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英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
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摘要
本研究以英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往为研究对象,宏观上着眼于多元、动态和开放的教学主体交往体系的建构,微观上则从具体的参数着手,包括交往主体、交往过程、交往目的、交往中介客体、交往环境和交往模式等。
     研究始自于对英语专业本科翻译教学现状的描写性探讨,将调查结果与穆雷老师1999年的调查结果相比较,总结其历时性嬗变,得出的结论是:英语专业本科翻译教学在教学材料、教学内容、教学手段、测试评估和师资等方面,实现了跨越性的发展,但教学效果差强人意,其跨越性发展与教学效果之间形成了极大的反差。
     教学主体是教学活动中最为活跃的因素,将主体交往体系的建构作为解决问题的突破口富有积极意义。建构健全的主体交往体系必须始自于观念的变革,这种变革首先表现在教学过程观和教学主体观上。我们对传统的以课堂教学为背景的翻译教学过程进行了延伸,提出整体观观照下的教学过程,包括教学前、教学中和教学后三个阶段;把传统的单/两极翻译教学主体拓展为多极主体,包括教学操作主体、调控主体、组织和管理主体等等。经过考察发现,这些主体之间存在严重的交往缺失和不足。
     传统翻译能力结构在范畴等级方面往往缺少基本范畴层次,对于以教学交往为取向的翻译能力可以进行再范畴化,形成完备的包括上位范畴、基本范畴和下位范畴的能力结构。以翻译能力的再范畴化为基础,翻译教学主体的交往目的就是培养和发展学生一定层次的本体性、条件性、实践性和评价性翻译能力。翻译能力具有不同的发展阶段,前一阶段的翻译能力是发展后一阶段能力的“支架”,对学生某一阶段中的翻译能力培养目标应遵循“最邻近发展区”原则进行定位。
     翻译教学内容是教学主体之间开展交往的最为重要的中介客体。以交往目的为参照,以翻译教学内容为载体的交往中介可以分为条件性、本体性、实践性和批评性中介,分别对应语言/文化/知识、翻译理论、翻译实践和翻译批评等教学内容,其选择设置要符合以下原则:合目的性原则、合规律性原则、所有主体参与原则、在主体交往中选择设置的原则等等。翻译教学主体交往中介客体呈现出多层次、立体化和复合式的特点,不同模块既矛盾又统一、既独立又联系。
     多极翻译教学主体的交往环境可以分为物理性、心理性和技术性交往环境,与传统教学环境在交往主体、交往时空、主体与环境的关系上存在很大差异。多极翻译教学主体既融于交往环境又超越于交往环境。交往环境的创设必须遵循以下原则:整体性原则、目的性原则、多极主体共同参与的原则、主体融入与超越原则、不同环境互补以及充分利用当地资源的原则。
     翻译教学主体之间的交往组合主要有师-生交往、生-生交往、师生-翻译市场交往、师生-其翻译教学主体交往等等。
     师-生交往的前提是实现从“以教师为中心”到“以学习者为中心”的转换,师-生交往必须以复合过程(翻译教学过程和翻译过程)为导向、以翻译结果为旨归,教师必须对学生进行人本主义情感关怀,关注学生的心理以及性别等个体因素的差异,与学生进行深层次交往,而教育叙事为师-生交往提供了便捷的方式。
     生-生交往主要采用合作学习的形式、通过“组内合作-组际竞争-全班整合”三个环节进行,小组的划分采用“组内异质”和“组际同质”的方式。在生-生交往中,教师必须履行相应的角色,生-生交往具有独特的优势,应充分发挥这种优势。
     师生-翻译市场交往的实现有以下几种方式:以真实翻译项目为中介、模拟翻译情境、进行翻译培训和实习、引进翻译资格认证、实行合作师资、以翻译行业的纲领性文件为中介等等。此外,师生还必须通过适当的方式与教学调控主体、组织和管理主体等开展充分有效的交往。
Focused on the cultivation and development of the students' translation competence, this paperseeks to establish a pluralistic, dynamic and open communication system in the translation teaching forEnglish majors by attaching importance to the various parameters such as the communication subjects,the process, the purpose, the intermediary objects, the environment and the communicating models.
     With a descriptive study, we have presented a diachronic picture of translation teaching for Englishmajors and seen its great development in terms of teaching materials, teaching content, teaching meansand methods, its evaluation and also the teaching staff. Meanwhile, we have also found that in spite ofthe development, the teaching effect has fallen far behind. Teaching subjects are always the most activeand initiative among all the teaching elements, so we can choose to solve the problem by establishing asound communication system.
     The construction of the communication system has to begin with a change of our concept ofteaching process and subjects. The traditional definition of the teaching process could be extended tocover the pre-teaching stage, the while-teaching stage and the post-teaching stage. All those who haveinfluential participation in the process should be taken as subjects, including the manipulation subjects,the regulation subject and the organization and administration subjects. With an integral approach, wehave studied the communication among them and seen serious communication deficiency.
     The purpose of the communication among the subjects is to cultivate and develop the students'translation competence. We can resort to re-categorization and construct a composite and multi-layeredtranslation competence structure covering the super-ordinate category, the subordinate category and thebasic level category which includes the ontological competence, the conditional competence, thepracticing competence and the evaluating competence. Students have to go through different stages intheir translation competence development. Their competence in a certain stage could be taken asscaffolding for that of the next stage. The theory of “Zone of Proximal Development” is of greatsignificance in directing students' translation competence growth.
     We can choose various intermediary objects for the communication among the subjects, amongwhich the teaching content is of the utmost importance. The choice of intermediary objects must becompatible to the communication purpose. Thus, the intermediary objects we are going to choose haveto cover the ontological one, the conditional one, the practicing one and also the evaluating one, which
     respectively corresponds to translation theory, language/culture/knowledge, translation practice andtranslation criticism in the term of teaching content. So the intermediary objects for the communicationamong the subjects are composite, multilayered and stereoscopic, too. Besides the teacher and students,all the other subjects should have full participation in the choice of the intermediary objects and thechoice must be of help for the subjects to communicate, for the purpose to be realized.
     The communication environment for the translation teaching subjects could be categorized intothree: the physical one, the psychological one and the technological one. Such a communicationenvironment is of great distinction from the traditional teaching environment. The establishment of theenvironment must be in the interest of the realization of the subjects' communication purpose and all thesubjects must get fully involved in it. Besides, the establishment of the environment for thecommunication in the pre-teaching and the post-teaching stages must not be neglected.
     We can get different communication associations such as teacher-student, student-student,teacher/student-translation industry and teacher/student-other subject associations.
     The teacher-student communication must be student-centered and the teacher must have a closelook at the students' learning process and translational process. Besides, the teacher has to pay adequateattention to the students' inner world and their differences. Teaching narration is of great help to do that.
     Students communicate among themselves mainly through cooperative work, which could berealized mainly in three phases, namely, the intra-group cooperation, the inter-group competition andthe class integration. A group should include members with different translation proficiency anddifferent groups should be well-matched in their proficiency. Group work means both cooperation andcompetition. The teacher should manage fulfillment of his/her role to facilitate the communicationamong the students. Student-student communication has its own advantages and we should bring theminto full play.
     Teachers and students can resort to real translation projects, the imitation of the real translationsituation and translation qualification certification to communicate with the translation industry. Someprofessional interpreters or translators can be invited to join the teaching staff. Students can havetranslation training and internship to have a close look at the real picture of the industry. By readingsome representative programmatic documents, they can also establish a close tie with the industry. Apartfrom that, they must also have adequate and effective communication with the other subjects.
引文
①出自《论语·述而》
    ②出自《礼记·学记》
    ①隋唐著名教育家王通的教育思想,见《文中子·礼乐篇》。
    ②战国时期墨子的教育思想,见《墨子·经说上》。
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