基于特殊磁阻型转子的无刷双馈电机的优化设计与研究
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摘要
近年来，随着不可再生资源的日益枯竭，能源问题在全球范围内受到了高度重视。缓解能源问题主要有两方面的措施，其一是采取各种措施千方百计节能减排，提高现有能源的利用率，尽量延长现有不可再生资源的使用时间；其二是寻找各种可再生能源，并应用可靠的方式加以利用，逐步实现对不可再生资源的替代。现阶段，能够利用的可再生资源主要是太阳能和风能，主要的应用方法还是将其转化成电能，然后进行传输送到用电设备，因此对太阳能及风能发电设备的研究成为近期研究的热点。
在风力发电领域，双馈电机一直扮演着重要的角色，到目前为止，双馈电机仍然是实现中大功率变速恒频发电的最优方案。然而转子上的励磁绕组需要通过电刷连接变频设备，其可靠性受到影响，日常维护也因为电刷的存在而比较复杂，这些问题已经影响到了风电场电能是否能够低成本可靠上网。对无刷双馈电机的研究正是基于此背景下而逐步为人们所关注且逐步被重视。无刷双馈电机与传统双馈电机工作原理类似，都能够实现变速恒频发电功能，且都能够通过较小的变频容量，实现主功率绕组的全负荷发电，更为吸引人们关注的是在定子上安排两套绕组，从而取消了转子上的励磁绕组，因此就取消了电刷和滑环，这对于变速恒频发电系统无疑是有着非常积极的促进作用。
磁阻型转子的无刷双馈电机以其简单的制造工艺以及极高的可靠性，逐步成为该类电机的研究热点。然而到目前为止还没有对该类电机的具体优化设计过程的报导，因此研究一种设计该类电机的优化设计流程是非常有意义的，本文正是以一种特殊的磁阻型转子的无刷双馈电机为研究对象，探讨了一整套完整的优化设计方法。
论文首先探讨了无刷双馈电机的工作特点及原理，然后在经典电机研究方法的基础上，结合磁阻型转子无刷双馈电机的特殊性，详细阐述其工作机理，并推导了能够准确描述该电机的数学模型。在对样机的设计中，需要依据该类电机的结构特点来进行，比如定子、转子形状的特性，绕组绕制采取什么形式以及机械结构组装有什么特殊要求等。文章首先由此问题入手，来分析磁阻型无刷双馈电机的结构特点，并参考传统异步电机的设计流程，对样机进行了初步设计，从而得到了电机外尺寸等参数的初步设计结果。
本文在总结了几种常用来对电机电感参数的方法的基础上，对绕组函数法进行改进，使其计算结果比较接近真实值可以在电机设计中直接应用，另外相比于有限元方法计算速度非常快，在电机理论的理解以及设计电机本体的应用中，可以大大缩短计算的时间。
在得到了电机初步设计参数之后，电机的尺寸、定子冲片形状、定子绕组绕线形式及转子极宽度都已经确定。本文的样机中转子应用了有隔磁桥的径向叠片转子，此转子既具备普通磁阻转子简单的生产工艺、坚固的结构等特性，又可以模拟接近ALA转子的性能。这种转子的形状设计参数非常多，主要包括隔磁桥的各形状参数以及气隙参数等，这些参数都是可以进行小范围调整从而影响电机运行性能的。设定一个合理的最优目标，寻找一种合适的优化设计方法，使得特殊磁阻转子的每一个形状参数都是最佳设计值，就实现了该电机整机的优化设计。本文在动态电磁场有限元计算的平台上，对该样机模型进行了计算仿真，对于各形状参数，应用了一种优化计算方法——田口法进行设计。此优化方法设定的优化目标为同样体积的最大平均电磁转矩以及最小的转矩脉动，应用正交表法则选定了16种参数组合，并最终确定了一组最优的组合，实现了多目标多参数的优化设计。
文章最后应用优化设计的结果制作了实验样机，并在同步发电状态下对其进行了全面测试，实验验证了电机优化设计的合理性。
Recent years have seen the gradual exhaustion of non-renewable resources, so the issueof energy is being highly focused all around the world. To solve energy problems, twomeasures need to be taken: one is to increase the efficiency of current energy through variouskinds of energy saving and emission reduction practices in order to prolong the use of currentenergy; the other is to seek all kinds of renewable energy and make use of them by reliablemeans so as to replace the current non-renewable resources step by step. For the time being,solar energy and wind energy are mainly regarded as the two renewable resources available,from which electric power can be transformed and then transmitted to electrical equipments.Thus, study on solar and wind energy has become a hot topic for researchers recently.
In the field of wind power, doubly-fed machine has always played a key role. Up tonow, it is still considered as the optimal scheme for variable speed constant frequencygenerator of intermediate and high power. However, since the exciting winding of rotor canbe only connected with frequency conversion equipment through brush, its reliability is thushugely affected. Moreover, daily maintenance becomes more complex as a result of brush.These problems are so important as to be able to determine whether wind power can come tothe grid in low cost. Under the circumstances, the study of brushless doubly-fed machine hasgradually drawn people’s attention. Its theory is similar to that of traditional doubly-fedmachine, in which both can achieve variable speed constant frequency(VSCF) generation, andtheir main power winding can generate full load in lower transducer power. A particularfeature of brushless doubly-fed machine is that the exciting winding of rotor is removed,instead two sets of windings are fixed on stator, as a result, the elimination of brush and slipring can actively promote the development of variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)generation system.
Brushless doubly-fed reluctance rotor machine (BDFRM), due to its simplemanufacturing process and high reliability, has become the hotspot of electrical machine ofsimilar kind. Since no report has been given on optimal design of this kind of machine so far,it is of significance to study it. The dissertation therefore sets BDFRM as its research objectand works out a complete optimal design for it.
At first, the working principles of brushless doubly-fed machine is introduced andexplored in the dissertation. Then based on traditional study of motor, emphasizing thespecialty of brushless doubly-fed reluctance rotor machine, its working machamism iselaborated and a mathematical model is deduced to describe it accurately. The design ofprototype is made according to the structure characteristics of the machine, such as the shapefeatures of stator and rotor, winding style, special demand for mechanical structurecomposition, etc. Starting from these questions, the dissertation analyses the structure featuresof BDFRM, then gives preliminary design of its prototype by making reference to traditionalinduction motor design process, and finally obtains some design results such as parameters ofmotor external dimensions.
In any study of new type motor, the winding inductance calculation is of greatimportance. The research of BDFRM makes no exception. Based on some common methodsused for motor inductance parameters, the dissertation proposes to improve winding functionso as to make its result closer to the true value, which can be applied directly to motor design.In addition, its calculation is much faster than finite element method so that time can beshortened vastly in the applications of designing of the motor.
After obtaining motor preliminary design parameters, the motor dimension, statorpunching shape, stator winding type and rotor pole width can be determined. In the prototype,axial lamination rotor with flux barrier is used possessing advantages of simple manufacturingprocess and solid structure shared by common reluctance rotor, and a unique performance ofbeing simulated to approach ALA rotor. There are many shape parameters involved in thisrotor design, mainly including various shape parameters of flux barrier and gap width, whichcan adjust and affect motor performance in small scope. It is believed the whole motoroptimal design can be achieved by setting a reasonable optimal object, and then finding asuitable optimal design method, as every shape parameter of special reluctance rotor producesits optimized one. On the basis of finite element calculation of dynamic electromagnetic field,the prototype generates its simulation model, and an optimal calculation method, Taguchimethod, is used in the design to deal with various shape parameters. Then the maximumaverage electromagnetic torque and the minimum torque ripple of same volume are set asoptimal objects, and16parameter combinations are soon produced using orthogonal table rule. Later an optimal combination is selected and multi-object and multi-parameter optimaldesign is finally achieved.
At last, an experimental prototype is produced by using the optimal design results, andtested thoroughly at the state of synchronous generation, this test further verifies the validityof motor optimal design.
在风力发电领域，双馈电机一直扮演着重要的角色，到目前为止，双馈电机仍然是实现中大功率变速恒频发电的最优方案。然而转子上的励磁绕组需要通过电刷连接变频设备，其可靠性受到影响，日常维护也因为电刷的存在而比较复杂，这些问题已经影响到了风电场电能是否能够低成本可靠上网。对无刷双馈电机的研究正是基于此背景下而逐步为人们所关注且逐步被重视。无刷双馈电机与传统双馈电机工作原理类似，都能够实现变速恒频发电功能，且都能够通过较小的变频容量，实现主功率绕组的全负荷发电，更为吸引人们关注的是在定子上安排两套绕组，从而取消了转子上的励磁绕组，因此就取消了电刷和滑环，这对于变速恒频发电系统无疑是有着非常积极的促进作用。
磁阻型转子的无刷双馈电机以其简单的制造工艺以及极高的可靠性，逐步成为该类电机的研究热点。然而到目前为止还没有对该类电机的具体优化设计过程的报导，因此研究一种设计该类电机的优化设计流程是非常有意义的，本文正是以一种特殊的磁阻型转子的无刷双馈电机为研究对象，探讨了一整套完整的优化设计方法。
论文首先探讨了无刷双馈电机的工作特点及原理，然后在经典电机研究方法的基础上，结合磁阻型转子无刷双馈电机的特殊性，详细阐述其工作机理，并推导了能够准确描述该电机的数学模型。在对样机的设计中，需要依据该类电机的结构特点来进行，比如定子、转子形状的特性，绕组绕制采取什么形式以及机械结构组装有什么特殊要求等。文章首先由此问题入手，来分析磁阻型无刷双馈电机的结构特点，并参考传统异步电机的设计流程，对样机进行了初步设计，从而得到了电机外尺寸等参数的初步设计结果。
本文在总结了几种常用来对电机电感参数的方法的基础上，对绕组函数法进行改进，使其计算结果比较接近真实值可以在电机设计中直接应用，另外相比于有限元方法计算速度非常快，在电机理论的理解以及设计电机本体的应用中，可以大大缩短计算的时间。
在得到了电机初步设计参数之后，电机的尺寸、定子冲片形状、定子绕组绕线形式及转子极宽度都已经确定。本文的样机中转子应用了有隔磁桥的径向叠片转子，此转子既具备普通磁阻转子简单的生产工艺、坚固的结构等特性，又可以模拟接近ALA转子的性能。这种转子的形状设计参数非常多，主要包括隔磁桥的各形状参数以及气隙参数等，这些参数都是可以进行小范围调整从而影响电机运行性能的。设定一个合理的最优目标，寻找一种合适的优化设计方法，使得特殊磁阻转子的每一个形状参数都是最佳设计值，就实现了该电机整机的优化设计。本文在动态电磁场有限元计算的平台上，对该样机模型进行了计算仿真，对于各形状参数，应用了一种优化计算方法——田口法进行设计。此优化方法设定的优化目标为同样体积的最大平均电磁转矩以及最小的转矩脉动，应用正交表法则选定了16种参数组合，并最终确定了一组最优的组合，实现了多目标多参数的优化设计。
文章最后应用优化设计的结果制作了实验样机，并在同步发电状态下对其进行了全面测试，实验验证了电机优化设计的合理性。
Recent years have seen the gradual exhaustion of non-renewable resources, so the issueof energy is being highly focused all around the world. To solve energy problems, twomeasures need to be taken: one is to increase the efficiency of current energy through variouskinds of energy saving and emission reduction practices in order to prolong the use of currentenergy; the other is to seek all kinds of renewable energy and make use of them by reliablemeans so as to replace the current non-renewable resources step by step. For the time being,solar energy and wind energy are mainly regarded as the two renewable resources available,from which electric power can be transformed and then transmitted to electrical equipments.Thus, study on solar and wind energy has become a hot topic for researchers recently.
In the field of wind power, doubly-fed machine has always played a key role. Up tonow, it is still considered as the optimal scheme for variable speed constant frequencygenerator of intermediate and high power. However, since the exciting winding of rotor canbe only connected with frequency conversion equipment through brush, its reliability is thushugely affected. Moreover, daily maintenance becomes more complex as a result of brush.These problems are so important as to be able to determine whether wind power can come tothe grid in low cost. Under the circumstances, the study of brushless doubly-fed machine hasgradually drawn people’s attention. Its theory is similar to that of traditional doubly-fedmachine, in which both can achieve variable speed constant frequency(VSCF) generation, andtheir main power winding can generate full load in lower transducer power. A particularfeature of brushless doubly-fed machine is that the exciting winding of rotor is removed,instead two sets of windings are fixed on stator, as a result, the elimination of brush and slipring can actively promote the development of variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)generation system.
Brushless doubly-fed reluctance rotor machine (BDFRM), due to its simplemanufacturing process and high reliability, has become the hotspot of electrical machine ofsimilar kind. Since no report has been given on optimal design of this kind of machine so far,it is of significance to study it. The dissertation therefore sets BDFRM as its research objectand works out a complete optimal design for it.
At first, the working principles of brushless doubly-fed machine is introduced andexplored in the dissertation. Then based on traditional study of motor, emphasizing thespecialty of brushless doubly-fed reluctance rotor machine, its working machamism iselaborated and a mathematical model is deduced to describe it accurately. The design ofprototype is made according to the structure characteristics of the machine, such as the shapefeatures of stator and rotor, winding style, special demand for mechanical structurecomposition, etc. Starting from these questions, the dissertation analyses the structure featuresof BDFRM, then gives preliminary design of its prototype by making reference to traditionalinduction motor design process, and finally obtains some design results such as parameters ofmotor external dimensions.
In any study of new type motor, the winding inductance calculation is of greatimportance. The research of BDFRM makes no exception. Based on some common methodsused for motor inductance parameters, the dissertation proposes to improve winding functionso as to make its result closer to the true value, which can be applied directly to motor design.In addition, its calculation is much faster than finite element method so that time can beshortened vastly in the applications of designing of the motor.
After obtaining motor preliminary design parameters, the motor dimension, statorpunching shape, stator winding type and rotor pole width can be determined. In the prototype,axial lamination rotor with flux barrier is used possessing advantages of simple manufacturingprocess and solid structure shared by common reluctance rotor, and a unique performance ofbeing simulated to approach ALA rotor. There are many shape parameters involved in thisrotor design, mainly including various shape parameters of flux barrier and gap width, whichcan adjust and affect motor performance in small scope. It is believed the whole motoroptimal design can be achieved by setting a reasonable optimal object, and then finding asuitable optimal design method, as every shape parameter of special reluctance rotor producesits optimized one. On the basis of finite element calculation of dynamic electromagnetic field,the prototype generates its simulation model, and an optimal calculation method, Taguchimethod, is used in the design to deal with various shape parameters. Then the maximumaverage electromagnetic torque and the minimum torque ripple of same volume are set asoptimal objects, and16parameter combinations are soon produced using orthogonal table rule. Later an optimal combination is selected and multi-object and multi-parameter optimaldesign is finally achieved.
At last, an experimental prototype is produced by using the optimal design results, andtested thoroughly at the state of synchronous generation, this test further verifies the validityof motor optimal design.
引文
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