不同稻蟹生产模式土壤有机碳特征及综合效益的研究
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摘要
稻田养蟹是我国北方稻作区重要的生态农业模式，具有显著的生态、经济与社会效益。近些年，随着有机农业的发展，有机稻蟹生产模式悄然兴起。但有机稻蟹生产的诸多技术目前并不十分成熟。为此，结合北方地区稻作生产和发展有机稻蟹生产的实际，于2009和2010年通过田间定位试验与室内分析，系统地研究了有机稻蟹（M1～M4）（不施用化肥且养蟹，有机肥分别约为48000kg·hm-2、42000kg·hm-2、36000kg·hm-2、30000kg·hm-2）、常规稻蟹（MNP）与单作水稻（CK）生产方式对稻田土壤有机碳特征、水稻产量及稻米品质的影响；比较了不同模式能流、物流与价值流的差异；同时应用生命周期评价方法对有机稻蟹M1、常规稻蟹MNP和单作水稻CK三种水稻生产方式进行了生命周期环境影响评价，以期为该地区选择适宜的稻作生产模式、土壤培肥制度以及加强农业环境管理提供理论参考。主要结论如下：
1.有机稻蟹模式可显著改善土壤有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态。与试前相比，2009年和2010年不同有机稻蟹模式可显著增加土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量，降低原土复合度，提高追加复合量和追加复合度；同时也使土壤松结态、稳结态和紧结态腐殖质碳含量显著增加，松结态腐殖质碳含量增幅大于稳结态和紧结态，且提高松结态腐殖质碳/重组有机碳的比值(ⅠC/HOC)和松/紧比；有机稻蟹模式中以高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式增加效果最好。MNP模式也表现出相同的变化趋势，但各项指标都低于有机稻蟹模式；CK模式可使上述指标向相反的方向发展，使其土壤有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态变劣。
2.有机稻蟹模式可明显提高土壤腐殖质数量并改善其品质。与试前相比，2009年和2010年不同有机稻蟹模式均能使HEC、HAC、FAC、HMC以及松HAC、FAC含量显著增加，提高HAC/HEC和松结态HAC/ⅠC的比例，降低FAC/HEC和松结态FAC/ⅠC的比例，使H/F比值上升，且以高量有机肥稻蟹（M1、M2）模式效果更明显。MNP和CK模式土壤HAC含量相对较低，但FAC/HEC的比例较高，HA/FA比值下降。三种模式HA和松结态HA的E4/E6比值与△log k值总的变化趋势相同，均表现为有机稻蟹＞常规稻蟹＞单作水稻。
3.有机稻蟹模式可显著提高土壤活性有机碳各组分含量。与试前相比，有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式土壤LOC、MLOC、HLOC含量及CMI均显著或者极显著提高，且有机肥用量越大，效果越显著；MNP模式活性有机碳各组分含量及CMI的变化也有类似规律，但各项指标均明显低于有机稻蟹模式；CK模式MLOC含量和CMI略有上升。
4.有机稻蟹模式可提高水稻、蟹产量和改善稻米品质。与MNP和CK模式相比，2009年和2010年有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式水稻穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均随有机肥施用量的增加逐渐升高，其中以2009年高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式增幅最大，分别达11.90%、8.42%和3.94%，且水稻产量较高。两年河蟹产量的变化趋势均表现为M1＞M2＞M3＞MNP＞M4。有机稻蟹模式的稻米品质也得到了不同程度的改善。稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量显著降低，同时促进稻米蛋白质和必需氨基酸含量的增加，微量元素Fe、Zn含量上升，但对稻米的碾磨品质没有显著影响；不过，高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式却使糙米的Cd、Pb含量有增高的趋势。
5.有机稻蟹模式的能物流结构较为合理，经济效益较高。有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式有机能占人工辅助能输入的百分比分别为97.67%、97.37%、96.96%、96.49%，比MNP模式分别提高11.12、10.83、10.41、9.84个百分点；有机稻蟹模式的能流循环指数较高，但其光能利于率和能量转换效率略低于MNP和CK模式。从系统养分盈余看，有机稻蟹模式氮、磷、钾盈余量以及循环通量均明显高于MNP和CK模式。若按有机稻米、有机河蟹价格高出同类商品30%的市场价格计算，有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式可分别多获净收入7087.50、6649.65、5910.30、4752.00Yuan·hm-2。
6.与2009年相比，2010年高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式的土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、HEC、HAC、ⅠC含量及ⅠC/HOC的比值和HA的E4/E6值、△log k值增幅最高，分别达15.15%、11.96%、10.79%、19.34%、20.78%、7.89%和5.62%、5.48%；中低量有机肥稻蟹（M3）模式的土壤LOC、MLOC含量及CMI增幅效果最好，分别达10.11%、5.14%和14.79%；低量有机肥稻蟹模式（M4）的土壤稳结态腐殖质碳（ⅡC）、ⅡC/HOC的比值和松/紧比的增幅最为明显，分别达23.09%、15.26%和12.83%。
7.不同模式水稻生产生命周期环境影响以CK模式最大，MNP模式次之， M1模式最小。其中，有机稻蟹M1模式水稻生产生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、能源耗竭和全球气候变暖，环境影响指数分别为0.60、0.07、0.000029和-0.03；MNP模式水稻生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、能源耗竭和全球气候变暖，环境影响指数分别为0.58、0.099、0.000036和-0.01；CK模式水稻生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、全球气候变暖和能源耗竭，环境影响指数分别为0.628、0.124、0.012和0.00004。
Concurrent rice and crab farming is an important ecological agricultural process inChina's northern rice growing area. The popularization and application of rice-crab mode mayhave significant ecological, economic and social benefits. Recently, organic rice-crabproduction mode is quietly rising with the development of organic agriculture, but thetechnology of the organic rice-crab production is still not very mature. In this studyconsequently, effects of the organic rice-crab(M1～M4)(M1, M2, M3and M4mean nochemical fertilizer, and pig manure applied at the rate of48000,42000,36000,30000kg·hm-2,respectively), conventional rice-crab(MNP) and rice monoculture(CK) production modes onthe carbon properties of soil, the rice yield and rice grain quality were investigated throughfield experiments and laboratory analysis in2009and2010, which combining with practicalcondition of the northern rice production and the development of organic rice-crab production;The differences of energy flow, material flow and value flow of different modes werecompared; At the same time, environmental impacts of rice with organic rice-crab (M1),conventional rice-crab(MNP) and rice monoculture (CK)modes were assessed using lifecycle assessment(LCA) methodology in order to supply advices for choosing appropriate riceproduction mode, soil fertilizer system and strengthening the agricultural environmentmanagement of this region. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly improve the organic-inorganic complexstatus and the combining forms of humus in soil. In2009and2010, after applying the organicrice-crab modes, the content of organic carbon and heavy fraction organic carbon in soils andthe quantity of organo-mineral complex can remarkably increased and the degree oforgano-mineral complex decreased with the increasing of the quantity of additionalorgano-mineral complex and the degree of additional organo-mineral complex of soils;Meanwhile, the content of loose, stable and tight combined humus were also significantlyincreased, especially loose combined humus, and the proportion of loose combined humus toheavy humus and ratio of loose to tight combined were also increased, which activated thecombined soil humus; The effect of the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1) was the best in organic rice-crab modes. A similar trend was also observed in conventional rice-crabproduction modes,but all the index were obviously lower than that of the organic rice-crabmode. The quantities of organic-inorganic complex and the combined forms of humus aretended to decline by the negative effect of aforementioned indices of the CK mode.
2. The applying of organic rice-crab modes can significantly increase the quantity andimprove quality of soil humus. In2009and2010, the soil humic substance extractedcarbon(HEC), humic acid carbon(HAC) and fulvic acid carbon(FAC), Hu min carbon(HMC),loose combined HAC, FAC, the ratio of HAC/HEC and the proportion of loose combinedHAC to loose combined humus carbon were significantly higher in the organic rice-crabmodes, while the ratio of FAC/HEC and the proportion of loose combined FAC to loosecombined humus carbon was decreased, the ratio of HA/FA were also significantly increased.And the most significant increase in organic rice-crab modes were observed in the highorganic manure rice-crab modes (M1, M2). The ratio of FAC/HEC was higher in MNP andCK modes than in the organic rice-crab modes, while the ratio of HA/FA was decreased. Thevalue of HAC and loose HAC E4/E6,△log k in three modes were expressed the samegeneral trend as organic rice-crab＞conventional rice-crab＞rice monoculture.
3. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly increase the content of labile organiccarbon fractions. The total organic carbon (TOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), moderatelylabile organic carbon (MLOC), highly labile organic carbon (HLOC) and carbonmanagement index (CMI) were significant or dramatically higher in the organic rice-crabmodes than in the before disposal, and this increase was greater with the increasing amountsof organic manure. A similar but less significant trend was also observed between the organicand conventional rice-crab production modes. The MLOC and CMI were increased slightly inrice monoculture mode, but the other indexes were lower.
4. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly enhance the rice yield and improve therice grain quality. In2009and2010, the grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and1000grain weight were higher in the organic rice-crab modes than in the conventional rice-craband rice monoculture modes, and this increase was greater with increasing amounts oforganic manure, especially the most significant increases in the grain number per panicle,seed setting rate and1000grain weight are11.90%,8.42%and3.94%, respectively, which were observed in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1), and ultimately improve therice yield. In addition, the crab yield in2009and2010had the same general trend as M1＞M2＞M3＞MNP＞M4. The rice quality was also improved, such as the organic rice-crabmodes significantly decreased chalky rice rate, chalky degree and amylose content decreased,and increased the contents of rice protein, essential amino acid and Fe, Zn. No significantimpacts were observed on the milling quality. However, the Cd, Pb of brown rice are tendedto increase in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1) when compared with theconventional rice-crab and rice monoculture modes.
5. The structure of energy and material flow in organic rice-crab modes is morereasonable and with higher economic benefits. The ratio between organic energy and manualsupplementary energy were97.67%,97.37%,96.96%and96.49%, respectively in theorganic rice-crab (M1～M4)modes, with respectively11.12%,10.83%,10.41%and9.84%higher than in MNP mode, and95times of the CK mode; The organic rice-crab modes had ahigher energy circulation index than MNP and CK modes, but had slightly lower lightutilization efficiency and energy translation efficiency than in MNP and CK modes.According to the surplus of nutrition system, the N, P2O5and K2O surplus amount and thenutrition flux in organic rice-crab modes were significantly higher than that in MNP and CKmodes. In view of the economic benefit produced, the organic rice-crab (M1～M4) modescould obtain an additional income of7087.50,6649.65,5910.30and4752.00Yuan·hm-2when calculating the organic product as30%higher price of normal product.
6. In2010, the highest increase in the TOC(15.15%), HOC(11.96%), HEC(10.79%),HAC(19.34%), Ⅰ C(20.78%), ⅠC/HOC(7.89%), the value of HAC E4/E6(5.62%) and△logk(5.48%) compared to2009was found in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1);However, the highest increase in LOC(10.11%)、MLOC (5.14%) and CMI(14.79%) wereobtained in the moderate organic manure rice-crab mode (M3); Similarly, the most significantincreases in the ⅡC, ⅡC/HOCand Ⅰ C/Ⅲ Cwere23.09%,15.26%and12.83%,respectively, which were observed in the low organic manure rice-crab mode (M4).
7. The CK mode showed the greatest life cycle environmental impact for rice production,the second was MNP mode and followed by M1mode. In the above results, the life cycle environmental impacts in sequence of rice in organic rice-crab(M1) mode is aquaticeutrophication>environment acidification> energy depletion> global warming, with theimpact indices of0.60、0.07、0.000029and-0.03respectively; the life cycle environmentalimpacts in sequence of rice in conventional rice-crab(MNP) mode is aquatic eutrophication>environment acidification> energy depletion> global warming, with the impact indices of0.58、0.099、0.000036and-0.01respectively; the life cycle environmental impacts insequence of rice in rice monoculture(CK) mode is aquatic eutrophication>environmentacidification> global warming> energy depletion, with the impact indices of0.628、0.124、0.012and0.00004respectively.
1.有机稻蟹模式可显著改善土壤有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态。与试前相比，2009年和2010年不同有机稻蟹模式可显著增加土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量，降低原土复合度，提高追加复合量和追加复合度；同时也使土壤松结态、稳结态和紧结态腐殖质碳含量显著增加，松结态腐殖质碳含量增幅大于稳结态和紧结态，且提高松结态腐殖质碳/重组有机碳的比值(ⅠC/HOC)和松/紧比；有机稻蟹模式中以高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式增加效果最好。MNP模式也表现出相同的变化趋势，但各项指标都低于有机稻蟹模式；CK模式可使上述指标向相反的方向发展，使其土壤有机无机复合状况和腐殖质结合形态变劣。
2.有机稻蟹模式可明显提高土壤腐殖质数量并改善其品质。与试前相比，2009年和2010年不同有机稻蟹模式均能使HEC、HAC、FAC、HMC以及松HAC、FAC含量显著增加，提高HAC/HEC和松结态HAC/ⅠC的比例，降低FAC/HEC和松结态FAC/ⅠC的比例，使H/F比值上升，且以高量有机肥稻蟹（M1、M2）模式效果更明显。MNP和CK模式土壤HAC含量相对较低，但FAC/HEC的比例较高，HA/FA比值下降。三种模式HA和松结态HA的E4/E6比值与△log k值总的变化趋势相同，均表现为有机稻蟹＞常规稻蟹＞单作水稻。
3.有机稻蟹模式可显著提高土壤活性有机碳各组分含量。与试前相比，有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式土壤LOC、MLOC、HLOC含量及CMI均显著或者极显著提高，且有机肥用量越大，效果越显著；MNP模式活性有机碳各组分含量及CMI的变化也有类似规律，但各项指标均明显低于有机稻蟹模式；CK模式MLOC含量和CMI略有上升。
4.有机稻蟹模式可提高水稻、蟹产量和改善稻米品质。与MNP和CK模式相比，2009年和2010年有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式水稻穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均随有机肥施用量的增加逐渐升高，其中以2009年高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式增幅最大，分别达11.90%、8.42%和3.94%，且水稻产量较高。两年河蟹产量的变化趋势均表现为M1＞M2＞M3＞MNP＞M4。有机稻蟹模式的稻米品质也得到了不同程度的改善。稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量显著降低，同时促进稻米蛋白质和必需氨基酸含量的增加，微量元素Fe、Zn含量上升，但对稻米的碾磨品质没有显著影响；不过，高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式却使糙米的Cd、Pb含量有增高的趋势。
5.有机稻蟹模式的能物流结构较为合理，经济效益较高。有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式有机能占人工辅助能输入的百分比分别为97.67%、97.37%、96.96%、96.49%，比MNP模式分别提高11.12、10.83、10.41、9.84个百分点；有机稻蟹模式的能流循环指数较高，但其光能利于率和能量转换效率略低于MNP和CK模式。从系统养分盈余看，有机稻蟹模式氮、磷、钾盈余量以及循环通量均明显高于MNP和CK模式。若按有机稻米、有机河蟹价格高出同类商品30%的市场价格计算，有机稻蟹（M1～M4）模式可分别多获净收入7087.50、6649.65、5910.30、4752.00Yuan·hm-2。
6.与2009年相比，2010年高量有机肥稻蟹（M1）模式的土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、HEC、HAC、ⅠC含量及ⅠC/HOC的比值和HA的E4/E6值、△log k值增幅最高，分别达15.15%、11.96%、10.79%、19.34%、20.78%、7.89%和5.62%、5.48%；中低量有机肥稻蟹（M3）模式的土壤LOC、MLOC含量及CMI增幅效果最好，分别达10.11%、5.14%和14.79%；低量有机肥稻蟹模式（M4）的土壤稳结态腐殖质碳（ⅡC）、ⅡC/HOC的比值和松/紧比的增幅最为明显，分别达23.09%、15.26%和12.83%。
7.不同模式水稻生产生命周期环境影响以CK模式最大，MNP模式次之， M1模式最小。其中，有机稻蟹M1模式水稻生产生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、能源耗竭和全球气候变暖，环境影响指数分别为0.60、0.07、0.000029和-0.03；MNP模式水稻生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、能源耗竭和全球气候变暖，环境影响指数分别为0.58、0.099、0.000036和-0.01；CK模式水稻生命周期环境影响大小依次为：富营养化、环境酸化、全球气候变暖和能源耗竭，环境影响指数分别为0.628、0.124、0.012和0.00004。
Concurrent rice and crab farming is an important ecological agricultural process inChina's northern rice growing area. The popularization and application of rice-crab mode mayhave significant ecological, economic and social benefits. Recently, organic rice-crabproduction mode is quietly rising with the development of organic agriculture, but thetechnology of the organic rice-crab production is still not very mature. In this studyconsequently, effects of the organic rice-crab(M1～M4)(M1, M2, M3and M4mean nochemical fertilizer, and pig manure applied at the rate of48000,42000,36000,30000kg·hm-2,respectively), conventional rice-crab(MNP) and rice monoculture(CK) production modes onthe carbon properties of soil, the rice yield and rice grain quality were investigated throughfield experiments and laboratory analysis in2009and2010, which combining with practicalcondition of the northern rice production and the development of organic rice-crab production;The differences of energy flow, material flow and value flow of different modes werecompared; At the same time, environmental impacts of rice with organic rice-crab (M1),conventional rice-crab(MNP) and rice monoculture (CK)modes were assessed using lifecycle assessment(LCA) methodology in order to supply advices for choosing appropriate riceproduction mode, soil fertilizer system and strengthening the agricultural environmentmanagement of this region. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly improve the organic-inorganic complexstatus and the combining forms of humus in soil. In2009and2010, after applying the organicrice-crab modes, the content of organic carbon and heavy fraction organic carbon in soils andthe quantity of organo-mineral complex can remarkably increased and the degree oforgano-mineral complex decreased with the increasing of the quantity of additionalorgano-mineral complex and the degree of additional organo-mineral complex of soils;Meanwhile, the content of loose, stable and tight combined humus were also significantlyincreased, especially loose combined humus, and the proportion of loose combined humus toheavy humus and ratio of loose to tight combined were also increased, which activated thecombined soil humus; The effect of the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1) was the best in organic rice-crab modes. A similar trend was also observed in conventional rice-crabproduction modes,but all the index were obviously lower than that of the organic rice-crabmode. The quantities of organic-inorganic complex and the combined forms of humus aretended to decline by the negative effect of aforementioned indices of the CK mode.
2. The applying of organic rice-crab modes can significantly increase the quantity andimprove quality of soil humus. In2009and2010, the soil humic substance extractedcarbon(HEC), humic acid carbon(HAC) and fulvic acid carbon(FAC), Hu min carbon(HMC),loose combined HAC, FAC, the ratio of HAC/HEC and the proportion of loose combinedHAC to loose combined humus carbon were significantly higher in the organic rice-crabmodes, while the ratio of FAC/HEC and the proportion of loose combined FAC to loosecombined humus carbon was decreased, the ratio of HA/FA were also significantly increased.And the most significant increase in organic rice-crab modes were observed in the highorganic manure rice-crab modes (M1, M2). The ratio of FAC/HEC was higher in MNP andCK modes than in the organic rice-crab modes, while the ratio of HA/FA was decreased. Thevalue of HAC and loose HAC E4/E6,△log k in three modes were expressed the samegeneral trend as organic rice-crab＞conventional rice-crab＞rice monoculture.
3. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly increase the content of labile organiccarbon fractions. The total organic carbon (TOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), moderatelylabile organic carbon (MLOC), highly labile organic carbon (HLOC) and carbonmanagement index (CMI) were significant or dramatically higher in the organic rice-crabmodes than in the before disposal, and this increase was greater with the increasing amountsof organic manure. A similar but less significant trend was also observed between the organicand conventional rice-crab production modes. The MLOC and CMI were increased slightly inrice monoculture mode, but the other indexes were lower.
4. The organic rice-crab modes can significantly enhance the rice yield and improve therice grain quality. In2009and2010, the grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and1000grain weight were higher in the organic rice-crab modes than in the conventional rice-craband rice monoculture modes, and this increase was greater with increasing amounts oforganic manure, especially the most significant increases in the grain number per panicle,seed setting rate and1000grain weight are11.90%,8.42%and3.94%, respectively, which were observed in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1), and ultimately improve therice yield. In addition, the crab yield in2009and2010had the same general trend as M1＞M2＞M3＞MNP＞M4. The rice quality was also improved, such as the organic rice-crabmodes significantly decreased chalky rice rate, chalky degree and amylose content decreased,and increased the contents of rice protein, essential amino acid and Fe, Zn. No significantimpacts were observed on the milling quality. However, the Cd, Pb of brown rice are tendedto increase in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1) when compared with theconventional rice-crab and rice monoculture modes.
5. The structure of energy and material flow in organic rice-crab modes is morereasonable and with higher economic benefits. The ratio between organic energy and manualsupplementary energy were97.67%,97.37%,96.96%and96.49%, respectively in theorganic rice-crab (M1～M4)modes, with respectively11.12%,10.83%,10.41%and9.84%higher than in MNP mode, and95times of the CK mode; The organic rice-crab modes had ahigher energy circulation index than MNP and CK modes, but had slightly lower lightutilization efficiency and energy translation efficiency than in MNP and CK modes.According to the surplus of nutrition system, the N, P2O5and K2O surplus amount and thenutrition flux in organic rice-crab modes were significantly higher than that in MNP and CKmodes. In view of the economic benefit produced, the organic rice-crab (M1～M4) modescould obtain an additional income of7087.50,6649.65,5910.30and4752.00Yuan·hm-2when calculating the organic product as30%higher price of normal product.
6. In2010, the highest increase in the TOC(15.15%), HOC(11.96%), HEC(10.79%),HAC(19.34%), Ⅰ C(20.78%), ⅠC/HOC(7.89%), the value of HAC E4/E6(5.62%) and△logk(5.48%) compared to2009was found in the high organic manure rice-crab mode (M1);However, the highest increase in LOC(10.11%)、MLOC (5.14%) and CMI(14.79%) wereobtained in the moderate organic manure rice-crab mode (M3); Similarly, the most significantincreases in the ⅡC, ⅡC/HOCand Ⅰ C/Ⅲ Cwere23.09%,15.26%and12.83%,respectively, which were observed in the low organic manure rice-crab mode (M4).
7. The CK mode showed the greatest life cycle environmental impact for rice production,the second was MNP mode and followed by M1mode. In the above results, the life cycle environmental impacts in sequence of rice in organic rice-crab(M1) mode is aquaticeutrophication>environment acidification> energy depletion> global warming, with theimpact indices of0.60、0.07、0.000029and-0.03respectively; the life cycle environmentalimpacts in sequence of rice in conventional rice-crab(MNP) mode is aquatic eutrophication>environment acidification> energy depletion> global warming, with the impact indices of0.58、0.099、0.000036and-0.01respectively; the life cycle environmental impacts insequence of rice in rice monoculture(CK) mode is aquatic eutrophication>environmentacidification> global warming> energy depletion, with the impact indices of0.628、0.124、0.012and0.00004respectively.
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