基于企业网络的城市网络研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,以跨国公司为主体的全球化蓬勃发展,以互联网为代表的信息技术日新月异,对企业空间行为和城市空间组织都产生了深刻的影响。越来越多的研究表明地理因素仍然是影响企业网络和城市网络的重要因素,城市在全球化时代更加彰显出其作为创新中心的重要性。
通过分工、权力、租金作用机制,行动者共同建构起了从地方到全球的企业网络。随着区域性、全国性、全球性的企业网络的发展,城市之间的联系日趋紧密,促进了城市网络的发育。城市网络是企业网络不可或缺的嵌入环境。企业的各种流动只有在城市网络之中才能得以快速、有效的运转,从而将地方化的比较优势转化为企业的竞争优势。企业网络塑造了城市网络,城市网络亦反作用于企业网络。二者相辅相承,相互建构。企业网络及其嵌入的城市网络更成为信息化时代世界经济的重要动力引擎。
基于企业网络的城市网络研究也成为国际学术界的前沿议题,其中影响力最大的两种取向分别是行动者网络理论(ANT)和社会网络分析(SNA)。ANT是一种后结构主义的研究思潮,认为关系无所不在,并不否定结构的存在,而是主张超越结构主义,更为注重内在的关系和过程,侧重于定性地揭示企业网络和城市网络形成的过程。SNA则可以更为精确地量化揭示出企业网络和城市网络的内涵以及联系的性质,在基于企业网络的城市网络研究中具有重大的理论意义和应用价值。
伴随着中国改革开放的深入发展,现代企业制度以及社会主义市场经济体系逐步在中国确立起来。企业空间组织受到行政力量的影响逐步削弱,主要受到市场经济的影响。企业出于多种目的在区域、国家、全球空间尺度上布局,形成复杂的企业网络。企业总部—子公司的联系构成了城市之间相互联系的重要内涵。总部集聚的城市成为网络中的控制中心,具有强大的权力,在劳动空间分工过程中也能够获得更多租金。批判地学习和借鉴国际前沿理论,开展基于企业网络的中国城市网络研究,将有利于完善中国城市网络理论框架体系,丰富国际城市网络理论研究,对促进中国城市网络发展具有重大的指导意义。
在区域尺度上,本研究利用社会网络分析方法对基于企业网络的长三角城市网络的研究有以下结论：
(1)长三角城市网络存在着空间极化的发展趋势。以上海为核心,杭州和南京为次中心,沪宁(除常州、镇江外)、沪杭、杭甬Z字形发展走廊城市(除常州外)具有强大的网络权力,成为网络的控制中心,并且是网络结构中的结构洞,能够获取更多网络租金。以苏中(除南通外)、苏北、浙西南(除台州外)城市成为网络中的依附节点。常州、南通、台州这三座城市则处于半边缘状态。
(2)长三角城市网络结构受到行政区经济的影响。浙江城市、江苏城市分别以南京、杭州为次核心形成小派系。江苏城市凝聚成片的现象尤为明显。与基于全行业企业网络的城市网络相比,基于服务业的长三角城市网络受行政区经济的影响更为明显。2005年,江苏和浙江基于服务业企业网络的城市联系存在着明显的行政区经济的特征,2010年跨越行政区的联系有所加强,但行政区划的影响仍然存在,形成了南京、杭州向省内辐射的网络形态。
(3)就整体而言,基于企业网络的长三角城市网络的结构特征与经济发展水平存在着密切的相关关系。经济发展水平和第三产业发展水平分别对全行业网络以及服务业网络节点中心度具有正面的影响。企业家精神是影响网络点出度的重要因素。
在国家尺度上,本研究从企业网络与城市网络相结合的视角,研究以上海为核心的长三角对中国城市网络的引力主要有以下三点发现：
(1)以上海为核心的Z字形发展轴线城市在长三角城市网络中对外吸引与辐射能力较强,其中上海对中国城市网络具有重要的影响力。而苏北、苏中、浙西南城市不仅对外投资相对较少,辐射能力薄弱,在吸引能力上也相对落后于Z字形发展轴线城市。无论就长三角对外的吸引力或者就辐射力而言,城市网络之间的相互联系率先在经济中心城市发生。
(2)上海对中国城市网络的吸引力和辐射力存在着区域性的差异。华东、华北、华南城市经济区与上海的联系十分密切,其中长三角是上海吸引力和辐射力最强的地区。华东区、山东区、东北区、西南区、湖北区、新疆区、西藏区的引力以辐射力为主,权力作用大于威望作用；对华北区、华南区、福建区、西北区以吸引力为主；威望作用大于权力作用。
(3)上海对中国城市网络的辐射力,存在着明显的邻近扩散以及等级扩散特征,趋向于国内的经济中心城市以及地理邻近的城市；对中国城市网络的吸引力趋向于沿海以及沿江T字形发展轴线城市。其中北京、深圳是上海吸引力前两位城市；以上海、北京、深圳为总部的中央企业在京-沪、深沪联系过程中发挥着巨大的作用。
在全球尺度上,从FDI和ODI视角研究长三角与境外经济联系主要有以下四点结论：
(1)外商投资促进了长三角崛起成为中国对外开放程度最高的全球-城市区域,然而以加工贸易为主的发展路径也将长三角锁定在全球价值链的低端环节。就长三角内部而言,浙江以民营经济为主体参与新的国际劳动,不同于江苏、上海以外资为主体的发展路径；浙江在对主要贸易伙伴的外贸出口上的表现要优于江苏和上海。对外资以及外贸的结构分析,表明：东亚、北美、西欧是长三角重要的贸易伙伴,其中香港是长三角最大的外资来源地以及重要的出口市场,对长三角全球-城市区域的发展起到了巨大的作用；
(2)对长三角上市公司2005年、2010年对外投资形成的跨境城市网络的分析表明,长三角上市公司对外联系主要集中在东亚、西欧、北美以及离岸金融中心等地,其中香港是这两个年度长三角企业对外设立子公司最多的城市,长三角企业在香港主要从事投资控股、进出口贸易、信息服务等业务,与香港的国际金融中心、贸易中心、信息中心的地位密切相关。香港发挥着连接长三角区域性城市网络与世界城市网络的桥梁作用。
(3)长三角跨境城市网络的总部控制中心集中在以上海为核心沪宁、沪杭、杭甬Z字形发展走廊的城市,其中上海的核心引领作用明显,此外,杭州、南京、宁波、绍兴、苏州等是长三角对外投资最为活跃的城市,而苏北、苏中、浙西南城市(除台州外)的表现相对逊色。回归分析表明,金融业发展水平与企业家精神对长三角ODI具有正面的影响。
(4)对于长三角发展而言,长三角跨境城市的发展有助于提高长三角在世界城市网络的总部控制权力,并提高在城市网络中的位置,从而实现从世界工厂到世界办公室的转型,充分利用国外各种资源,赢得更大的国际市场份额,从而突破“价值链陷阱”。
在上述理论和实证分析基础上,本研究展开三个讨论：
(1)企业作为企业网络的空间组织实际上也是一个集聚与扩散的过程。长三角全球-城市区域发展的动力机制除了外资企业以及中国中央政府、长三角地方政府的交互作用之外,长三角企业尤其是上市公司在区域、全国、全球尺度上的网络化过程也起到了重要的推动作用。可以说,企业与城市的网络化过程是长三角全球-城市区域发展的重要动力。随着城市之间的横向经济联系不断加强,企业网络布局逐步突破了行政区划的限制,长三角两省一市都市连绵区也正加速形成之中。
(2)基于上市公司企业网络的城市网络分析,可以将长三角全球城市-区域的空间结构总结为：一轴三中心,以上海为核心、南京和杭州为副中心。Z字型发展的发展轴线对长三角发展具有决定性的影响力。
(3)上海作为中国乃至世界城市网络中的两个重要节点,一方面需要发挥“全球城市”的功能集聚跨国公司地区总部等高端要素,加强对中国乃至世界城市网络的吸引力,另一方面也要加强“世界城市性”,加快培育世界级的跨国公司,从而加强对中国乃至世界城市网络辐射力,从而在国内及国际两个扇面发挥出更大的网络优势。
综合上述三个实证分析,本研究认为：
(1)在区域尺度上,长三角要加快实施区域经济一体化战略,加强区域经济合作,鼓励企业突破行政区划的束缚,优化网络布局,推动企业网络向相对欠发达的苏中、苏北以及浙西南地区扩散,促进长三角城市网络相对均衡发展。
(2)在国家尺度上,长三角的核心城市上海要进一步加快实施“四个中心”发展战略,进一步提升对中国城市网络的吸引力和辐射力,尤其是要加强对华北区、华南区、福建区、西北区的辐射力。
(3)在全球尺度上,长三角要积极实施“走出去”发展战略,鼓励更多上市公司拓展海外企业网络,从而加强长三角对世界经济的总部控制能力,从而实现长三角从世界工厂向世界办公室的转型升级。
Since the1990s, the globalization of TNCs and revolution of information technology have been changing fast. They have profound impacts on the spatial behavior of enterprises and urban spatial organization. With entering the globalization and information age, the urban spatial organization arouses some new trends, more and more researches show that geography is still an important factor of the firm network and urban network.The significance of cities as innovation center is becoming more clearly in the globalization era.
By the mechanism of division, power and rent, firm networks from local to global scale are constructed by actors. With the development of firm network, the links between cities become close, and promote the development of the urban network. The urban network is an essential factor for the development of firm network. The firm network and urban network complement each other. The firm network and urban network have become important engine of world economy in the information era. The research on urban network based on the firm network has also become the forefront of the international academic community. The most important research approaches are actor-network theory (ANT) and social network analysis (SNA). ANT is a post-structuralist approach, which focus on the formation process of firm network and the urban network qualitatively. SNA can accurately reveal the nature and links of firm network and urban network more quantitatively.
With the development of China's reform and opening up, the modern enterprise system and the socialist market economic system gradually established in China. Firm spatial organization is more and more affected by laws of market economy, and the complex firm network has been formed on the regional, national, and global spatial scale. The links between headquarters and subsidiary constitute an important connotation of the inter-linkages between the cities. Cities which firm headquarters located are powerful control centers of firm network and urban network. It is important to learn international advanced theory critically and do research on urban network of China based on firm network. This research will enrich both Chinese and international urban network theory research and promote the Chinese urban network development.
This research based on the latest international research trend of economic geography and urban geography to study firm network and urban network. It collected Chinese A share listed company annual report in2005and2010, established a corporate headquarters subsidiary network database, and used the related statistical data, carry out research on regional, national and global three spatial scales. On the regional scale, it used social network analysis (SNA) method to carry out an in-depth quantitative analysis on regional urban network structure of the Yangtze River Delta. On the national scale, it studied gravity of Shanghai on Chinese urban network from the perspective of firm network. On the global scale; it studied economic contact of Yangtze River Delta urban network and oversea city-regions. Research on the Yangtze River Delta urban network structure at regional scale makes the following conclusion:
(1) Spatial polarization trend exists in the Yangtze River Delta urban network. Cities located at Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou,Zhengjiang) have a strong power controlling the network, even as the control center of network. Shanghai is the most powerful city in this network.Nanjing and Hangzhou are sub-center. Central Jiangsu (except Nantong), North Jiangsu, Southwest Zhejiang (except Taizhou) become the attachment nodes in the network. From2005to2010, the Yangtze River Delta city network structure concentrated force is still greater than the scattered forces. Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou.Zhengjiang) consolidate the network power as control centers.
(2)Structure of Yangtze River Delta urban network is often affected by the Administrative Region Economic. Subgroups Analysis showed that, from2005to2010, Shanghai is the core of all factions; Zhejiang cities, Jiangsu cities, respectively around Hangzhou, Nanjing to form a small faction. Investment between Jiangsu and Zhejiang cities is relatively small except Nanjing and Hangzhou. This reflected the fact that Yangtze River Delta economic integration happened between the major cities. Based on firm of services industry network the Administrative Region Economic of the Yangtze River Delta urban network becomes more apparent.
(3) On the whole, we found urban network structure based on the firm network of the Yangtze River Delta and the level of economic development were closely related to each other. Economic development level and the tertiary industry development level have positive influence respectively on entire industry network and service network node centrality. Entrepreneur spirit also has positive effects on out dergree of network. From the perspective of firm network to study the gravity of YRD on the Chinese urban network make conclusion as follows:
(1) Shanghai is the most important city of YRD to effect other Chinese cities. Cities located at Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou) have a strong power on the interaction between Chinese urban network.
(2)There are regional differences of Shanghai's gravitation. East, North and South China urban economic zone has close relationship with Shanghai. Yangtze River Delta region is the most closely connected with Shanghai.
(3) There are adjacent diffusion and hierarchical diffusion characteristics of the radiation of Shanghai's gravity on Chinese urban network. It tends to agglomerate at the coast region and Yangtze River Region. Beijing, Shenzhen which are also financial center of China have Close economic ties with Shanghai. From the perspective of FDI and ODI to study economic ties between Yangtze River Delta and Shanghai have the following main conclusions:
(1) FDI promotes the globalization of the Yangtze River Delta but locks it in lower end of global value chain. East Asia, North America, Western Europe are most important trading partner with the Yangtze River Delta.Hong Kong plays as an important export market and the largest source of FDI for Yangtze River Delta.
(2) ODI from the Yangtze River Delta's listed companies is mainly concentrated in East Asia, Western Europe, North America and offshore financial center. Hong Kong is the most important destination of ODI from Yangtze River Delta.
(3) World city network shaped by the Yangtze River Delta is very important for Yangtze River Delta to become powerful control center of world economic. Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou) have strong power in this world city network.
(4) Regression analysis shows that the development of the financial industry and the level of entrepreneurship had positive effect on the Yangtze River Delta's ODI. On the base of theoretical and empirical analysis,this study discussed three question
(1) First, firm network's agglomeration and diffusion process was the main motive force of YRD city-region development.
(2)Second, Yangtze River Delta regional spatial structure had one axis and two district three center.Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou along the Z shape development corridor were there centers of network.
(3) Third, Shanghai is important node of world city newtwork.It needs to play the function of" Global City"and " World City"together. Based on the three empirical analyses and discussion, this research gives some suggestion:
(1)On regional scale,Yangtze River Delta should speed up regional economic integration, strengthen regional economic cooperation, encourage enterprises to break the shackles of the administrative divisions to optimize the network form, and promote the corporate network development of the relatively less developed region in order to promote a relatively balanced development.
(2)0n a national scale, Shanghai should further enhance the gravitation for China's urban network, especially to strengthen the radiation of North China,South China, Fujian Province, and Northwest China.
(3) On a global scale, the Yangtze River Delta should actively implement the'Going Out' development strategy to encourage more listed companies to expand overseas firm network, thereby enhancing the power to control the world economy. Yangtze River Delta should upgrade itself from world factory to be world office and get more benefit from world economy.
通过分工、权力、租金作用机制,行动者共同建构起了从地方到全球的企业网络。随着区域性、全国性、全球性的企业网络的发展,城市之间的联系日趋紧密,促进了城市网络的发育。城市网络是企业网络不可或缺的嵌入环境。企业的各种流动只有在城市网络之中才能得以快速、有效的运转,从而将地方化的比较优势转化为企业的竞争优势。企业网络塑造了城市网络,城市网络亦反作用于企业网络。二者相辅相承,相互建构。企业网络及其嵌入的城市网络更成为信息化时代世界经济的重要动力引擎。
基于企业网络的城市网络研究也成为国际学术界的前沿议题,其中影响力最大的两种取向分别是行动者网络理论(ANT)和社会网络分析(SNA)。ANT是一种后结构主义的研究思潮,认为关系无所不在,并不否定结构的存在,而是主张超越结构主义,更为注重内在的关系和过程,侧重于定性地揭示企业网络和城市网络形成的过程。SNA则可以更为精确地量化揭示出企业网络和城市网络的内涵以及联系的性质,在基于企业网络的城市网络研究中具有重大的理论意义和应用价值。
伴随着中国改革开放的深入发展,现代企业制度以及社会主义市场经济体系逐步在中国确立起来。企业空间组织受到行政力量的影响逐步削弱,主要受到市场经济的影响。企业出于多种目的在区域、国家、全球空间尺度上布局,形成复杂的企业网络。企业总部—子公司的联系构成了城市之间相互联系的重要内涵。总部集聚的城市成为网络中的控制中心,具有强大的权力,在劳动空间分工过程中也能够获得更多租金。批判地学习和借鉴国际前沿理论,开展基于企业网络的中国城市网络研究,将有利于完善中国城市网络理论框架体系,丰富国际城市网络理论研究,对促进中国城市网络发展具有重大的指导意义。
在区域尺度上,本研究利用社会网络分析方法对基于企业网络的长三角城市网络的研究有以下结论：
(1)长三角城市网络存在着空间极化的发展趋势。以上海为核心,杭州和南京为次中心,沪宁(除常州、镇江外)、沪杭、杭甬Z字形发展走廊城市(除常州外)具有强大的网络权力,成为网络的控制中心,并且是网络结构中的结构洞,能够获取更多网络租金。以苏中(除南通外)、苏北、浙西南(除台州外)城市成为网络中的依附节点。常州、南通、台州这三座城市则处于半边缘状态。
(2)长三角城市网络结构受到行政区经济的影响。浙江城市、江苏城市分别以南京、杭州为次核心形成小派系。江苏城市凝聚成片的现象尤为明显。与基于全行业企业网络的城市网络相比,基于服务业的长三角城市网络受行政区经济的影响更为明显。2005年,江苏和浙江基于服务业企业网络的城市联系存在着明显的行政区经济的特征,2010年跨越行政区的联系有所加强,但行政区划的影响仍然存在,形成了南京、杭州向省内辐射的网络形态。
(3)就整体而言,基于企业网络的长三角城市网络的结构特征与经济发展水平存在着密切的相关关系。经济发展水平和第三产业发展水平分别对全行业网络以及服务业网络节点中心度具有正面的影响。企业家精神是影响网络点出度的重要因素。
在国家尺度上,本研究从企业网络与城市网络相结合的视角,研究以上海为核心的长三角对中国城市网络的引力主要有以下三点发现：
(1)以上海为核心的Z字形发展轴线城市在长三角城市网络中对外吸引与辐射能力较强,其中上海对中国城市网络具有重要的影响力。而苏北、苏中、浙西南城市不仅对外投资相对较少,辐射能力薄弱,在吸引能力上也相对落后于Z字形发展轴线城市。无论就长三角对外的吸引力或者就辐射力而言,城市网络之间的相互联系率先在经济中心城市发生。
(2)上海对中国城市网络的吸引力和辐射力存在着区域性的差异。华东、华北、华南城市经济区与上海的联系十分密切,其中长三角是上海吸引力和辐射力最强的地区。华东区、山东区、东北区、西南区、湖北区、新疆区、西藏区的引力以辐射力为主,权力作用大于威望作用；对华北区、华南区、福建区、西北区以吸引力为主；威望作用大于权力作用。
(3)上海对中国城市网络的辐射力,存在着明显的邻近扩散以及等级扩散特征,趋向于国内的经济中心城市以及地理邻近的城市；对中国城市网络的吸引力趋向于沿海以及沿江T字形发展轴线城市。其中北京、深圳是上海吸引力前两位城市；以上海、北京、深圳为总部的中央企业在京-沪、深沪联系过程中发挥着巨大的作用。
在全球尺度上,从FDI和ODI视角研究长三角与境外经济联系主要有以下四点结论：
(1)外商投资促进了长三角崛起成为中国对外开放程度最高的全球-城市区域,然而以加工贸易为主的发展路径也将长三角锁定在全球价值链的低端环节。就长三角内部而言,浙江以民营经济为主体参与新的国际劳动,不同于江苏、上海以外资为主体的发展路径；浙江在对主要贸易伙伴的外贸出口上的表现要优于江苏和上海。对外资以及外贸的结构分析,表明：东亚、北美、西欧是长三角重要的贸易伙伴,其中香港是长三角最大的外资来源地以及重要的出口市场,对长三角全球-城市区域的发展起到了巨大的作用；
(2)对长三角上市公司2005年、2010年对外投资形成的跨境城市网络的分析表明,长三角上市公司对外联系主要集中在东亚、西欧、北美以及离岸金融中心等地,其中香港是这两个年度长三角企业对外设立子公司最多的城市,长三角企业在香港主要从事投资控股、进出口贸易、信息服务等业务,与香港的国际金融中心、贸易中心、信息中心的地位密切相关。香港发挥着连接长三角区域性城市网络与世界城市网络的桥梁作用。
(3)长三角跨境城市网络的总部控制中心集中在以上海为核心沪宁、沪杭、杭甬Z字形发展走廊的城市,其中上海的核心引领作用明显,此外,杭州、南京、宁波、绍兴、苏州等是长三角对外投资最为活跃的城市,而苏北、苏中、浙西南城市(除台州外)的表现相对逊色。回归分析表明,金融业发展水平与企业家精神对长三角ODI具有正面的影响。
(4)对于长三角发展而言,长三角跨境城市的发展有助于提高长三角在世界城市网络的总部控制权力,并提高在城市网络中的位置,从而实现从世界工厂到世界办公室的转型,充分利用国外各种资源,赢得更大的国际市场份额,从而突破“价值链陷阱”。
在上述理论和实证分析基础上,本研究展开三个讨论：
(1)企业作为企业网络的空间组织实际上也是一个集聚与扩散的过程。长三角全球-城市区域发展的动力机制除了外资企业以及中国中央政府、长三角地方政府的交互作用之外,长三角企业尤其是上市公司在区域、全国、全球尺度上的网络化过程也起到了重要的推动作用。可以说,企业与城市的网络化过程是长三角全球-城市区域发展的重要动力。随着城市之间的横向经济联系不断加强,企业网络布局逐步突破了行政区划的限制,长三角两省一市都市连绵区也正加速形成之中。
(2)基于上市公司企业网络的城市网络分析,可以将长三角全球城市-区域的空间结构总结为：一轴三中心,以上海为核心、南京和杭州为副中心。Z字型发展的发展轴线对长三角发展具有决定性的影响力。
(3)上海作为中国乃至世界城市网络中的两个重要节点,一方面需要发挥“全球城市”的功能集聚跨国公司地区总部等高端要素,加强对中国乃至世界城市网络的吸引力,另一方面也要加强“世界城市性”,加快培育世界级的跨国公司,从而加强对中国乃至世界城市网络辐射力,从而在国内及国际两个扇面发挥出更大的网络优势。
综合上述三个实证分析,本研究认为：
(1)在区域尺度上,长三角要加快实施区域经济一体化战略,加强区域经济合作,鼓励企业突破行政区划的束缚,优化网络布局,推动企业网络向相对欠发达的苏中、苏北以及浙西南地区扩散,促进长三角城市网络相对均衡发展。
(2)在国家尺度上,长三角的核心城市上海要进一步加快实施“四个中心”发展战略,进一步提升对中国城市网络的吸引力和辐射力,尤其是要加强对华北区、华南区、福建区、西北区的辐射力。
(3)在全球尺度上,长三角要积极实施“走出去”发展战略,鼓励更多上市公司拓展海外企业网络,从而加强长三角对世界经济的总部控制能力,从而实现长三角从世界工厂向世界办公室的转型升级。
Since the1990s, the globalization of TNCs and revolution of information technology have been changing fast. They have profound impacts on the spatial behavior of enterprises and urban spatial organization. With entering the globalization and information age, the urban spatial organization arouses some new trends, more and more researches show that geography is still an important factor of the firm network and urban network.The significance of cities as innovation center is becoming more clearly in the globalization era.
By the mechanism of division, power and rent, firm networks from local to global scale are constructed by actors. With the development of firm network, the links between cities become close, and promote the development of the urban network. The urban network is an essential factor for the development of firm network. The firm network and urban network complement each other. The firm network and urban network have become important engine of world economy in the information era. The research on urban network based on the firm network has also become the forefront of the international academic community. The most important research approaches are actor-network theory (ANT) and social network analysis (SNA). ANT is a post-structuralist approach, which focus on the formation process of firm network and the urban network qualitatively. SNA can accurately reveal the nature and links of firm network and urban network more quantitatively.
With the development of China's reform and opening up, the modern enterprise system and the socialist market economic system gradually established in China. Firm spatial organization is more and more affected by laws of market economy, and the complex firm network has been formed on the regional, national, and global spatial scale. The links between headquarters and subsidiary constitute an important connotation of the inter-linkages between the cities. Cities which firm headquarters located are powerful control centers of firm network and urban network. It is important to learn international advanced theory critically and do research on urban network of China based on firm network. This research will enrich both Chinese and international urban network theory research and promote the Chinese urban network development.
This research based on the latest international research trend of economic geography and urban geography to study firm network and urban network. It collected Chinese A share listed company annual report in2005and2010, established a corporate headquarters subsidiary network database, and used the related statistical data, carry out research on regional, national and global three spatial scales. On the regional scale, it used social network analysis (SNA) method to carry out an in-depth quantitative analysis on regional urban network structure of the Yangtze River Delta. On the national scale, it studied gravity of Shanghai on Chinese urban network from the perspective of firm network. On the global scale; it studied economic contact of Yangtze River Delta urban network and oversea city-regions. Research on the Yangtze River Delta urban network structure at regional scale makes the following conclusion:
(1) Spatial polarization trend exists in the Yangtze River Delta urban network. Cities located at Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou,Zhengjiang) have a strong power controlling the network, even as the control center of network. Shanghai is the most powerful city in this network.Nanjing and Hangzhou are sub-center. Central Jiangsu (except Nantong), North Jiangsu, Southwest Zhejiang (except Taizhou) become the attachment nodes in the network. From2005to2010, the Yangtze River Delta city network structure concentrated force is still greater than the scattered forces. Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou.Zhengjiang) consolidate the network power as control centers.
(2)Structure of Yangtze River Delta urban network is often affected by the Administrative Region Economic. Subgroups Analysis showed that, from2005to2010, Shanghai is the core of all factions; Zhejiang cities, Jiangsu cities, respectively around Hangzhou, Nanjing to form a small faction. Investment between Jiangsu and Zhejiang cities is relatively small except Nanjing and Hangzhou. This reflected the fact that Yangtze River Delta economic integration happened between the major cities. Based on firm of services industry network the Administrative Region Economic of the Yangtze River Delta urban network becomes more apparent.
(3) On the whole, we found urban network structure based on the firm network of the Yangtze River Delta and the level of economic development were closely related to each other. Economic development level and the tertiary industry development level have positive influence respectively on entire industry network and service network node centrality. Entrepreneur spirit also has positive effects on out dergree of network. From the perspective of firm network to study the gravity of YRD on the Chinese urban network make conclusion as follows:
(1) Shanghai is the most important city of YRD to effect other Chinese cities. Cities located at Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou) have a strong power on the interaction between Chinese urban network.
(2)There are regional differences of Shanghai's gravitation. East, North and South China urban economic zone has close relationship with Shanghai. Yangtze River Delta region is the most closely connected with Shanghai.
(3) There are adjacent diffusion and hierarchical diffusion characteristics of the radiation of Shanghai's gravity on Chinese urban network. It tends to agglomerate at the coast region and Yangtze River Region. Beijing, Shenzhen which are also financial center of China have Close economic ties with Shanghai. From the perspective of FDI and ODI to study economic ties between Yangtze River Delta and Shanghai have the following main conclusions:
(1) FDI promotes the globalization of the Yangtze River Delta but locks it in lower end of global value chain. East Asia, North America, Western Europe are most important trading partner with the Yangtze River Delta.Hong Kong plays as an important export market and the largest source of FDI for Yangtze River Delta.
(2) ODI from the Yangtze River Delta's listed companies is mainly concentrated in East Asia, Western Europe, North America and offshore financial center. Hong Kong is the most important destination of ODI from Yangtze River Delta.
(3) World city network shaped by the Yangtze River Delta is very important for Yangtze River Delta to become powerful control center of world economic. Z shape development corridor city (except Changzhou) have strong power in this world city network.
(4) Regression analysis shows that the development of the financial industry and the level of entrepreneurship had positive effect on the Yangtze River Delta's ODI. On the base of theoretical and empirical analysis,this study discussed three question
(1) First, firm network's agglomeration and diffusion process was the main motive force of YRD city-region development.
(2)Second, Yangtze River Delta regional spatial structure had one axis and two district three center.Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou along the Z shape development corridor were there centers of network.
(3) Third, Shanghai is important node of world city newtwork.It needs to play the function of" Global City"and " World City"together. Based on the three empirical analyses and discussion, this research gives some suggestion:
(1)On regional scale,Yangtze River Delta should speed up regional economic integration, strengthen regional economic cooperation, encourage enterprises to break the shackles of the administrative divisions to optimize the network form, and promote the corporate network development of the relatively less developed region in order to promote a relatively balanced development.
(2)0n a national scale, Shanghai should further enhance the gravitation for China's urban network, especially to strengthen the radiation of North China,South China, Fujian Province, and Northwest China.
(3) On a global scale, the Yangtze River Delta should actively implement the'Going Out' development strategy to encourage more listed companies to expand overseas firm network, thereby enhancing the power to control the world economy. Yangtze River Delta should upgrade itself from world factory to be world office and get more benefit from world economy.
引文
1由于企业名录打印出来足有47页。这里提供新浪财经网址：http://vip.stock.finance.sina.com.cn/mkt/#diyu_1100.该网址将上市公司按照地域分类,并提供了历年上市公司年报。
2参看Wind咨讯公司官方网站介绍：http://www.wind.com.cn/
3本节部分内容以《城市群研究述评与展望》为题,发表于《地理科学》杂志2012年第3期。
4本小节在写作过程中,曾与中山大学地理与规划学院梅琳博士生有过几次讨论,梅琳同学特别提醒笔者注意行动者网络理论的三大核心概念。特表谢意。
5中国联合网络通信集团有限公司是中国联通北京运营总部,2005年、2010年A股联通上海公司对之投资金额分别为474.23亿元、1397,97亿元(参见两个年度公司年报中的合并报表),但这实际上是总部对总部的投资。联通公司采用双总部的形式治理公司,实际上许多重要的决策是在通过联通北京运营总部完成的。本研究主要涉及到总部与子公司之间的互动。因此,中国联合网络通信集团有限公司这个特殊的样本需要排除。
6香港、澳门、台湾是中国领土重要的组成部分,但由于历史原因,大陆居民出入这些地区需要办理通行证等手续。在中国官方的外贸、对外直接投资、外商直接投资等方面的统计中,也将这些地区单独列出来。商务部、统计局等颁布的历年《中国对外直接投资公报》等文件中也将香港、澳门、台湾视为区分大陆的经济体。因此,本章使用“境外”的提法,而不使用“国际”的说法。相对应的使用跨境城市网络的提法,而不是使用跨国城市网络的说法。
7本章中的外资企业包括外商投资和港澳台商投资企业。
8由于《中国统计年鉴》相关统计数据以省区为单位,并无珠三角在吸引外资上的数据,只能以广东的数据作为分析依据。
9由于《浙江统计年鉴》中并未按外资来源地列出签订合同个数、合同金额、实际使用外资等统计数据的累计情况,仅实有企业数量和注册资本数据可用。因此本章无法将江浙沪的外资统计情况进行整体换算。
1017个主要的贸易伙伴占两省一市对外贸易总额的76.49%。
11此处数据源于《钱江晚报》2010年8月21日B16版引用浙江省商务厅外经处的统计数据,电子版见,http://qjwb.zjol.com.cn/html/2010-08/21/content_503348.htm?div=-1,检索日期2012年-4月29日
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2参看Wind咨讯公司官方网站介绍：http://www.wind.com.cn/
3本节部分内容以《城市群研究述评与展望》为题,发表于《地理科学》杂志2012年第3期。
4本小节在写作过程中,曾与中山大学地理与规划学院梅琳博士生有过几次讨论,梅琳同学特别提醒笔者注意行动者网络理论的三大核心概念。特表谢意。
5中国联合网络通信集团有限公司是中国联通北京运营总部,2005年、2010年A股联通上海公司对之投资金额分别为474.23亿元、1397,97亿元(参见两个年度公司年报中的合并报表),但这实际上是总部对总部的投资。联通公司采用双总部的形式治理公司,实际上许多重要的决策是在通过联通北京运营总部完成的。本研究主要涉及到总部与子公司之间的互动。因此,中国联合网络通信集团有限公司这个特殊的样本需要排除。
6香港、澳门、台湾是中国领土重要的组成部分,但由于历史原因,大陆居民出入这些地区需要办理通行证等手续。在中国官方的外贸、对外直接投资、外商直接投资等方面的统计中,也将这些地区单独列出来。商务部、统计局等颁布的历年《中国对外直接投资公报》等文件中也将香港、澳门、台湾视为区分大陆的经济体。因此,本章使用“境外”的提法,而不使用“国际”的说法。相对应的使用跨境城市网络的提法,而不是使用跨国城市网络的说法。
7本章中的外资企业包括外商投资和港澳台商投资企业。
8由于《中国统计年鉴》相关统计数据以省区为单位,并无珠三角在吸引外资上的数据,只能以广东的数据作为分析依据。
9由于《浙江统计年鉴》中并未按外资来源地列出签订合同个数、合同金额、实际使用外资等统计数据的累计情况,仅实有企业数量和注册资本数据可用。因此本章无法将江浙沪的外资统计情况进行整体换算。
1017个主要的贸易伙伴占两省一市对外贸易总额的76.49%。
11此处数据源于《钱江晚报》2010年8月21日B16版引用浙江省商务厅外经处的统计数据,电子版见,http://qjwb.zjol.com.cn/html/2010-08/21/content_503348.htm?div=-1,检索日期2012年-4月29日
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