关联度，物理含义更加明确，体现了双基准特性；应用表明，基于多属性决策的油井清防蜡措施优选模型分析问题的客观性和全面性进一步提高，在一定程度上能够实现对原始数据内在规律的挖掘，具有一定的推广和应用价值。
⑤通过对清蜡剂、防蜡剂和互溶剂的筛选和互配，研制了由多种表面活性剂、有机溶剂、高分子材料和互溶剂等组成的新型油井用清防蜡剂TH-1；针对现场试验的需要，建立的基于可拓学的间歇加药周期确定方法，能够根据参数的变化准确判断工况，从而合理确定加药周期。室内评价实验和现场试验表明：新型油井用清防蜡剂TH-1能够有效地解决现场油井井筒结蜡问题。
The reservoirs, well bores and surface gathering lines all may be affected byparaffin deposition during the production process of crude oil. The paraffin depositionon the well bore leads to the conduit blockage of oil flow and further severely interfereswith the normal production of oil wells, resulting in the reduction of the oil wellproduction. However, once “paraffin blockage” takes shape, it results in severalproductive faults such as paraffin jam of sucker-rod pumping system, directly leading to
off production of oil well. This thesis takes paraffin deposition of oil well bore asstudy object and researches into it and corresponding paraffin removal and controltechnology through the combination of experimental study, theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and field test on the basis of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,pattern recognition and multiple attribute decision making method. And the mainresearch results and conclusions are as follows:
①Based on the analysis of paraffin basic features, this thesis comprehensivelyconsiders the effects from heat conduction, convection and heat radiation of well boreand establishes the specific mathematical model for transient temperature prediction ofthe pumping well bore equipped with sucker-rod pump; and it is found that the wellbores in the certain regions may have paraffin deposition for long well section throughthe transient temperature prediction above mentioned integrating test of flow behaviorin well bore when the relevant temperatures stay at the freezing point and paraffinprecipitation point, moreover, this research conclusion conforming to the field practice;meanwhile, the research indicates the changes of conditions including moisture content,oil temperature, flow rate and temperature difference of tubing wall etc. will directlyresult in the change of the targeted well section with paraffin deposition,while thechange of well section with paraffin deposition is affected by some factors such as oilproduction, tubing size, thermal conductivity, surface roughness and flowing productiontime which indirectly change well bore temperature.
②The author applied the FLUENT Software to perform the simulation analysison the flow fields of the sucker-rod collar and the subsurface pump for the severeparaffin deposition of the cross-section mutation part in the oil production system; it isfound through the velocity vector and nephogram of crude oil in the sucker-rod collarand the subsurface pump under various oil production that severe paraffin deposition generally occur at sucker-rod collar or around standing valve and traveling valve andthis problem cannot be effectively settled only by increasing yield and raising the flowrate; thus, the relevant measures for paraffin removal and control shall be taken toprevent paraffin deposition.
③Based on the mechanical analysis of sucker-rod micro unit in the vertical welland the directional well, this thesis established the mathematic model for fault diagnosisof the sucker-rod pumping system or accurately identifies the root causes and relevantsolution through finite difference method and precise integration; furthermore, on thebasis of the following procedures, the author realized the intelligent diagnosis on theparaffin deposition faults of sucker-rod pumping system respectively by use ofcross-validation (K-CV), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (POS)and parameters of support vector machine (SVM).
④This thesis established the optimization model for well paraffin removal&control on the basis of multiple attribute decision making method such as entropy theory,fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, technique for order preference by similarity to idealsolution (TOPSIS), and grey correlation method etc; and this model takes new relativecloseness coefficient instead of Euclidean distance and grey correlation and this modelfeatures clearer physical meanings and shows dual benchmarks; in addition, the applicationindicates that the above-mentioned model based on the multiple attribute decision makingmethod can further improve the objectiveness and comprehensiveness of problem analysis,and this model can realize the exploitation of inherent law in the original data to certainextent. Therefore, it presents certain value of promotion and application.
⑤The author developed paraffin remover and inhibitor TH-1for new oil wellswith the various components including surfactant, organic solvent, polymer materialsand mutual solvent etc; and aiming at the demands of field test, the author establishedthe method for determining the interval dosing cycle on the basis of the extension theory,accurately identifying the working conditions in accordance with the parameter changes,thereby, reasonably defining the dosing cycle. In addition, thelabassessment tests andfield tests indicate that the paraffin remover and inhibitor TH-1for new oil wells caneffectively solve the paraffin deposition of oil well bore at site.
①以石蜡基本性质分析为基础，综合考虑井筒热传导、对流和热辐射影响，建立了有杆泵抽油井井筒温度瞬态预测数学模型；通过有杆泵抽油井井筒温度瞬态预测，结合动态管流实验，处于析蜡点和凝点温度区域的井筒会出现较长井段的结蜡，这一预测的研究结论与现场实际相符；同时，研究表明，含水率、油温、流速和管壁温差等条件的变化会直接影响结蜡井段的改变，而产量、油管尺寸、导热系数、表面粗糙度和开井生产时间等则通过对井筒温度的影响间接影响结蜡井段的变化。
②针对采油系统截面突变部位严重结蜡问题，运用FLUENT软件对抽油杆接箍和抽油泵处的流场进行了仿真分析；由不同产量条件下抽油杆接箍和抽油泵处原油流动的速度矢量图和速度云图可知，抽油杆接箍处、固定阀和游动阀周围易出现严重结蜡，而且仅通过增加产量提高流动速度无法有效地解决结蜡问题；为此，应采取相应的清防蜡措施防止蜡沉积。
③以直井和定向井内抽油杆柱微元体的力学分析为基础，建立了有杆抽油系统故障诊断数学模型，并采用有限差分法或精细时域积分法对模型进行了精确求解；在此基础上，分别利用交叉验证（K-CV）、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法（POS）优化支持向量机(SVM)参数，实现了有杆抽油系统结蜡故障的智能诊断。
④通过熵理论、模糊层次分析法、正负理想点逼近法和灰色关联法等多属性决策方法集成，构建了基于多属性决策的油井清防蜡措施优选模型；该模型利用新相对贴近度代替欧式距离和灰色关联度，物理含义更加明确，体现了双基准特性；应用表明，基于多属性决策的油井清防蜡措施优选模型分析问题的客观性和全面性进一步提高，在一定程度上能够实现对原始数据内在规律的挖掘，具有一定的推广和应用价值。
⑤通过对清蜡剂、防蜡剂和互溶剂的筛选和互配，研制了由多种表面活性剂、有机溶剂、高分子材料和互溶剂等组成的新型油井用清防蜡剂TH-1；针对现场试验的需要，建立的基于可拓学的间歇加药周期确定方法，能够根据参数的变化准确判断工况，从而合理确定加药周期。室内评价实验和现场试验表明：新型油井用清防蜡剂TH-1能够有效地解决现场油井井筒结蜡问题。
The reservoirs, well bores and surface gathering lines all may be affected byparaffin deposition during the production process of crude oil. The paraffin depositionon the well bore leads to the conduit blockage of oil flow and further severely interfereswith the normal production of oil wells, resulting in the reduction of the oil wellproduction. However, once “paraffin blockage” takes shape, it results in severalproductive faults such as paraffin jam of sucker-rod pumping system, directly leading to
off production of oil well. This thesis takes paraffin deposition of oil well bore asstudy object and researches into it and corresponding paraffin removal and controltechnology through the combination of experimental study, theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and field test on the basis of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,pattern recognition and multiple attribute decision making method. And the mainresearch results and conclusions are as follows:
①Based on the analysis of paraffin basic features, this thesis comprehensivelyconsiders the effects from heat conduction, convection and heat radiation of well boreand establishes the specific mathematical model for transient temperature prediction ofthe pumping well bore equipped with sucker-rod pump; and it is found that the wellbores in the certain regions may have paraffin deposition for long well section throughthe transient temperature prediction above mentioned integrating test of flow behaviorin well bore when the relevant temperatures stay at the freezing point and paraffinprecipitation point, moreover, this research conclusion conforming to the field practice;meanwhile, the research indicates the changes of conditions including moisture content,oil temperature, flow rate and temperature difference of tubing wall etc. will directlyresult in the change of the targeted well section with paraffin deposition,while thechange of well section with paraffin deposition is affected by some factors such as oilproduction, tubing size, thermal conductivity, surface roughness and flowing productiontime which indirectly change well bore temperature.
②The author applied the FLUENT Software to perform the simulation analysison the flow fields of the sucker-rod collar and the subsurface pump for the severeparaffin deposition of the cross-section mutation part in the oil production system; it isfound through the velocity vector and nephogram of crude oil in the sucker-rod collarand the subsurface pump under various oil production that severe paraffin deposition generally occur at sucker-rod collar or around standing valve and traveling valve andthis problem cannot be effectively settled only by increasing yield and raising the flowrate; thus, the relevant measures for paraffin removal and control shall be taken toprevent paraffin deposition.
③Based on the mechanical analysis of sucker-rod micro unit in the vertical welland the directional well, this thesis established the mathematic model for fault diagnosisof the sucker-rod pumping system or accurately identifies the root causes and relevantsolution through finite difference method and precise integration; furthermore, on thebasis of the following procedures, the author realized the intelligent diagnosis on theparaffin deposition faults of sucker-rod pumping system respectively by use ofcross-validation (K-CV), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (POS)and parameters of support vector machine (SVM).
④This thesis established the optimization model for well paraffin removal&control on the basis of multiple attribute decision making method such as entropy theory,fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, technique for order preference by similarity to idealsolution (TOPSIS), and grey correlation method etc; and this model takes new relativecloseness coefficient instead of Euclidean distance and grey correlation and this modelfeatures clearer physical meanings and shows dual benchmarks; in addition, the applicationindicates that the above-mentioned model based on the multiple attribute decision makingmethod can further improve the objectiveness and comprehensiveness of problem analysis,and this model can realize the exploitation of inherent law in the original data to certainextent. Therefore, it presents certain value of promotion and application.
⑤The author developed paraffin remover and inhibitor TH-1for new oil wellswith the various components including surfactant, organic solvent, polymer materialsand mutual solvent etc; and aiming at the demands of field test, the author establishedthe method for determining the interval dosing cycle on the basis of the extension theory,accurately identifying the working conditions in accordance with the parameter changes,thereby, reasonably defining the dosing cycle. In addition, thelabassessment tests andfield tests indicate that the paraffin remover and inhibitor TH-1for new oil wells caneffectively solve the paraffin deposition of oil well bore at site.
引文
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