转型期我国农民创业：行为、风险及激励
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摘要
本研究立足“大城市带大农村”的重庆,将农民视为市场经济体制下一个具有创新的内在冲动且能在一定环境下转化为行为以追求自身收益最大化的微观经济主体,在规范性地定义农民、创业及农民创业等关键概念的基础上,以创业理论、投资理论、劳动力转移理论为主要支撑,运用相关分析、回归分析、因子分析、格兰杰因果检验等研究工具,对转型期我国农民创业的实践表现、行为决策机理、创业条件、创业绩效的影响因素、创业投资规模、方向及效率、创业风险的识别、评价与管理等进行了系统研究,以进一步认识转型期我国农民创业的行为规律,为解决“三农”问题寻求新的路径,也为激励农民创业提供决策依据。
一、主要研究结论
1、一般研究结论
(1)农民创业是农村建设与发展的内生性增长动力的源泉。转型期,我国农民创业在促进农民增收、带动农村剩余劳动力转移、提升农业技术水平、加快农村产业结构升级、促进生产要素的城乡双向配置以及建立公平合理的农村社会分化机制等方面具有重要的意义。
(2)转型期我国农民的创业实践在第一、二、三产业领域内呈现出许多新的特点：在农业领域内农民的创业实践可以从“质”和“量”两方面得到体现,而广泛采用新技术和运用先进的经营管理方式是其主要特点；在第二产业领域进行创业是农民创业的高级形态,金融危机后大量农民工返乡创业为乡村企业的二次发展带来了机遇；在第三产业领域内,农民的创业方向主要集中在与乡村旅游有关的住宿、餐饮、文化娱乐产业,与农产品和生产资料流通有关的物流业,以及与人们日常生活联系密切的一般服务业。
(3)转型期我国农民创业行为的发生机理是：首先,有一定的创业动机和激励政策、文化氛围的推动；然后,在农业内部的产品结构调整、农村产业结构调整以及区域经济结构调整中去发现、获取创业机会；第三,根据个人特质、社会资本和先前的知识经验对创业机会进行识别和商业价值评价；最后,按照创业项目的盈利性和可行性进行投资决策,但农民的创业投资决策具有不完全理性。
(4)转型期我国农民的创业风险主要来自于创业投资前期的资源风险、创业投资中期的运营风险、创业投资后期的市场风险以及贯穿整个创业过程的环境风险。由于受到种种主客观因素的影响,加之长期对农业剩余的剥夺而形成的低积累、低储蓄水平以及当前农村基本风险保障体系的缺乏,农民创业者与其他创业主体相比,对风险的偏好更低、承受能力更弱。
(5)对农民创业风险的管理,应该站在“事前”和“事后”的角度,从风险规避、风险控制、损失承担、损失分散与转移四个方面进行正规机制与非正规机制的安排。
2、重庆农民创业的研究结论
(1)目前,重庆农民创业呈现出以下特征：一是创业环境总体良好；二是创业农民的整体素质能力水平仍然处于中低层次；三是以生存型创业为主,非生存型创业开始显现；四是能人示范效应显著,对资源、政策的依赖性较强,工商户兼业现象普遍；五是以就地依托家庭创业为主,组织化水平较低；六是农民创业的区域发展不平衡。
(2)对重庆农民创业绩效的影响因素分析显示：家庭与场镇的距离、家庭男性劳动力人数、家庭成员最高文化程度、家庭拥有定居城市的亲友、家庭的创新能力、合作能力和坚韧能力对农民创业绩效有显著正向影响；家庭成员担任村镇干部、家庭成员打工对农民创业绩效有显著负向影响；机动车道路通行情况、家庭劳动力人数、户主的文化程度、参加专业合作社和企业组织、参加培训对农民创业绩效的影响不显著。
(3)目前重庆农民的创业投资规模水平普遍不高,投资能力存在较大差异。在种养户中,粮菜种植户的投资规模最小,养殖户的投资规模较大；而工商户的投资规模普遍高于种养户。
(4)就重庆农民创业的投资方向来看,种养业农民创业以投资种植业为主,四种创业方向的农户人均收入存在显著差异,种植业特别是粮食、蔬菜种植户的人均收入水平最低；在第二产业领域内创业的工商户绝大部分从事建筑业；在第三产业领域内创业的工商户以各种各样的商品批发零售为主,但一些新型行业或对专业技术要求较高的行业,如装饰设计、摄影、广告等,在农民创业方向的选择中已经开始萌芽。
(5)对种粮大户投资效率的考察显示：种粮大户的规模收益并不显著,投资效率没有随着种植面积的增加得到优化；种粮大户的比较效益低下,补贴收入是提高大户种粮积极性的关键因素。
二、研究的政策建议
对农民创业激励机制的构建,应该遵循以下基本原则：一是目标偏好注重宏观经济目标与农户经济目标的结合；二是从“供给驱动”向“需求引导”转换；三是发挥政府与市场的双重作用；四是“外源激励”与“内源激励”兼顾并重。
1、加强农民创业教育与培训,改变他们思想观念、提高他们的创业能力水平。一是弘扬创业文化、营造良好的创业氛围；二是加强有针对性的创业培训,改善农民的资源禀赋结构；三是引导各种社会机构参与农民的创业培训,也可依托现有的农村社区机构成立农民创业培训中心。
2、激活农村的资金要素市场,化解农民创业的资金瓶颈。一是深化农村金融体制改革、重建农村正规金融市场；二是降低农村金融信贷组织的准入门槛,规范农村民间资本市场；三是打造方便、快捷的适合农民创业特点的金融产品品种和服务。
3、将农民创业用地纳入城乡发展和土地利用总体规划,明确农民的土地财产权利。一是有步骤、有条件地满足农民创业用地非农化的需求；二是鼓励和支持农民之间进行的各种转包、转让、互换等形式的土地流转行为；三是允许农民充分利用闲置土地、村镇边角地、存量集体建设用地、宅基地、租赁房等进行创业。
4、完善农民创业服务体系,为创业农民营造一个宽松、优良的外部环境。一是放宽农民创业的部门和地域限制,让农民以平等的市场主体身份参与各种经营活动；二是及时发布创业信息,帮助农民进行创业项目选择和评估；三是加快小城镇及农村市场流通体系建设,早日实现城乡基础设施均等化供给；四是规范政府行为、增强服务意识、提高工作效率。
5、建立完备的农民创业保障体系,降低农民创业风险并提高他们的风险承受能力。一是逐步统一城乡居民的养老、医疗、教育、生育、失业、工伤等方面的制度政策,为创业农民免除后顾之忧；二是继续探索政策性农业保险制度,在承保、理赔等各个环节给予政策支持；三是鼓励创业农民探索以土地、资金、技术等各种形式联合的合作创业模式；四是激励各种非政府组织建立农民创业帮扶基金,帮助创业失败的农民早日重新开始经营。
三、主要创新点
1、利用相关理论,结合转型期我国农民创业的特点,构建了一个转型期我国农民创业行为的发生机理模型。
2、对转型期我国农民的创业风险进行了针对性分析,尝试建立了一个识别农民创业风险的三级指标体系。
In this study, based on Chongqing, the big city with large countries, farmers in the market economy are regarded as micro-economies which possess the inner impulses of innovative that could convert to behaviors in certain circumstances in pursuit of maximization of their own incomes. This dissertation, on the basis of normative definitions of key concepts such as farmers, entrepreneurs and farmers entrepreneur ship, has utilized entrepreneurial theory, investment theory, labor transfer theory as the main support, and test tools of correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, the Granger Causality Test, to conduct a systematical study of farmers'entrepreneurial performance, behavior decision-making mechanism, condition for entrepreneurship, influence factors of business performance, venture investment scale, direction and efficiency, business risk identification, evaluation and management, for further understanding their behavior rules in transition period, and for seeking a new path to solve issues of agriculture, countryside and farmer, and for Providing decision-making basis to stimulating farmers to start businesses.
Ⅰ. Basic Conclusions
1. General Conclusions
(1) Farmers entrepreneurship is the source of endogenous growth of rural construction and development. During transition period, it is also of great significance in promoting farmers' income, driving the transfer of rural surplus labor force, enhancing the level of agricultural technology, accelerating the upgrade of industrial structure in rural areas, promoting urban and rural two-way configuration of production factors as well as establishing a fair and reasonable rural social differentiation mechanism.
(2) In transition, a lot of new features emerge in the business practice of China's farmers entrepreneurship in the field of primary, secondary and tertiary industries:the entrepreneurial practice of farmers in the agricultural sector can be reflected from "quality" and "quantity", the widespread adoption of new technologies and the use of advanced management constitute the main feature; entrepreneurship in the field of secondary industry is an advanced form of farmers entrepreneurship. After the financial crisis, a large number of migrant workers return home to starting business and create opportunities for the secondary development of rural enterprises; in tertiary industry, farmers' entrepreneurial directions mainly concentrate in rural tourism like relevant accommodation, dining, cultural and entertainment industries, and in the related logistics industry with the circulation of agricultural products, and in general service which is firmly closed to people's daily lives.
(3) the occurrence mechanism of farmers' entrepreneurial behaviors in transition period: first, promotion of entrepreneurial motivation, incentive policy and active atmosphere; Then, awareness and gain of entrepreneurial opportunities during the period of structural adjustments of agricultural product, rural industry and regional economy; third, recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and business valuation based on personal characteristics, social capital and the previous knowledge and experience; finally, investment decisions according to the profitability and feasibility of the venture project.(But farmers' entrepreneurial investment decisions are not entirely rational.)
(4) Entrepreneurial risks of farmers entrepreneurship in transition period mainly come from resource risk in early venture investment, Operating risk in middle venture investment and environmental risk throughout the entrepreneurial process. Due to various objective and subjective factors, coupled with low accumulation and limited savings, and shortage of fundamental security system in rural areas after long-term agricultural surplus deprivation, farmer entrepreneurs, compared to other entrepreneurs, are more unwilling to take ventures and are vulnerable encountering risks.
(5) the management of farmers' entrepreneurial risk, standing in the "before" and "after" point of view, should be arranged by formal mechanism and informal mechanism in four aspects of the risk aversion, risk control, bearing the loss, the loss of decentralization and transfer.
2. Research conclusions of Chongqing farmers'entrepreneurship
(1) Chongqing farmers entrepreneurship shows the following characteristics:First, the entrepreneurial environment is generally good; second, the overall ability and quality of the entrepreneurial farmers are still in the middle or low-levels; third, survival type of entrepreneurship plays a predominant role while non-survival of start-ups began to appear; fourth, demonstration effect is significant while farmers have strong dependence on resources and policies and individual part-time business is widespread; fifth, On-site relying on family business with a lower level of organization; sixth, regional development of farmers'entrepreneurial is imbalanced.
(2) analysis of factors affecting farmers'entrepreneurial performance in Chongqing shows:the distance between the family and the market town, the number of family male labor force, the highest educational levels of the family members, relatives and friends living in urban regions, the family's ability to innovate, ability to cooperate and tenacity have significant positive effects to farmers entrepreneurship; family members as village cadres and migrant workers exert a significant negative effect; traffic conditions, the number of family labors, education level of the head of household, participation in professional cooperatives and business organizations and in training, for farmers entrepreneurial performance, have no significant influences.
(3) The scale and level of farmers'entrepreneurship investment in Chongqing are generally not high. There exist gap in individual ability to invest. Breeding households invest in large-scale while the grain vegetable growers invest in minimum scale; the scale of investment of the households engaged in industrial or commercial operation is generally higher than that of the breeding households and the grain vegetable growers.
(4) For the directions of Chongqing farmers'entrepreneurship investment, farmers of breeding and growing industries mainly invest in growing industry. The per capita incomes of farmers of the four entrepreneurial directions differ significantly, especially grain, vegetable growers obtain a minimum level; most of entrepreneurships in secondary industry come from industrial and business units engaged in construction industry; entrepreneurial businesses in the area of tertiary industry are mostly in various wholesale and retail of goods. But some new industries, or professions and technics required industries, such as decorative design, photography, advertising have already begun to sprout in farmers'selections of entrepreneurial directions.
(5) investigation of the investment efficiency of big farming households demonstrate: the scale returns are not significant and the efficiency of investment has not been optimized with the increase of the planting area; Comparative benefits are of low efficiency. Subsidizing income is the key factor to mobilize the enthusiasm of major producers of grain.
Ⅱ. Policy suggestions of the study
To construct farmers' entrepreneurial incentives, basic principles below should be followed:First, convert from supply-driven to demand-led entrepreneur ship; second, play the dual role of the government and the market; third, take into account of both "exogenous incentive" and "endogenous incentive".
1. Strengthen farmers' entrepreneurial education and training, and alter their perceptions and ideas, improve their level of entrepreneurial ability. First, promote the entrepreneurial culture and create a favorable business atmosphere; the second is to strengthen entrepreneurship training targeted to improve farmers' resource endowment structure; third is to guide the various social institutions to participate in entrepreneurship training of farmers. It can also rely on the existing rural communities' organizations to set up farmers' entrepreneurship training center.
2. Activate the rural financial factor markets and resolve the farmers'entrepreneurial capital bottleneck. First, deepen rural financial system reform and reconstruct the formal financial markets in rural areas; second is to reduce the threshold of the rural financial and credit organizations, and to regulate the private capital markets in rural areas; third, create convenient, fast financial product and service which suit farmers' entrepreneurial characteristics.
3. Bring land for farmers' entrepreneurship into urban and rural development and land planning. Define farmers' land property rights. First, step by step according to their own situations to address the non-ruralized demand of farmers entrepreneurship land; second is to encourage and support all sorts of subcontracts, transfers, exchanges and other forms of land transfer behaviors among farmers; The third is to allow farmers to make full use of idle land, leftover land in small towns and villages, stock collective construction land, homestead, rental housing for other entrepreneurships.
4. Improve the service system of entrepreneurship and create a relaxed, good external environment for entrepreneurial farmers. First, relax the farmers' entrepreneurial sector and geographical restrictions, and allow the farmers to participate in a variety of business activities with equal market players'identities; second, timely release investment business information and help farmers to select and evaluate venture projects; third, speed up the circulation system in small towns and rural market and achieve, as soon as possible, the equalization of supply of urban and rural infrastructure; fourth, regulate the government behavior, enhance service awareness, and improve work efficiency.
5. Establish a complete farmers 'entrepreneurial security system to reduce farmers' entrepreneurial risks and increase their risk-tolerance. First, gradually unify policies of pension, health care, education, maternity, unemployment, work injury, etc. in both urban and rural residents to eliminating the worry for entrepreneurial farmers; second, continue to explore the policy-oriented agricultural insurance system, to give policy support to all aspects of underwriting, claims and other links; third, encourage entrepreneurial farmers to explore joint cooperation of land, capital, technology and other forms of business models; fourth, encourage a variety of NGOs to set funds to help farmers as soon as possible to re-start the failed business ventures.
III. The main innovations
1. The innovation in theory:Seize the essence of entrepreneurship——innovation. Bring farmers into the entrepreneurship category of analysis. Define farmers' entrepreneurship with farmers as the main body and establish the basic framework of farmers' entrepreneurial analysis.
2. The innovation in practice:Targeted analysis of farmers' entrepreneurial behaviors, based on the economies in transition, from the microscopic, empirical points of views and research of the scale of investment, orientation and efficiency of the farmers' entrepreneurship and establishment of an index system to identify the farmers' entrepreneurial risks.
3. The innovation in method. Use factor analysis to study farmers' entrepreneurial capacity and utilize binary logistic model to analyze the factors affecting farmers' entrepreneurial performances. The AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to evaluate farmers' entrepreneurial risk, etc.
一、主要研究结论
1、一般研究结论
(1)农民创业是农村建设与发展的内生性增长动力的源泉。转型期,我国农民创业在促进农民增收、带动农村剩余劳动力转移、提升农业技术水平、加快农村产业结构升级、促进生产要素的城乡双向配置以及建立公平合理的农村社会分化机制等方面具有重要的意义。
(2)转型期我国农民的创业实践在第一、二、三产业领域内呈现出许多新的特点：在农业领域内农民的创业实践可以从“质”和“量”两方面得到体现,而广泛采用新技术和运用先进的经营管理方式是其主要特点；在第二产业领域进行创业是农民创业的高级形态,金融危机后大量农民工返乡创业为乡村企业的二次发展带来了机遇；在第三产业领域内,农民的创业方向主要集中在与乡村旅游有关的住宿、餐饮、文化娱乐产业,与农产品和生产资料流通有关的物流业,以及与人们日常生活联系密切的一般服务业。
(3)转型期我国农民创业行为的发生机理是：首先,有一定的创业动机和激励政策、文化氛围的推动；然后,在农业内部的产品结构调整、农村产业结构调整以及区域经济结构调整中去发现、获取创业机会；第三,根据个人特质、社会资本和先前的知识经验对创业机会进行识别和商业价值评价；最后,按照创业项目的盈利性和可行性进行投资决策,但农民的创业投资决策具有不完全理性。
(4)转型期我国农民的创业风险主要来自于创业投资前期的资源风险、创业投资中期的运营风险、创业投资后期的市场风险以及贯穿整个创业过程的环境风险。由于受到种种主客观因素的影响,加之长期对农业剩余的剥夺而形成的低积累、低储蓄水平以及当前农村基本风险保障体系的缺乏,农民创业者与其他创业主体相比,对风险的偏好更低、承受能力更弱。
(5)对农民创业风险的管理,应该站在“事前”和“事后”的角度,从风险规避、风险控制、损失承担、损失分散与转移四个方面进行正规机制与非正规机制的安排。
2、重庆农民创业的研究结论
(1)目前,重庆农民创业呈现出以下特征：一是创业环境总体良好；二是创业农民的整体素质能力水平仍然处于中低层次；三是以生存型创业为主,非生存型创业开始显现；四是能人示范效应显著,对资源、政策的依赖性较强,工商户兼业现象普遍；五是以就地依托家庭创业为主,组织化水平较低；六是农民创业的区域发展不平衡。
(2)对重庆农民创业绩效的影响因素分析显示：家庭与场镇的距离、家庭男性劳动力人数、家庭成员最高文化程度、家庭拥有定居城市的亲友、家庭的创新能力、合作能力和坚韧能力对农民创业绩效有显著正向影响；家庭成员担任村镇干部、家庭成员打工对农民创业绩效有显著负向影响；机动车道路通行情况、家庭劳动力人数、户主的文化程度、参加专业合作社和企业组织、参加培训对农民创业绩效的影响不显著。
(3)目前重庆农民的创业投资规模水平普遍不高,投资能力存在较大差异。在种养户中,粮菜种植户的投资规模最小,养殖户的投资规模较大；而工商户的投资规模普遍高于种养户。
(4)就重庆农民创业的投资方向来看,种养业农民创业以投资种植业为主,四种创业方向的农户人均收入存在显著差异,种植业特别是粮食、蔬菜种植户的人均收入水平最低；在第二产业领域内创业的工商户绝大部分从事建筑业；在第三产业领域内创业的工商户以各种各样的商品批发零售为主,但一些新型行业或对专业技术要求较高的行业,如装饰设计、摄影、广告等,在农民创业方向的选择中已经开始萌芽。
(5)对种粮大户投资效率的考察显示：种粮大户的规模收益并不显著,投资效率没有随着种植面积的增加得到优化；种粮大户的比较效益低下,补贴收入是提高大户种粮积极性的关键因素。
二、研究的政策建议
对农民创业激励机制的构建,应该遵循以下基本原则：一是目标偏好注重宏观经济目标与农户经济目标的结合；二是从“供给驱动”向“需求引导”转换；三是发挥政府与市场的双重作用；四是“外源激励”与“内源激励”兼顾并重。
1、加强农民创业教育与培训,改变他们思想观念、提高他们的创业能力水平。一是弘扬创业文化、营造良好的创业氛围；二是加强有针对性的创业培训,改善农民的资源禀赋结构；三是引导各种社会机构参与农民的创业培训,也可依托现有的农村社区机构成立农民创业培训中心。
2、激活农村的资金要素市场,化解农民创业的资金瓶颈。一是深化农村金融体制改革、重建农村正规金融市场；二是降低农村金融信贷组织的准入门槛,规范农村民间资本市场；三是打造方便、快捷的适合农民创业特点的金融产品品种和服务。
3、将农民创业用地纳入城乡发展和土地利用总体规划,明确农民的土地财产权利。一是有步骤、有条件地满足农民创业用地非农化的需求；二是鼓励和支持农民之间进行的各种转包、转让、互换等形式的土地流转行为；三是允许农民充分利用闲置土地、村镇边角地、存量集体建设用地、宅基地、租赁房等进行创业。
4、完善农民创业服务体系,为创业农民营造一个宽松、优良的外部环境。一是放宽农民创业的部门和地域限制,让农民以平等的市场主体身份参与各种经营活动；二是及时发布创业信息,帮助农民进行创业项目选择和评估；三是加快小城镇及农村市场流通体系建设,早日实现城乡基础设施均等化供给；四是规范政府行为、增强服务意识、提高工作效率。
5、建立完备的农民创业保障体系,降低农民创业风险并提高他们的风险承受能力。一是逐步统一城乡居民的养老、医疗、教育、生育、失业、工伤等方面的制度政策,为创业农民免除后顾之忧；二是继续探索政策性农业保险制度,在承保、理赔等各个环节给予政策支持；三是鼓励创业农民探索以土地、资金、技术等各种形式联合的合作创业模式；四是激励各种非政府组织建立农民创业帮扶基金,帮助创业失败的农民早日重新开始经营。
三、主要创新点
1、利用相关理论,结合转型期我国农民创业的特点,构建了一个转型期我国农民创业行为的发生机理模型。
2、对转型期我国农民的创业风险进行了针对性分析,尝试建立了一个识别农民创业风险的三级指标体系。
In this study, based on Chongqing, the big city with large countries, farmers in the market economy are regarded as micro-economies which possess the inner impulses of innovative that could convert to behaviors in certain circumstances in pursuit of maximization of their own incomes. This dissertation, on the basis of normative definitions of key concepts such as farmers, entrepreneurs and farmers entrepreneur ship, has utilized entrepreneurial theory, investment theory, labor transfer theory as the main support, and test tools of correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, the Granger Causality Test, to conduct a systematical study of farmers'entrepreneurial performance, behavior decision-making mechanism, condition for entrepreneurship, influence factors of business performance, venture investment scale, direction and efficiency, business risk identification, evaluation and management, for further understanding their behavior rules in transition period, and for seeking a new path to solve issues of agriculture, countryside and farmer, and for Providing decision-making basis to stimulating farmers to start businesses.
Ⅰ. Basic Conclusions
1. General Conclusions
(1) Farmers entrepreneurship is the source of endogenous growth of rural construction and development. During transition period, it is also of great significance in promoting farmers' income, driving the transfer of rural surplus labor force, enhancing the level of agricultural technology, accelerating the upgrade of industrial structure in rural areas, promoting urban and rural two-way configuration of production factors as well as establishing a fair and reasonable rural social differentiation mechanism.
(2) In transition, a lot of new features emerge in the business practice of China's farmers entrepreneurship in the field of primary, secondary and tertiary industries:the entrepreneurial practice of farmers in the agricultural sector can be reflected from "quality" and "quantity", the widespread adoption of new technologies and the use of advanced management constitute the main feature; entrepreneurship in the field of secondary industry is an advanced form of farmers entrepreneurship. After the financial crisis, a large number of migrant workers return home to starting business and create opportunities for the secondary development of rural enterprises; in tertiary industry, farmers' entrepreneurial directions mainly concentrate in rural tourism like relevant accommodation, dining, cultural and entertainment industries, and in the related logistics industry with the circulation of agricultural products, and in general service which is firmly closed to people's daily lives.
(3) the occurrence mechanism of farmers' entrepreneurial behaviors in transition period: first, promotion of entrepreneurial motivation, incentive policy and active atmosphere; Then, awareness and gain of entrepreneurial opportunities during the period of structural adjustments of agricultural product, rural industry and regional economy; third, recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and business valuation based on personal characteristics, social capital and the previous knowledge and experience; finally, investment decisions according to the profitability and feasibility of the venture project.(But farmers' entrepreneurial investment decisions are not entirely rational.)
(4) Entrepreneurial risks of farmers entrepreneurship in transition period mainly come from resource risk in early venture investment, Operating risk in middle venture investment and environmental risk throughout the entrepreneurial process. Due to various objective and subjective factors, coupled with low accumulation and limited savings, and shortage of fundamental security system in rural areas after long-term agricultural surplus deprivation, farmer entrepreneurs, compared to other entrepreneurs, are more unwilling to take ventures and are vulnerable encountering risks.
(5) the management of farmers' entrepreneurial risk, standing in the "before" and "after" point of view, should be arranged by formal mechanism and informal mechanism in four aspects of the risk aversion, risk control, bearing the loss, the loss of decentralization and transfer.
2. Research conclusions of Chongqing farmers'entrepreneurship
(1) Chongqing farmers entrepreneurship shows the following characteristics:First, the entrepreneurial environment is generally good; second, the overall ability and quality of the entrepreneurial farmers are still in the middle or low-levels; third, survival type of entrepreneurship plays a predominant role while non-survival of start-ups began to appear; fourth, demonstration effect is significant while farmers have strong dependence on resources and policies and individual part-time business is widespread; fifth, On-site relying on family business with a lower level of organization; sixth, regional development of farmers'entrepreneurial is imbalanced.
(2) analysis of factors affecting farmers'entrepreneurial performance in Chongqing shows:the distance between the family and the market town, the number of family male labor force, the highest educational levels of the family members, relatives and friends living in urban regions, the family's ability to innovate, ability to cooperate and tenacity have significant positive effects to farmers entrepreneurship; family members as village cadres and migrant workers exert a significant negative effect; traffic conditions, the number of family labors, education level of the head of household, participation in professional cooperatives and business organizations and in training, for farmers entrepreneurial performance, have no significant influences.
(3) The scale and level of farmers'entrepreneurship investment in Chongqing are generally not high. There exist gap in individual ability to invest. Breeding households invest in large-scale while the grain vegetable growers invest in minimum scale; the scale of investment of the households engaged in industrial or commercial operation is generally higher than that of the breeding households and the grain vegetable growers.
(4) For the directions of Chongqing farmers'entrepreneurship investment, farmers of breeding and growing industries mainly invest in growing industry. The per capita incomes of farmers of the four entrepreneurial directions differ significantly, especially grain, vegetable growers obtain a minimum level; most of entrepreneurships in secondary industry come from industrial and business units engaged in construction industry; entrepreneurial businesses in the area of tertiary industry are mostly in various wholesale and retail of goods. But some new industries, or professions and technics required industries, such as decorative design, photography, advertising have already begun to sprout in farmers'selections of entrepreneurial directions.
(5) investigation of the investment efficiency of big farming households demonstrate: the scale returns are not significant and the efficiency of investment has not been optimized with the increase of the planting area; Comparative benefits are of low efficiency. Subsidizing income is the key factor to mobilize the enthusiasm of major producers of grain.
Ⅱ. Policy suggestions of the study
To construct farmers' entrepreneurial incentives, basic principles below should be followed:First, convert from supply-driven to demand-led entrepreneur ship; second, play the dual role of the government and the market; third, take into account of both "exogenous incentive" and "endogenous incentive".
1. Strengthen farmers' entrepreneurial education and training, and alter their perceptions and ideas, improve their level of entrepreneurial ability. First, promote the entrepreneurial culture and create a favorable business atmosphere; the second is to strengthen entrepreneurship training targeted to improve farmers' resource endowment structure; third is to guide the various social institutions to participate in entrepreneurship training of farmers. It can also rely on the existing rural communities' organizations to set up farmers' entrepreneurship training center.
2. Activate the rural financial factor markets and resolve the farmers'entrepreneurial capital bottleneck. First, deepen rural financial system reform and reconstruct the formal financial markets in rural areas; second is to reduce the threshold of the rural financial and credit organizations, and to regulate the private capital markets in rural areas; third, create convenient, fast financial product and service which suit farmers' entrepreneurial characteristics.
3. Bring land for farmers' entrepreneurship into urban and rural development and land planning. Define farmers' land property rights. First, step by step according to their own situations to address the non-ruralized demand of farmers entrepreneurship land; second is to encourage and support all sorts of subcontracts, transfers, exchanges and other forms of land transfer behaviors among farmers; The third is to allow farmers to make full use of idle land, leftover land in small towns and villages, stock collective construction land, homestead, rental housing for other entrepreneurships.
4. Improve the service system of entrepreneurship and create a relaxed, good external environment for entrepreneurial farmers. First, relax the farmers' entrepreneurial sector and geographical restrictions, and allow the farmers to participate in a variety of business activities with equal market players'identities; second, timely release investment business information and help farmers to select and evaluate venture projects; third, speed up the circulation system in small towns and rural market and achieve, as soon as possible, the equalization of supply of urban and rural infrastructure; fourth, regulate the government behavior, enhance service awareness, and improve work efficiency.
5. Establish a complete farmers 'entrepreneurial security system to reduce farmers' entrepreneurial risks and increase their risk-tolerance. First, gradually unify policies of pension, health care, education, maternity, unemployment, work injury, etc. in both urban and rural residents to eliminating the worry for entrepreneurial farmers; second, continue to explore the policy-oriented agricultural insurance system, to give policy support to all aspects of underwriting, claims and other links; third, encourage entrepreneurial farmers to explore joint cooperation of land, capital, technology and other forms of business models; fourth, encourage a variety of NGOs to set funds to help farmers as soon as possible to re-start the failed business ventures.
III. The main innovations
1. The innovation in theory:Seize the essence of entrepreneurship——innovation. Bring farmers into the entrepreneurship category of analysis. Define farmers' entrepreneurship with farmers as the main body and establish the basic framework of farmers' entrepreneurial analysis.
2. The innovation in practice:Targeted analysis of farmers' entrepreneurial behaviors, based on the economies in transition, from the microscopic, empirical points of views and research of the scale of investment, orientation and efficiency of the farmers' entrepreneurship and establishment of an index system to identify the farmers' entrepreneurial risks.
3. The innovation in method. Use factor analysis to study farmers' entrepreneurial capacity and utilize binary logistic model to analyze the factors affecting farmers' entrepreneurial performances. The AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to evaluate farmers' entrepreneurial risk, etc.
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