楼宇级冷热电联供系统优化及多属性综合评价方法研究
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摘要
随着全球各国能源可持续发展战略的深入推广,提高能源利用率和保护地球环境等问题日益突出,在这一背景下,作为第二代能源重要技术之一的楼宇级冷热电联供系统在世界范围内受到广泛的重视。本文以楼宇级冷热电联供系统为研究对象,以系统优化为主线,结合我国地域气候及建筑负荷特性,多角度地探索和分析了楼宇级联供系统的热力性、经济性、环境影响性及可靠性等多方面的性能,以节能、经济和环保等综合效益为目标对其进行了优化设计,并针对联供系统在我国不同气候区的不同建筑类型的应用进行了多属性综合评价,促进其在我国的发展,为实现可持续发展的能源目标服务。
首先,本文遵循我国公共建筑节能标准,采用负荷模拟软件DeST对我国五个典型气候区(严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区、温和地区和夏热冬暖地区)的四种不同类型的公共建筑(宾馆、办公楼、医院和商场)进行了冷热电全年逐时负荷动态模拟计算,并分析了其冷热电负荷特性。
在冷热电负荷动态模拟的基础上,以传统冷热电分供系统为参照对象,提出了楼宇级“冗余”冷热电联供系统的设计思路和系统流程,分析比较了适用于冷热电联供系统的评价指标；以北京某一宾馆建筑为例,采用常规设计方法对其在联网运行和独立运行两种状态下热跟随模式和电跟随模式两种运行模式下分别进行了能耗、经济和污染物排放特性三方面的性能比较,并针对设备的技术参数、运行经济成本和排放系数等进行了敏感性分析,得到各参数对联供系统运行性能的影响潜能。
其次,从最优化问题出发,以北京某一宾馆建筑为研究对象,建立了“冗余’冷热电联供系统优化模型,从优化变量、优化目标、约束条件及求解方法等进行了论述,利用遗传算法搜索得到联供系统的最佳容量配置了运行模式,并对优化结果的可靠性、联供系统的运行性能、全年及冬夏过渡季各个季节的运行模式、运行性能对能源价格的敏感性进行了分析,并与常规的联供系统进行了比较。
然后,以多属性综合评价决策理论为基础,论述了联供系统多属性综合评价问题中的指标选择、标准化处理、主客观权重优化、评价及集成决策等方面内容,建立了楼宇级冷热电联供系统多属性综合评价模型,对我国五个典型气候区的四种不同建筑类型的冷热电联供系统的综合性能进行了比较,得到楼宇级冷热电联供系统在我国不同气候区不同建筑类型的应用准则。
最后,采用马尔柯夫过程法和状态空间法分析了联供系统中各个主要设备故障率和修复率对其可靠性的影响,并建立了“冗余”与“非冗余”联供系统的可靠性分析模型,比较了冗余联供系统、常规联供系统及传统分供系统的供电、供热和供冷的可靠性。
The sustainable development is being popularized in the world and the subjects such as improving the utilization efficiency of energy and protecting the environment are increasingly prominent. Consequently, building cooling, heating and power (BCHP) system, one of the secondly generation energy technology, is broadly paid more and more attention to. This thesis combined with the climate zones and the energy demands of public buildings to deal with the BCHP system, explored and analyzed the performances including thermodynamics, economy, environmental impact and reliability, etc, optimized the structure and the operation strategy of BCHP system from the energetic, economic and environmental characteristics, and compared the integrated performance of BCHP system applied to the different buildings in different climate zones in China, which would be beneficial to its development in China and to the sustainable goals of energy system.
Firstly, based on the design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings in China, this paper simulated the hourly cooling, heating and power loads of four different styles of building (hotel, office, hospital and mall) in five different climate zones (severe cold, cold, hot summer and cold winter, mild, and hot summer and warm winter) using the software DeST. The energy demands including cool, heat and power of the buildings were presented and analyzed.
Secondly, a traditional separation production system to supply cool, heat and power to building was referenced and a general redundant BCHP system was proposed and designed. The evaluation criteria for BCHP system was compared and analyzed. A hotel in Beijing was selected to be a case study, and the BCHP systems which operate with the central electric grid or without the grid were constructed. Moreover, the energetic, economic and emission performances of BCHP systems following the thermal load and the electrical load were respectively analyzed and compared. Then, the sensitivity of the performance of BCHP system to the technical, economic and emission parameters was studied and the effect potential was obtained.
Thirdly, to begin with the optimization problem, the optimization model of a redundant BCHP system for a hotel in Beijing was constructed. The variables, objective function, constraints and solving method were described. The genetic algorithm was employed to solve the optimization problem and to obtain the optimal capacity and the best operation mode. The reliability of the optimization model was verified. The operation performances including the annual performance and the seasonal performance were obtained and then compared to the performances of the traditional BCHP system. Then, the sensitivity of the performance of BCHP system to the prices of electricity and natural gas was analyzed.
Then, there were presented the criteria selection, the normalization, the weighting methods including subjective weight, objective weight and combination weight, the evaluation method and the aggregation method during the multi-attribute evaluation of BCHP systems. The multi-attribute integrated evaluation model for BCHP systems was constructed, which was applied to the comparison between the BCHP systems for different buildings in the five climate zones in China. The application conclusions of BCHP system in China were obtained.
Finally, the Markov model and the state space method were employed to analyze the effect of the failure rate and the repair rate of the equipments to the availability and reliability of BCHP system. The reliability analysis models including the redundant BCHP system and the traditional BCHP system were proposed respectively. The reliabilities of supplying cool, heat and power for building from the redundant BCHP system, the traditional BCHP system and the separation production system were compared.
首先,本文遵循我国公共建筑节能标准,采用负荷模拟软件DeST对我国五个典型气候区(严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区、温和地区和夏热冬暖地区)的四种不同类型的公共建筑(宾馆、办公楼、医院和商场)进行了冷热电全年逐时负荷动态模拟计算,并分析了其冷热电负荷特性。
在冷热电负荷动态模拟的基础上,以传统冷热电分供系统为参照对象,提出了楼宇级“冗余”冷热电联供系统的设计思路和系统流程,分析比较了适用于冷热电联供系统的评价指标；以北京某一宾馆建筑为例,采用常规设计方法对其在联网运行和独立运行两种状态下热跟随模式和电跟随模式两种运行模式下分别进行了能耗、经济和污染物排放特性三方面的性能比较,并针对设备的技术参数、运行经济成本和排放系数等进行了敏感性分析,得到各参数对联供系统运行性能的影响潜能。
其次,从最优化问题出发,以北京某一宾馆建筑为研究对象,建立了“冗余’冷热电联供系统优化模型,从优化变量、优化目标、约束条件及求解方法等进行了论述,利用遗传算法搜索得到联供系统的最佳容量配置了运行模式,并对优化结果的可靠性、联供系统的运行性能、全年及冬夏过渡季各个季节的运行模式、运行性能对能源价格的敏感性进行了分析,并与常规的联供系统进行了比较。
然后,以多属性综合评价决策理论为基础,论述了联供系统多属性综合评价问题中的指标选择、标准化处理、主客观权重优化、评价及集成决策等方面内容,建立了楼宇级冷热电联供系统多属性综合评价模型,对我国五个典型气候区的四种不同建筑类型的冷热电联供系统的综合性能进行了比较,得到楼宇级冷热电联供系统在我国不同气候区不同建筑类型的应用准则。
最后,采用马尔柯夫过程法和状态空间法分析了联供系统中各个主要设备故障率和修复率对其可靠性的影响,并建立了“冗余”与“非冗余”联供系统的可靠性分析模型,比较了冗余联供系统、常规联供系统及传统分供系统的供电、供热和供冷的可靠性。
The sustainable development is being popularized in the world and the subjects such as improving the utilization efficiency of energy and protecting the environment are increasingly prominent. Consequently, building cooling, heating and power (BCHP) system, one of the secondly generation energy technology, is broadly paid more and more attention to. This thesis combined with the climate zones and the energy demands of public buildings to deal with the BCHP system, explored and analyzed the performances including thermodynamics, economy, environmental impact and reliability, etc, optimized the structure and the operation strategy of BCHP system from the energetic, economic and environmental characteristics, and compared the integrated performance of BCHP system applied to the different buildings in different climate zones in China, which would be beneficial to its development in China and to the sustainable goals of energy system.
Firstly, based on the design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings in China, this paper simulated the hourly cooling, heating and power loads of four different styles of building (hotel, office, hospital and mall) in five different climate zones (severe cold, cold, hot summer and cold winter, mild, and hot summer and warm winter) using the software DeST. The energy demands including cool, heat and power of the buildings were presented and analyzed.
Secondly, a traditional separation production system to supply cool, heat and power to building was referenced and a general redundant BCHP system was proposed and designed. The evaluation criteria for BCHP system was compared and analyzed. A hotel in Beijing was selected to be a case study, and the BCHP systems which operate with the central electric grid or without the grid were constructed. Moreover, the energetic, economic and emission performances of BCHP systems following the thermal load and the electrical load were respectively analyzed and compared. Then, the sensitivity of the performance of BCHP system to the technical, economic and emission parameters was studied and the effect potential was obtained.
Thirdly, to begin with the optimization problem, the optimization model of a redundant BCHP system for a hotel in Beijing was constructed. The variables, objective function, constraints and solving method were described. The genetic algorithm was employed to solve the optimization problem and to obtain the optimal capacity and the best operation mode. The reliability of the optimization model was verified. The operation performances including the annual performance and the seasonal performance were obtained and then compared to the performances of the traditional BCHP system. Then, the sensitivity of the performance of BCHP system to the prices of electricity and natural gas was analyzed.
Then, there were presented the criteria selection, the normalization, the weighting methods including subjective weight, objective weight and combination weight, the evaluation method and the aggregation method during the multi-attribute evaluation of BCHP systems. The multi-attribute integrated evaluation model for BCHP systems was constructed, which was applied to the comparison between the BCHP systems for different buildings in the five climate zones in China. The application conclusions of BCHP system in China were obtained.
Finally, the Markov model and the state space method were employed to analyze the effect of the failure rate and the repair rate of the equipments to the availability and reliability of BCHP system. The reliability analysis models including the redundant BCHP system and the traditional BCHP system were proposed respectively. The reliabilities of supplying cool, heat and power for building from the redundant BCHP system, the traditional BCHP system and the separation production system were compared.
引文
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