黄河下游利津站营养盐输送规律及影响因素研究
摘要
河流作为连接陆地与海洋两大生态系统的纽带，是全球营养元素地球化学循环的重要环节。黄河是我国第二大河，其营养元素的输送在全球以及区域环境问题中扮演很重要的角色。本研究通过2005年~2009年逐月以及调水调沙期间逐日在黄河下游利津站营养盐观测结果，结合近30年来黄河流域营养盐的观测资料，对黄河流域营养盐的存在形态、输送通量、时间变化等问题进行了深入探讨，并着重研究了调水调沙这一重大水文事件期间黄河营养盐输送规律、影响因素以及对黄河营养盐输送的影响。主要研究结果如下：
（1）系统观测黄河下游利津站连续5年（2005年~2009年）的营养盐。观测期间，硝酸盐浓度范围为144.6~363.6μmol/L，亚硝酸盐浓度范围为0.06~22.4μmol/L，氨氮浓度范围为0.97~48.9μmol/L，磷酸盐浓度范围为0.02~1.19μmol/L，硅酸盐浓度范围为46.07~142.9μmol/L；五年间，硝酸盐和硅酸盐的浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势，磷酸盐的浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势，但2007年后又升高；黄河利津站DIN/DIP范围为206~15567，黄河下游可能存在磷限制。
（2）系统分析了黄河下游利津站2005~2009年营养盐的输送通量。发现硝酸盐、溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐年通量整体上均呈现明显下降的趋势；营养盐通量的季节变化明显；硝酸盐、溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐通量主要受径流量变化的影响，但亚硝酸盐和氨氮通量受其浓度变化的影响也很大。
（3）系统分析了2005~2009年调水调沙期间黄河下游利津站的水沙变化。发现在调水调沙期间，多数年份里水沙关系表现为沙峰在前、水峰在后的特点，其流量-含沙量时序关系呈现顺时针变化，表明泥沙主要来自河床；但2005年和2008年调水调沙后期发生较强降雨事件，水沙关系表现为水峰在前、沙峰在后的特点，流量-含沙量时序关系则表现为逆时针变化，泥沙主要来自流域土壤。
（4）系统分析了2005~2009年调水调沙期间黄河下游利津站营养盐的浓度变化和输送通量。发现调水调沙期间，营养盐浓度的改变与水沙变化的关系比较复杂，硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐在多数年份里表现为低流量时浓度随径流量增加而增加，高流量时则随径流量增加而迅速降低，氨氮和亚硝酸盐的变化更加复杂；这些变化主要受到河床河滩冲刷（带入河水中大量营养盐）、河水稀释效应以及悬浮颗粒物含量等的影响。研究还发现，调水调沙期间径流量约为全年径流量的20%，硝酸盐和硅酸盐输送通量占全年通量的20%～30%，磷酸盐输送通量占全年通量的20%左右，亚硝酸盐和氨氮波动较大，但大多数年份均低于10%；硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的输送通量主要由其间的径流量控制。
（5）系统分析了黄河下游营养盐的历史数据。发现在过去的三十年里（1980~2009年），2000年以前黄河下游溶解无机氮、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐浓度均有较高水平，并且溶解无机氮、硝酸盐呈逐渐上升的趋势，磷酸盐和硅酸盐变化不大；2000年后溶解无机氮、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐浓度整体上则均呈现逐渐降低的趋势，但磷酸盐在2007年后又逐步升高。影响黄河下游营养盐输送通量的主要因素为当年的径流量。
（6）计算了黄河下游利津站营养盐的比通量，并与世界其他大河流进行了比较分析。发现黄河下游利津站硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐的比通量都低于世界同纬度的其他河流；硝酸盐浓度远高于同纬度的其他世界河流，硅酸盐浓度在同纬度的其他世界河流中也是最高的，但磷酸盐的浓度低于同纬度的其他世界河流。黄河硝酸盐、硅酸盐的比通量低于世界同纬度的其他河流，主要原因是大规模的流域调水使得黄河下游的实际径流量大大低于其“应有的”自然径流量，而磷酸盐的比通量低于世界同纬度其他河流的原因，除了大规模调水之外，其自身浓度很低也是一个重要原因。
Rivers carrying suspended and dissolved material from the land to the ocean arethe principal link in the transfer of nutrients between these systems. As the secondriver in China, Yellow River plays an important role in the transport of nutrients.Dissolved nutrient concentrations in the Yellow River were measured monthly anddaily during the period of water-sediment regulation in the downstream region at Lijinstation from2005to2009. Combined with historic hydrographic and water-qualitydata (1980~2009), the concentrations and compositions of nutrients, and theirtemporal change were discussed in the study, especially during the period ofwater-sediment regulation. The results are concluded as following：
(1) Dissolved nutrient concentrations in the Yellow River were measuredsystemically during2005~2009. The concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ranged from144.6to363.6μmol/L and from0.06to22.4μmol/L, while the concentration ofammonia varied from0.97to48.9μmol/L. The concentration of phosphate and silicateranged from0.02to1.19μmol/L and from46.07to142.9μmol/L, respectively. Theconcentration of nitrate and silicate decreased in2005~2009, while the concentrationof phosphate decreased before2007and then increased. The ratio of DIN/DIP rangedfrom206to15567, and it suggests that the waters of the Yellow River at Lijin arestrongly P-limited.
(2) The fluxes of nitrate, DIN, phosphate and silicate decreased during2005~2009.Nutrient fluxes also exhibited substantial seasonal fluctuations. Discharge was themain factor that controlled the fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate. And for nitriteand ammonia, concentration of nutrient was also the main factor.
(3) The changes of water and sediment were observed during the period ofwater-sediment regulation in2005~2009. The relationship between discharge andsediment were clockwise expecting the anaphase of2008. And sediment peak was infront. It means that sediment in the water-sediment regulation mainly come from the riverbed. But the relationship between discharge and sediment were anticlockwiseduring the rain period in2005and the anaphase of water-sediment regulation in2008.And water peak was in front. It means that sediment was soil mainly come from theYellow river basin.
(4) The concentrations and fluxes of nutrients were analyzed during the period ofwater-sediment regulation in2005~2009. The relationships of nutrients and dischargeand sediment were complicated. The concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and silicateincreased with the increase of discharge when the discharge was low, and they weredecreased with the increase of discharge when the discharge was high. They wereinfluenced by the erosion of riverbed and beach, dilution effect of river-water and theamount of suspended particulate matter. The water flux was accounted about20%ofthe whole year during the period of water-sediment regulation. The fluxes of nitrateand silicate were accounted for20%～30%, while the fluxes of phosphate wasaccounted for about20%. The fluxes of nitrite and ammonia were just accounted forless than10%in most years. Fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate were mainlycontrolled by water discharge.
(5) The series data of nutrients at the downstream of Yellow River for about30years were reviewed. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and nitrateincreased from1980s to2000. No obviously changes of phosphate and silicate werefound from1980s to2000. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, nitrateand silicate decreased after2000, while the concentration of phosphate increased from2001to2007and then decreased after2007.
(6) The specific fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate of Yellow river werecalculated and compared with world rivers. The specific fluxes of nitrate, phosphateand silicate of Yellow river were lower than that of the same latitude rivers, becausethe actual discharge was much lower than the “natural” discharge due to thelarge-scale water take-off. The concentration of nitrate and silicate of Yellow riverwere higher than that of the same latitude rivers, while the specific fluxes ofphosphate was lower due to the low concentration and the large-scale water take-off.
（1）系统观测黄河下游利津站连续5年（2005年~2009年）的营养盐。观测期间，硝酸盐浓度范围为144.6~363.6μmol/L，亚硝酸盐浓度范围为0.06~22.4μmol/L，氨氮浓度范围为0.97~48.9μmol/L，磷酸盐浓度范围为0.02~1.19μmol/L，硅酸盐浓度范围为46.07~142.9μmol/L；五年间，硝酸盐和硅酸盐的浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势，磷酸盐的浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势，但2007年后又升高；黄河利津站DIN/DIP范围为206~15567，黄河下游可能存在磷限制。
（2）系统分析了黄河下游利津站2005~2009年营养盐的输送通量。发现硝酸盐、溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐年通量整体上均呈现明显下降的趋势；营养盐通量的季节变化明显；硝酸盐、溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐通量主要受径流量变化的影响，但亚硝酸盐和氨氮通量受其浓度变化的影响也很大。
（3）系统分析了2005~2009年调水调沙期间黄河下游利津站的水沙变化。发现在调水调沙期间，多数年份里水沙关系表现为沙峰在前、水峰在后的特点，其流量-含沙量时序关系呈现顺时针变化，表明泥沙主要来自河床；但2005年和2008年调水调沙后期发生较强降雨事件，水沙关系表现为水峰在前、沙峰在后的特点，流量-含沙量时序关系则表现为逆时针变化，泥沙主要来自流域土壤。
（4）系统分析了2005~2009年调水调沙期间黄河下游利津站营养盐的浓度变化和输送通量。发现调水调沙期间，营养盐浓度的改变与水沙变化的关系比较复杂，硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐在多数年份里表现为低流量时浓度随径流量增加而增加，高流量时则随径流量增加而迅速降低，氨氮和亚硝酸盐的变化更加复杂；这些变化主要受到河床河滩冲刷（带入河水中大量营养盐）、河水稀释效应以及悬浮颗粒物含量等的影响。研究还发现，调水调沙期间径流量约为全年径流量的20%，硝酸盐和硅酸盐输送通量占全年通量的20%～30%，磷酸盐输送通量占全年通量的20%左右，亚硝酸盐和氨氮波动较大，但大多数年份均低于10%；硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的输送通量主要由其间的径流量控制。
（5）系统分析了黄河下游营养盐的历史数据。发现在过去的三十年里（1980~2009年），2000年以前黄河下游溶解无机氮、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐浓度均有较高水平，并且溶解无机氮、硝酸盐呈逐渐上升的趋势，磷酸盐和硅酸盐变化不大；2000年后溶解无机氮、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐浓度整体上则均呈现逐渐降低的趋势，但磷酸盐在2007年后又逐步升高。影响黄河下游营养盐输送通量的主要因素为当年的径流量。
（6）计算了黄河下游利津站营养盐的比通量，并与世界其他大河流进行了比较分析。发现黄河下游利津站硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐的比通量都低于世界同纬度的其他河流；硝酸盐浓度远高于同纬度的其他世界河流，硅酸盐浓度在同纬度的其他世界河流中也是最高的，但磷酸盐的浓度低于同纬度的其他世界河流。黄河硝酸盐、硅酸盐的比通量低于世界同纬度的其他河流，主要原因是大规模的流域调水使得黄河下游的实际径流量大大低于其“应有的”自然径流量，而磷酸盐的比通量低于世界同纬度其他河流的原因，除了大规模调水之外，其自身浓度很低也是一个重要原因。
Rivers carrying suspended and dissolved material from the land to the ocean arethe principal link in the transfer of nutrients between these systems. As the secondriver in China, Yellow River plays an important role in the transport of nutrients.Dissolved nutrient concentrations in the Yellow River were measured monthly anddaily during the period of water-sediment regulation in the downstream region at Lijinstation from2005to2009. Combined with historic hydrographic and water-qualitydata (1980~2009), the concentrations and compositions of nutrients, and theirtemporal change were discussed in the study, especially during the period ofwater-sediment regulation. The results are concluded as following：
(1) Dissolved nutrient concentrations in the Yellow River were measuredsystemically during2005~2009. The concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ranged from144.6to363.6μmol/L and from0.06to22.4μmol/L, while the concentration ofammonia varied from0.97to48.9μmol/L. The concentration of phosphate and silicateranged from0.02to1.19μmol/L and from46.07to142.9μmol/L, respectively. Theconcentration of nitrate and silicate decreased in2005~2009, while the concentrationof phosphate decreased before2007and then increased. The ratio of DIN/DIP rangedfrom206to15567, and it suggests that the waters of the Yellow River at Lijin arestrongly P-limited.
(2) The fluxes of nitrate, DIN, phosphate and silicate decreased during2005~2009.Nutrient fluxes also exhibited substantial seasonal fluctuations. Discharge was themain factor that controlled the fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate. And for nitriteand ammonia, concentration of nutrient was also the main factor.
(3) The changes of water and sediment were observed during the period ofwater-sediment regulation in2005~2009. The relationship between discharge andsediment were clockwise expecting the anaphase of2008. And sediment peak was infront. It means that sediment in the water-sediment regulation mainly come from the riverbed. But the relationship between discharge and sediment were anticlockwiseduring the rain period in2005and the anaphase of water-sediment regulation in2008.And water peak was in front. It means that sediment was soil mainly come from theYellow river basin.
(4) The concentrations and fluxes of nutrients were analyzed during the period ofwater-sediment regulation in2005~2009. The relationships of nutrients and dischargeand sediment were complicated. The concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and silicateincreased with the increase of discharge when the discharge was low, and they weredecreased with the increase of discharge when the discharge was high. They wereinfluenced by the erosion of riverbed and beach, dilution effect of river-water and theamount of suspended particulate matter. The water flux was accounted about20%ofthe whole year during the period of water-sediment regulation. The fluxes of nitrateand silicate were accounted for20%～30%, while the fluxes of phosphate wasaccounted for about20%. The fluxes of nitrite and ammonia were just accounted forless than10%in most years. Fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate were mainlycontrolled by water discharge.
(5) The series data of nutrients at the downstream of Yellow River for about30years were reviewed. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and nitrateincreased from1980s to2000. No obviously changes of phosphate and silicate werefound from1980s to2000. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, nitrateand silicate decreased after2000, while the concentration of phosphate increased from2001to2007and then decreased after2007.
(6) The specific fluxes of nitrate, phosphate and silicate of Yellow river werecalculated and compared with world rivers. The specific fluxes of nitrate, phosphateand silicate of Yellow river were lower than that of the same latitude rivers, becausethe actual discharge was much lower than the “natural” discharge due to thelarge-scale water take-off. The concentration of nitrate and silicate of Yellow riverwere higher than that of the same latitude rivers, while the specific fluxes ofphosphate was lower due to the low concentration and the large-scale water take-off.
引文
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