大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度及风险分析
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摘要
近年来,随着我国大力发展水电方针的落实,水电事业得到快速发展,我国已成为世界水电第一大国。特别是随着近几年大机组、巨型电站的投运,水电厂安全经济运行和大型流域水电站水库群的优化调度问题受到人们的高度重视。开展大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度,不仅关系到水库群自身的安全和经济利益,也关系到电网的安全经济运行以及防洪、航运、供水等多方面的利益。符合建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的要求,也是实现节能减排目标的重要途径。本文以大型流域水电站水库群的联合优化调度和水调自动化系统建设为研究对象,从优化调度模型构建、求解策略和方法、优化调度目标确定、对电网运行风险分析和水调自动化系统建设等方面深入探讨了水电站水库群联合优化调度问题,并取得了如下主要成果：
(1)水库运行调度管理及水调自动化系统建设。对我国水库调度管理的现状以及取得的成就进行了全面的总结分析,并对我国水电站水库和电网水调自动化技术的发展和管理进行了深入探讨,指出了水库调度管理和水库调度自动化系统建设管理方面存在的问题和不足；从构建新型水电站水库调度管理体系,加强大型流域水电站水库群管理、加快现代智能电网调度自动化系统建设以及完善标准体系等方面提出了设想和建议,将对今后我国水库调度工作的开展和水库调度自动化系统的建设管理起到一定的积极作用。
(2)大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度模型研究。针对长江上游巨型水电站水库群联合优化调度模型的多目标及多约束特点,分别按整体系统、局部电网和河流梯级三个空间层次,在满足水库综合利用要求的前提下,建立了长期、中期、短期的多维时间尺度联合调度模型,并在传统动态规划及其改进方法、现代智能仿生算法的基础上,研究引入了自调整参数的粒子群优化算法对其进行求解,为地区电网、区域电网以及互联电网条件下的大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度提供了重要的技术支撑。
(3)大规模多约束联合优化调度模型的解算方法研究。针对水电站水库群联合调度这个涉及多水力联系、电力联系和多目标、多约束的高维、动态、非线性的系统优化问题,引入了基于MPI(消息传递标准)与OpenMP(共享存储编程模型)混合控制的双层并行优化方法,成功实现了多进程与多线程的同步并行计算,为大规模多约束的水电站水库群联合优化调度提供了一条快速求解途径。
(4)大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度实例分析。研究了中国水电站的分布及其水文、水库调节特性,针对西南地区长江上游的部分大型水电站水库群和华中地区长江中下游的部分大型水电站水库群,建立了联合优化调度模型,将大型流域水电站水库群优化调度问题分解为各个小规模的问题求解,然后借助水库调度知识经验进行总体协调。分析结果表明,开展大型流域水电群优化调度工作,不仅可以增加水电发电量,而且可以提高整个水电站群的保证出力。
(5)大型流域控制型水库蓄放水风险分析。以三峡水库2008年实验性蓄水为例,对2008年度试验性蓄放水过程进行了细致分析,并从蓄水时间、蓄水目标、蓄水过程和消落过程等方面研究了整个蓄放水过程对电网运行的风险。提出了三峡水库蓄放水时间和应遵循的原则,将对今后三峡梯级电站运行以及流域水库群联合调度有一定的指导作用。
(6)大型流域水电站水库群调度自动化系统建设。根据大型流域水库群调度的需要,提出了大规模水电站水库群调度自动化系统建设的计算机网络及软件结构;在基础应用平台及三维视景仿真建设方面,对数据通信、数据库、人机界面等进行全面分析研究,特别是针对流域仿真、枢纽工况仿真等需求,研究提出了结合虚拟现实技术和地理信息系统(VR&GIS)的解决方案,提供了直观、互操作性良好的信息终端服务系统,满足了专业应用需求。
In recent years, with the vigorous development of hydropower policy implementation, hydropower cause obtains the rapid development, China has become the first power electricity and water. Especially, with the large units and the giant power station are put into operation, the safe and economic operation of hydropower plants and the optimal dispatching of large hydropower station reservoirs have been paying more attention by people. The joint optimal dispatching of hydropower station reservoirs in a large-scale basin is not only related to its own security and economic interests, but also related to the safe and economic operation of grid and flood control, shipping, water supply, and many other interests. At the same time, it complies with the requirement of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and is also an important way to achieve energy-saving and emission reduction targets. Focused on the joint optimal dispatching of hydropower station reservoirs in large basins and its automation system construction, this paper mainly studies the optimal dispatching model building, solution strategies and methods, the definition of optimal dispatching objectives, the impact on the grid and the automation system construction etc. The main results are as follows:
(1) Reservoir operation management and reservoir operation automation system construction. Based on a comprehensive summary analysis of the status and achievement of China's reservoir operation management and an in-depth discussion on the development and management of China's hydropower station reservoirs and its automated scheduling techniques in grid, this paper points out the problems and deficiencies of reservoir operation management and reservoir operation automation system construction. And then it puts forward ideas and proposals to build new hydropower scheduling management system, strengthen the management of giant cascaded hydropower stations, speed up the construction of modern smart grid scheduling automation system, which will play a positive role in China's reservoir operation and its automation system construction and management.
(2) Joint optimal operation Model study of large-scaled hydroelectric stations system. According to multi-objective and multi-constrained feature of hydroelectric station reservoirs joint optimal scheduling in the upper Yangtze river, according to overall system, local power grid and rivers cascade levels, under the premise of utilization requirements, long-term, medium-term and short-term joint operation models are established, and on the basis of traditional dynamic programming and its improved methods and modern intelligent bionic algorithm, the particle swarm optimization algorithm with self-adjusting parameters is proposed, providing important technical support for regional power grid and interconnected grid hydropower reservoirs joint optimal operation.
(3) Method study of large-scale multi-constrained joint optimization model. According to high dimensional, dynamic and nonlinear system optimization of hydropower station reservoir group combined-scheduling,which multi-involves hydraulic connection, electric relations, multi-objective and multi-constrained, this paper introduces the hybrid control double parallel optimization method,based on MPI and OpenMP, realizing synchronization parallel calculation of multi-process and multithread successfully, and providing a fast solution way of large-scale multi-constrained hydropower station reservoir group combined-optimization scheduling.
(4) Example analysis of hydropower stations reservoir joint optimal scheduling in large basin。 This paper studies distribution of hydropower station, characteristics of hydrology and reservoir regulation, and establishes joint optimization scheduling model in part of large hydropower station reservoir group of Yangtze river southwest and part of large hydropower station reservoir group of central China. The problem of hydropower station reservoir group scheduling in large basin is resolved to small-scale problem. Then reservoir operation knowledge and experience are used to overall harmonize. The results show that developing hydropower station group optimization scheduling not only increases generated energy,but also improves guaranteed output of the whole hydropower station group.
(5) The risk analysis of a controlled reservoir'storage and discharge in a large-scale basin. Take the Three Gorges Reservoir for example, to investigate how the process of water storage and discharge affect the power network operation, experimental water storage and discharge in2008has been studied carefully in respect of storage time, storage goal, storage process and drawdown process. Base on this, the Three Gorges Reservoir's storage and discharge time and principle should be followed has been proposed which will play a guiding role in the Three Gorges cascade hydropower station operation and reservoir group joint dispatch.
(6) The development of hydropower station reservoir dispatching automation system in a large-scale basin. Based on the demand of reservoir group operation, this paper puts forward the computer network and software structure for automation system's construction. It is necessary to research data communication, data base and man-machine interface for the establishment of basic application platform and3d scene simulation. Especially, aiming at the need of watershed simulation, hydro-junction conditions simulation and other water regime and dispatch3d simulation, the solution combined with virtual reality technology and geographic information system (VR&GIS) is proposed, which provides a visual and well interoperable terminal service system. The system will not only meet the requirements of professional application, but also provide scientific, visual basis for decision-making.
(1)水库运行调度管理及水调自动化系统建设。对我国水库调度管理的现状以及取得的成就进行了全面的总结分析,并对我国水电站水库和电网水调自动化技术的发展和管理进行了深入探讨,指出了水库调度管理和水库调度自动化系统建设管理方面存在的问题和不足；从构建新型水电站水库调度管理体系,加强大型流域水电站水库群管理、加快现代智能电网调度自动化系统建设以及完善标准体系等方面提出了设想和建议,将对今后我国水库调度工作的开展和水库调度自动化系统的建设管理起到一定的积极作用。
(2)大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度模型研究。针对长江上游巨型水电站水库群联合优化调度模型的多目标及多约束特点,分别按整体系统、局部电网和河流梯级三个空间层次,在满足水库综合利用要求的前提下,建立了长期、中期、短期的多维时间尺度联合调度模型,并在传统动态规划及其改进方法、现代智能仿生算法的基础上,研究引入了自调整参数的粒子群优化算法对其进行求解,为地区电网、区域电网以及互联电网条件下的大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度提供了重要的技术支撑。
(3)大规模多约束联合优化调度模型的解算方法研究。针对水电站水库群联合调度这个涉及多水力联系、电力联系和多目标、多约束的高维、动态、非线性的系统优化问题,引入了基于MPI(消息传递标准)与OpenMP(共享存储编程模型)混合控制的双层并行优化方法,成功实现了多进程与多线程的同步并行计算,为大规模多约束的水电站水库群联合优化调度提供了一条快速求解途径。
(4)大型流域水电站水库群联合优化调度实例分析。研究了中国水电站的分布及其水文、水库调节特性,针对西南地区长江上游的部分大型水电站水库群和华中地区长江中下游的部分大型水电站水库群,建立了联合优化调度模型,将大型流域水电站水库群优化调度问题分解为各个小规模的问题求解,然后借助水库调度知识经验进行总体协调。分析结果表明,开展大型流域水电群优化调度工作,不仅可以增加水电发电量,而且可以提高整个水电站群的保证出力。
(5)大型流域控制型水库蓄放水风险分析。以三峡水库2008年实验性蓄水为例,对2008年度试验性蓄放水过程进行了细致分析,并从蓄水时间、蓄水目标、蓄水过程和消落过程等方面研究了整个蓄放水过程对电网运行的风险。提出了三峡水库蓄放水时间和应遵循的原则,将对今后三峡梯级电站运行以及流域水库群联合调度有一定的指导作用。
(6)大型流域水电站水库群调度自动化系统建设。根据大型流域水库群调度的需要,提出了大规模水电站水库群调度自动化系统建设的计算机网络及软件结构;在基础应用平台及三维视景仿真建设方面,对数据通信、数据库、人机界面等进行全面分析研究,特别是针对流域仿真、枢纽工况仿真等需求,研究提出了结合虚拟现实技术和地理信息系统(VR&GIS)的解决方案,提供了直观、互操作性良好的信息终端服务系统,满足了专业应用需求。
In recent years, with the vigorous development of hydropower policy implementation, hydropower cause obtains the rapid development, China has become the first power electricity and water. Especially, with the large units and the giant power station are put into operation, the safe and economic operation of hydropower plants and the optimal dispatching of large hydropower station reservoirs have been paying more attention by people. The joint optimal dispatching of hydropower station reservoirs in a large-scale basin is not only related to its own security and economic interests, but also related to the safe and economic operation of grid and flood control, shipping, water supply, and many other interests. At the same time, it complies with the requirement of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and is also an important way to achieve energy-saving and emission reduction targets. Focused on the joint optimal dispatching of hydropower station reservoirs in large basins and its automation system construction, this paper mainly studies the optimal dispatching model building, solution strategies and methods, the definition of optimal dispatching objectives, the impact on the grid and the automation system construction etc. The main results are as follows:
(1) Reservoir operation management and reservoir operation automation system construction. Based on a comprehensive summary analysis of the status and achievement of China's reservoir operation management and an in-depth discussion on the development and management of China's hydropower station reservoirs and its automated scheduling techniques in grid, this paper points out the problems and deficiencies of reservoir operation management and reservoir operation automation system construction. And then it puts forward ideas and proposals to build new hydropower scheduling management system, strengthen the management of giant cascaded hydropower stations, speed up the construction of modern smart grid scheduling automation system, which will play a positive role in China's reservoir operation and its automation system construction and management.
(2) Joint optimal operation Model study of large-scaled hydroelectric stations system. According to multi-objective and multi-constrained feature of hydroelectric station reservoirs joint optimal scheduling in the upper Yangtze river, according to overall system, local power grid and rivers cascade levels, under the premise of utilization requirements, long-term, medium-term and short-term joint operation models are established, and on the basis of traditional dynamic programming and its improved methods and modern intelligent bionic algorithm, the particle swarm optimization algorithm with self-adjusting parameters is proposed, providing important technical support for regional power grid and interconnected grid hydropower reservoirs joint optimal operation.
(3) Method study of large-scale multi-constrained joint optimization model. According to high dimensional, dynamic and nonlinear system optimization of hydropower station reservoir group combined-scheduling,which multi-involves hydraulic connection, electric relations, multi-objective and multi-constrained, this paper introduces the hybrid control double parallel optimization method,based on MPI and OpenMP, realizing synchronization parallel calculation of multi-process and multithread successfully, and providing a fast solution way of large-scale multi-constrained hydropower station reservoir group combined-optimization scheduling.
(4) Example analysis of hydropower stations reservoir joint optimal scheduling in large basin。 This paper studies distribution of hydropower station, characteristics of hydrology and reservoir regulation, and establishes joint optimization scheduling model in part of large hydropower station reservoir group of Yangtze river southwest and part of large hydropower station reservoir group of central China. The problem of hydropower station reservoir group scheduling in large basin is resolved to small-scale problem. Then reservoir operation knowledge and experience are used to overall harmonize. The results show that developing hydropower station group optimization scheduling not only increases generated energy,but also improves guaranteed output of the whole hydropower station group.
(5) The risk analysis of a controlled reservoir'storage and discharge in a large-scale basin. Take the Three Gorges Reservoir for example, to investigate how the process of water storage and discharge affect the power network operation, experimental water storage and discharge in2008has been studied carefully in respect of storage time, storage goal, storage process and drawdown process. Base on this, the Three Gorges Reservoir's storage and discharge time and principle should be followed has been proposed which will play a guiding role in the Three Gorges cascade hydropower station operation and reservoir group joint dispatch.
(6) The development of hydropower station reservoir dispatching automation system in a large-scale basin. Based on the demand of reservoir group operation, this paper puts forward the computer network and software structure for automation system's construction. It is necessary to research data communication, data base and man-machine interface for the establishment of basic application platform and3d scene simulation. Especially, aiming at the need of watershed simulation, hydro-junction conditions simulation and other water regime and dispatch3d simulation, the solution combined with virtual reality technology and geographic information system (VR&GIS) is proposed, which provides a visual and well interoperable terminal service system. The system will not only meet the requirements of professional application, but also provide scientific, visual basis for decision-making.
引文
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