高Z物质宇宙线成像系统读出电子学方法研究
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摘要
宇宙线μ子成像(Cosmic-ray Moun Tomography)技术是一种新型的高Z物质检测及监测技术。传统的核材料检测技术均基于放射性源,并且对于屏蔽较好的核材料检测比较困难。宇宙线μ子是天然的高能带电粒子,具有极强的穿透性,可以轻易穿透很厚的防护层。利用这种天然存在的粒子通过待测物体后的散射角分布与该物质原子序数相关的原理,结合断层成像的算法,可以探测物体内部甚至屏蔽层内部的高Z物质的分布状态等信息,从而实现对集装箱中核材料的无损检测。
由于宇宙线μ子成像技术在监测核材料的非法运输方面具有极大优势,因此国内外多家研究机构都进行了相关技术的研究。西北核技术研究所提出了搭建基于漂移室的宇宙线μ子成像系统,整个系统包括漂移室探测器及前置放大器、读出电子学、数据获取及图像重建三个部分。成像系统期望达到50μm的位置分辨,并且实现毫米甚至亚毫米尺寸像素点的成像结果。初期计划完成的成像系统原型样机系统,包括8块漂移室探测器共208根信号丝。
根据成像系统的设计目标,对电子学系统提出了以下技术指标要求：
1、时间测量精度<100ps,测量动态范围0～500ns。
2、电荷测量精度<15fC,测量动态范围15fC～1800fC。
由此可知,多通道信号的读出、高精度时间和电荷的测量是电子学系统设计的难点所在。
经过对漂移室探测器信号特征及成像系统对读出电子学指标要求的研究,设计的读出插件采用如下技术路线：整个插件分为时间测量和电荷测量两部分；时间测量部分对输入模拟信号进行定时,并选用专用时间测量器件TDC(Time-to-Digital Converter)实现高精度的时间测量；电荷测量部分采用信号成形后ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)精确采样的测量方式,然后利用数值积分法计算电荷量；测得数据在FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)内处理后通过CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device)经由VME (Versa Module Eurocard)接口送至上位机做进一步分析处理;数据处理和功能控制由FPGA完成。论文中将详细介绍成像系统读出电子学原型样机,包括采用的技术路线、实现方式及各部分的设计细节,并介绍了预研阶段设计的时间测量评估板的详细情况。
本论文针对基于漂移室探测器的宇宙线高Z物质成像系统,设计研制了读出电子学原型样机。宇宙线无损无源探测系统是国际上的热门课题,国内基于漂移室探测系统的相关研究尚未见报道。论文在成像系统读出电子学的研制中,做出了以下创新性工作：
1、使用专用时间测量芯片TDC-GP2实现低成本高精度的时间测量,电子学系统精度好于100ps。
2、利用大规模可编程逻辑器件内嵌DSP核实现数值积分法的实时电荷计算,利用软核实现高速数据接收。
3、设计制作了时间测量评估板,为原型样机时间测量方案的选择提供了依据。
目前,本论文所设计的时间测量评估板已经完成,并进行了一系列的电子学测试,测试结果表明选择的时间测量芯片及定时方式满足设计指标要求。读出电子学原型样机已完成设计及制板,正在进行电子学性能测试,完成后将与漂移室探测器进行联合实验测试。
Cosmic-ray Moun Tomography is a novel technology for high-Z material detection and monitoring. Traditional nuclear material detection technology based on the radioactive source, and it is difficult to detect shielded nuclear material. Penetrating cosmic-ray Mouns are a natural radiation background on the Earth, and they can easily penetrate a thick protective layer. When they traverse an object, such particles undergo Coulombian multiple scattering processes, which depend on the material atomic number Z and density. The measurement of the multiple scattering angles can be used to detect and image an object containing high-Z material without the use of artificial radiation and in a nondestructive way. And this technology can detect shielded high-Z material and discriminate it from low-Z background material.
Cosmic-ray Moun Tomography technology has great advantages in the monitoring of the illegal transport of nuclear materials. A number of domestic and foreign research institutions have carried out numerous studies of this technology. The Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology (NINT) plans to build a cosmic ray muon imaging system based on the drift chamber, and the entire system consists of the drift chamber detector and its preamplifier, readout electronics, data acquisition and image reconstruction. The position resolution of the imaging system is expected to reach50μm, and the pixel size is expected to reach millimeter or even sub-millimeter. The prototype of the imaging system includes eight drift chamber detectors adding up to208signal wires.
According to the design objective of the imaging system, the electronics system must meet the following technical requirements:
1、With the measurement range of0to500ns, the time measurement accuracy should be less than100ps.
2、With the measurement range of15fC to1800fC, the quantity of electric charge measurement accuracy should be less than15fC.
Therefore, the readout of multi-channel signal, high-precision time and charge measurement are the difficulties of the design.
After analysing the signal characteristics of drift chamber detector and the requirement of readout electronics system, we decided to use following technology routes in the design of circuit board:the board is divided into two parts, time measurement and charge measurements; the time measurement part uses a TDC (Time-to-Digital Converter) chip to achieve high-precision time measurement, after determining the timing point of the input analog signal; the charge measurement part uses an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) chip to do an accuracy sample, and uses the numerical integration method to calculate the quantity of the electronic charge; after processing in the FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) and the CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device), the data is sent to the computer via the VME interface (the Versa Module Eurocard) for further analysis processing; the data processing and the control functions are done by the FPGA. The dissertation introduces the design of the readout electronics prototype in details, including the technology route and the implementation methods mentioned above. The Time Measurement Evaluation Board (TMEB), which is designed in the pre-research stage, is also introduced in the dissertation.
Aiming at the imaging system of high-Z material with cosmic rays, which is based on the drift chamber detector, the dissertation designed its readout electronics prototype. The detection system using cosmic-ray moun is a hot topic recently, and the research on this type of detection system based on the drift chamber has not been reported in China. In the course of the design of readout electronics, the dissertation made the following innovative works:
1、A TDC-GP2is used to achieve low-cost high-precision time measurement, and the accuracy of the electronics system is better than100ps.
2、A FPGA with embedded DSP core is used to achieve real-time charge calculation through the numerical integration method, and a soft-core is used to achieve high-speed data reception.
3、The TMEB is designed and tested, and it provides a basis for the technical scheme selection of the readout electronics prototype.
Up to now, the design of the TMEB has been completed, and a series of electronics tests have been done. The test results demonstrate that the time measurement chip and the timing method fulfill the design requirements. The design and manufacture of the readout electronics prototype has finished, and the electronics tests are already underway. Future work will include a further test combined with the drift chamber detector.
由于宇宙线μ子成像技术在监测核材料的非法运输方面具有极大优势,因此国内外多家研究机构都进行了相关技术的研究。西北核技术研究所提出了搭建基于漂移室的宇宙线μ子成像系统,整个系统包括漂移室探测器及前置放大器、读出电子学、数据获取及图像重建三个部分。成像系统期望达到50μm的位置分辨,并且实现毫米甚至亚毫米尺寸像素点的成像结果。初期计划完成的成像系统原型样机系统,包括8块漂移室探测器共208根信号丝。
根据成像系统的设计目标,对电子学系统提出了以下技术指标要求：
1、时间测量精度<100ps,测量动态范围0～500ns。
2、电荷测量精度<15fC,测量动态范围15fC～1800fC。
由此可知,多通道信号的读出、高精度时间和电荷的测量是电子学系统设计的难点所在。
经过对漂移室探测器信号特征及成像系统对读出电子学指标要求的研究,设计的读出插件采用如下技术路线：整个插件分为时间测量和电荷测量两部分；时间测量部分对输入模拟信号进行定时,并选用专用时间测量器件TDC(Time-to-Digital Converter)实现高精度的时间测量；电荷测量部分采用信号成形后ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)精确采样的测量方式,然后利用数值积分法计算电荷量；测得数据在FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)内处理后通过CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device)经由VME (Versa Module Eurocard)接口送至上位机做进一步分析处理;数据处理和功能控制由FPGA完成。论文中将详细介绍成像系统读出电子学原型样机,包括采用的技术路线、实现方式及各部分的设计细节,并介绍了预研阶段设计的时间测量评估板的详细情况。
本论文针对基于漂移室探测器的宇宙线高Z物质成像系统,设计研制了读出电子学原型样机。宇宙线无损无源探测系统是国际上的热门课题,国内基于漂移室探测系统的相关研究尚未见报道。论文在成像系统读出电子学的研制中,做出了以下创新性工作：
1、使用专用时间测量芯片TDC-GP2实现低成本高精度的时间测量,电子学系统精度好于100ps。
2、利用大规模可编程逻辑器件内嵌DSP核实现数值积分法的实时电荷计算,利用软核实现高速数据接收。
3、设计制作了时间测量评估板,为原型样机时间测量方案的选择提供了依据。
目前,本论文所设计的时间测量评估板已经完成,并进行了一系列的电子学测试,测试结果表明选择的时间测量芯片及定时方式满足设计指标要求。读出电子学原型样机已完成设计及制板,正在进行电子学性能测试,完成后将与漂移室探测器进行联合实验测试。
Cosmic-ray Moun Tomography is a novel technology for high-Z material detection and monitoring. Traditional nuclear material detection technology based on the radioactive source, and it is difficult to detect shielded nuclear material. Penetrating cosmic-ray Mouns are a natural radiation background on the Earth, and they can easily penetrate a thick protective layer. When they traverse an object, such particles undergo Coulombian multiple scattering processes, which depend on the material atomic number Z and density. The measurement of the multiple scattering angles can be used to detect and image an object containing high-Z material without the use of artificial radiation and in a nondestructive way. And this technology can detect shielded high-Z material and discriminate it from low-Z background material.
Cosmic-ray Moun Tomography technology has great advantages in the monitoring of the illegal transport of nuclear materials. A number of domestic and foreign research institutions have carried out numerous studies of this technology. The Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology (NINT) plans to build a cosmic ray muon imaging system based on the drift chamber, and the entire system consists of the drift chamber detector and its preamplifier, readout electronics, data acquisition and image reconstruction. The position resolution of the imaging system is expected to reach50μm, and the pixel size is expected to reach millimeter or even sub-millimeter. The prototype of the imaging system includes eight drift chamber detectors adding up to208signal wires.
According to the design objective of the imaging system, the electronics system must meet the following technical requirements:
1、With the measurement range of0to500ns, the time measurement accuracy should be less than100ps.
2、With the measurement range of15fC to1800fC, the quantity of electric charge measurement accuracy should be less than15fC.
Therefore, the readout of multi-channel signal, high-precision time and charge measurement are the difficulties of the design.
After analysing the signal characteristics of drift chamber detector and the requirement of readout electronics system, we decided to use following technology routes in the design of circuit board:the board is divided into two parts, time measurement and charge measurements; the time measurement part uses a TDC (Time-to-Digital Converter) chip to achieve high-precision time measurement, after determining the timing point of the input analog signal; the charge measurement part uses an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) chip to do an accuracy sample, and uses the numerical integration method to calculate the quantity of the electronic charge; after processing in the FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) and the CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device), the data is sent to the computer via the VME interface (the Versa Module Eurocard) for further analysis processing; the data processing and the control functions are done by the FPGA. The dissertation introduces the design of the readout electronics prototype in details, including the technology route and the implementation methods mentioned above. The Time Measurement Evaluation Board (TMEB), which is designed in the pre-research stage, is also introduced in the dissertation.
Aiming at the imaging system of high-Z material with cosmic rays, which is based on the drift chamber detector, the dissertation designed its readout electronics prototype. The detection system using cosmic-ray moun is a hot topic recently, and the research on this type of detection system based on the drift chamber has not been reported in China. In the course of the design of readout electronics, the dissertation made the following innovative works:
1、A TDC-GP2is used to achieve low-cost high-precision time measurement, and the accuracy of the electronics system is better than100ps.
2、A FPGA with embedded DSP core is used to achieve real-time charge calculation through the numerical integration method, and a soft-core is used to achieve high-speed data reception.
3、The TMEB is designed and tested, and it provides a basis for the technical scheme selection of the readout electronics prototype.
Up to now, the design of the TMEB has been completed, and a series of electronics tests have been done. The test results demonstrate that the time measurement chip and the timing method fulfill the design requirements. The design and manufacture of the readout electronics prototype has finished, and the electronics tests are already underway. Future work will include a further test combined with the drift chamber detector.
引文
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[1]杨涛,赵波,张弛。一种无延迟线的恒比定时器,核电子学与核探测技术,2002,5：244-246.
[2]TDC-GP2.2-channel Universal Time-to-Digital Converter, version2.0, May,2010.
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[1]窦飞,梁昊。漂移室数据获取系统设计报告,2011.
[2]LT1993-4 datasheet. Linear Technology.
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[4]ADCMP600 datasheet, Analog Devices.
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[10]Fully Differential-Amplifiers, James Karki, Texas Instruments, Application Report, SLOA054D, January 2002.
[11]AD8138 datasheet, Analog Devices.
[12]NCP4680 datasheet, ON Semiconductor.
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[18]LM7905 datasheet,2001, National Semiconductor Corporation.
[19]NCP566 datasheet, ON Semiconductor.
[20]NCP4680 datasheet, ON Semiconductor.
[1]张岳华,李锋,金革等。惯性约束核聚变实验中子飞行时间谱仪的时间测量插件,2007,3：227-230.
[2]Constant-Fraction Differential Discriminator/SCA 583B datasheet, ORTEC.
[3]Time-to-Amplitude Converter 567 datasheet, ORTEC.
[4]PCI Format MCA Plug-In Card TRUMP-PCI-8K/2K, ORTEC.
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